# Society of Leather Technologists &amp; Chemists


## Posts

- [Recap of the 128th SLTC Conference: Innovation, Heritage, and a Global Meeting of Minds](https://sltc.org/innovation-heritage-and-a-global-meeting-of-minds-recap-of-the-128th-sltc-conference/): Innovation, Heritage, and a Global Meeting of Minds: Recap of the 128th SLTC Conference The 128th SLTC International Conference recently took place in the stunning setting of Glasgow, marking one of the most successful and well-attended gatherings in the Society’s recent history. Under the new presidency of Deborah Taylor, the event brought together a cosmopolitan character of experts to bridge the gap between 19th-century craftsmanship and 21st-century technology. The Highlights:  Setting the tone: Our conference on Saturday started with a powerful opening address from our President, Deborah Taylor, that set the tone for the conference to come. This was followed [&hellip;]
- [128th SLTC international conference program confirmed](https://sltc.org/128th-sltc-international-conference-program-confirmed/): 128th SLTC International Conference: programme confirmed We are just weeks away from this years&nbsp;Conference and Dinner Dance&nbsp;which is taking place in&nbsp;Glasgow on 25th April 2026. The event will be held across two nearby venues in Central Glasgow (just a 10-minute walk apart): Conference: 1599 at The Royal College Dinner Dance: The Exchange Please click below for the Agenda. We look forward to seeing you there! &nbsp; Booking Form Agenda
- [SLTC to support the Leather Conservation Centre with new voluntary working group](https://sltc.org/sltc-to-support-the-leather-conservation-centre-with-new-voluntary-working-group/): SLTC and the Leather Conservation Centre to create working group to support modern leather conservation The Leather Conservation Centre (LCC) is a hugely important facility for the continued strength and longevity of the leather industry, and SLTC Council were delighted to recently agree a new collaboration that we hope will contribute to the valued work being carried out by the team at the LCC. The LCC is an international organisation that has a wealth of information on how to treat, restore and preserve ancient and old leathers, but do not have enough knowledge or understanding on the composition of more [&hellip;]
- [128th SLTC international conference: dates for the diary and call for abstracts](https://sltc.org/128th-sltc-international-conference-dates-for-the-diary-and-call-for-abstracts-copy/): 128th SLTC International Conference: dates for the diary and call for abstracts We are delighted to announce that the 128th SLTC International Conference and Dinner Dance will take place in Glasgow on 25th April 2026, and bookings are now open! The event will be held across two nearby venues in Central Glasgow (just a 10-minute walk apart): Conference: 1599 at The Royal College Dinner Dance: The Exchange   Please note that SLTC will not be handling accommodation bookings. However, there are many affordable options within walking distance of both venues including Ibis Styles, Mercure, Leonardo Royal Hotel, and Motel One. As we put [&hellip;]
- [SLTC Presents at the International Leather Conservation Event](https://sltc.org/sltc-presents-at-the-international-leather-conservation-event/): SLTC attends the International Leather Conservation Event, in Leicester on 30-31st October 2025 Arianne Panton &#8211; Head of Conservation &amp; Research, LCC; Deborah Taylor &#8211; SLTC President; and Rosie Bolton &#8211; Head of Centre, LCC The Leather Conservation Centre recently hosted the International Council of Museums (ICOM), 13th Interim Meeting of the Leather &amp; Related Materials Committee for Conservation meeting.   For nearly 40 years the Leather and Related Materials Group (one of the Working Groups of the International Council of Museums Committee for Conservation &#8211; ICOM CC), have been gathering every three years to share and disseminate research and developments [&hellip;]
- [New Home for the JSLTC Back Catalogue](https://sltc.org/new-home-for-the-jsltc-back-catalogue/): New Home for the JSLTC Back Catalogue Inside the new Leather Conservation Centre, Leicester With the closure of the Museum of Leathercraft in Northampton, and the transfer of the collections to the custodianship of the Leather Conservation Centre, SLTC is delighted to confirm the relocation of our Society Journal Back Catalogue to a new home in Leicester. On 12th June 2025, our President, Deborah Taylor met the Head of Centre, Rosie Bolton and Gillian Proctor, from De Montfort University to get an advance look at the new home and studio space for the Leather Conservation Centre in Leicester. It is going to [&hellip;]
- [127th Annual SLTC Conference and Dinner Dance](https://sltc.org/127th-annual-sltc-conference-and-dinner-dance/): 127th Annual SLTC Conference and Dinner Members of the Society enjoyed an uplifting 2-days in Glasgow on 25th and 26th April, starting with a field trip to Scottish Leather Group. 30 delegates had the opportunity to learn about SLG&#8217;s heritage and world leading production at the Bridge of Weir facility. Thank you to everyone at SLG who looked after us so well. Our 127th Conference was attended by 78 delegates and the Keynote Address was delivered by Kerry Senior, Director of Leather UK and Secretary of the International Council of Tanners. Abstracts and details of other speakers will be published [&hellip;]
- [Welcome to our new Website](https://sltc.org/welcome-to-our-new-website/): Welcome to our new Website! We are pleased to launch our new look website that provides a fresh, more intuitive, and valuable platform for our SLTC Members and for all leather industry professionals.&nbsp;&nbsp; Improved functionality includes: Enhanced search functionality to help users locate scientific and technical papers that have been published in the Journal of the Society A new service that allows authors of papers to pay for “Open Access” articles that will ensure those papers are freely available to all A new option for non-members of SLTC to pay for an article and create a customer account, without needing [&hellip;]
- [Limited Availability: Register for the Annual Conference and Dinner Dance](https://sltc.org/limited-availability-register-for-the-annual-conference-and-dinner-dance/): Limited Availability: Register for the Annual Conference and Dinner Dance Numbers for our annual Conference and Dinner Dance are almost at capacity so if you&#8217;ve haven&#8217;t registered yet, please don&#8217;t wait any longer!For those of you who are attending, we have some great raffle prizes already &#8211; including this gorgeous Small Zipped Bayswater in classic grain black from Mulberry, worth £1245! So don&#8217;t forget to bring some cash for the raffle!
- [SCOTTISH LEATHER GROUP TOUR - NOW FULL](https://sltc.org/scottish-leather-group-tour-now-full/): SCOTTISH LEATHER GROUP TOUR &#8211; NOW FULL The tour of the SLG facilities on Friday 25th April is now booked out. However, there are still places available for the Conference and Dinner Dance on Saturday 26th April 2025. If you would like to join us in Glasgow, please don&#8217;t forget to send in your registration form. Register for conference
- [127th SLTC international conference: dates for the diary and call for abstracts](https://sltc.org/127th-sltc-international-conference/): 127th SLTC international conference: dates for the diary and call for abstracts We are now busily organising the 127th SLTC International Conference and Dinner Dance and the exciting news is that for 2025 we are moving to Scotland. The main conference and dinner will be held on Saturday 26th April 2025 in Glasgow. However, we are also planning to include a visit to Scottish Leather Group Bridge of Weir tannery and a social event so please keep Friday 25th April free in your diaries too. As we pull together the technical programme for the conference, we are putting out a [&hellip;]

## Pages

- [2026 Conference Gallery](https://sltc.org/2025-conference-gallery-copy/): 2026 Conference Gallery 2026 Conference Gallery
- [Leather Conservation Centre](https://sltc.org/about-us/leather-conservation-centre/): LCC Working Group LCC Working Group A volunteer group of SLTC members are working with the Leather Conservation Centre in Leicester to support in understanding the composition of modern leathers. The LCC aim to house a library of leathers that can be used to support conservation and restoration of leather. Purpose of the Working Group The Leather Conservation Centre is an important facility for the continued strength and longevity of the leather industry. SLTC has committed to support the LCC and to contribute to the work being carried out in the fields of restoration and conservation. The LCC is an [&hellip;]
- [Axel Landmann Certificate](https://sltc.org/about-us/axel-landmann-certificate/): Axel Landmann Certificate Axel Landmann Certificate The Axel Landmann Certificate is given annually to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to the promotion of the leather industry. Summary First awarded in 2014, the Axel Landmann Certificate is awarded each year to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to the leather industry. The Certificate is awarded in person at the Society&#8217;s Annual Conference each year. Axel Landmann Axel Landmann was born in Germany in 1929 and lived with his family in the town of Finow in Brandenburg. After Kristallnacht in November 1938, when the shop his parents [&hellip;]
- [Test](https://sltc.org/test/): Search Search
- [SLTC Memorials](https://sltc.org/about-us/sltc-memorials/): SLTC Memorials SLTC Memorials Recognising five intrinsic contributers to the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, written by Karl Flowers, SLTC Council Member, Northampton, UK Summary There are five great contributors to the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists (SLTC), Procter, Atkin, Wolstenholme, Jordan Lloyd, and Burton, that have not only changed the direction, purpose and understanding of what the Society is, but have also contributed to a legacy that will hopefully give the Members opportunities, that will shape their lives in the future. Introduction The purpose of this publication is to record (where possible), for historical purposes the lives [&hellip;]
- [2025 Conference Presentations](https://sltc.org/2025-conference-presentations/): 2025 Conference Presentations 2025 Conference Presentations https://youtu.be/_fHUB5p_0Ywhttps://youtu.be/rEQSOnFWsOshttps://youtu.be/OHWrcwtaMEEhttps://youtu.be/YaDonih64AIhttps://youtu.be/R_kzW4cpmzEhttps://youtu.be/mP7IVhp4EIUhttps://youtu.be/4wXdtpm0lYghttps://youtu.be/TA5yuC-Aq-8https://youtu.be/Z3eLPtUV-k8https://youtu.be/Kv7UUCbHGHQ
- [Conference 2026](https://sltc.org/conference-2026/): Conference Conference Annual Conference: Advancing Industry Knowledge and Fostering Professional Connections. 2026 Society of Leather Technologists &amp; Chemists Conference Conference Round UpOur 128th Annual International Conference &amp; Dinner Dance took place on 24th &#8211; 25th April 2026 in Glasgow. The event was held across two nearby venues in Central Glasgow (just a 10-minute walk apart): Conference: 1599 at The Royal College Dinner Dance: The Exchange   You can read the round up of the event on our News Page here:   Save the date for 2027:23rd &#8211; 24th April 2026 Conference Programme Saturday 25th April 2026 Download Programme 2026 Optional Activity [&hellip;]
- [Making Leather - An Overview Of Manufacture](https://sltc.org/making-leather-an-overview-of-manufacture/): Leather &#8211; An Overview Of Manufacture Leather &#8211; An Overview Of Manufacture In collaboration with IULTCS, SLTC, and UNIDO, leather industry specialist Richard Daniels has published a comprehensive, freely accessible guide to leather manufacturing. This ten-part series offers in-depth knowledge on leathermaking and is designed as a self-training tool for aspiring leather technicians. It covers the techniques and processes involved in producing a wide range of leather types. The course is fully compatible with desktop, tablet, and mobile devices, and explores key topics such as raw material characteristics, manufacturing methods and results, and the production of major leather categories, including: [&hellip;]
- [2025 Conference Gallery](https://sltc.org/2025-conference-gallery/): 2025 Conference Gallery 2025 Conference Gallery
- [Login](https://sltc.org/login/): [wppb-login]
- [Thank You](https://sltc.org/thank-you/): [swpm_thank_you_page_registration]
- [Journal](https://sltc.org/members-area/journal/): Journal Journal Explore the current issue of the journal in an easy-to-use, page-turning format. Click through the interactive flipbook below to read articles directly in your browser. The Journal of the Society is published bi-monthly. Recent issues can be accessed below. For historic papers you can search by key term, title, author or publication issue. Please click here to access the library: Click here to access historic JSLTC papers Are you interested in submitting a Paper for the Journal? Please click below for our Author Guidelines which give detailed information on how to prepare and submit your paper for consideration: [&hellip;]
- [Cookie Policy](https://sltc.org/cookie-policy/): Cookie Policy Effective Date: 19-May-2025 Last Updated: 19-May-2025 &nbsp; What are cookies? This Cookie Policy explains what cookies are and how we use them, the types of cookies we use i.e, the information we collect using cookies and how that information is used, and how to manage the cookie settings. Cookies are small text files that are used to store small pieces of information. They are stored on your device when the website is loaded on your browser. These cookies help us make the website function properly, make it more secure, provide better user experience, and understand how the website [&hellip;]
- [Publications](https://sltc.org/publications/): Publications The SLTC produces a range of publications that are available to purchase by members and non-members. Pocket Book Extract from review of the Pocket Book by Prof. Dr. Gunter Reich Published over 60 years after the Atkin and Thompson edition of Procter’s Leather Chemists Pocket Book, the Leather Technologists Pocket book has 11 chapters with 206 pages on all stages of the leather manufacturing process, including effluent treatment and the cost structures of leather manufacture. A further 9 chapters with 160 pages provides a detailed description of approximately 100 conventional and unconventional leather test methods. A chapter on acids, [&hellip;]
- [Other Resources](https://sltc.org/other-resources/): Other Resources Other Resources Recommended links to other websites LinkedIn View the SLTC Linkedin network page. X Follow the latest SLTC announcements and updates on X. IULTCS International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies COTANCE The Confederation of National Associations of Tanners and Dressers of the European Community (COTANCE) is the representative body of the European Leather Industry. Nothing To Hide In 2014, World Leather launched an important new series of articles under the title Nothing to Hide. It will run for several years and the material will be released free of charge, under an open-source agreement, for journalists, universities [&hellip;]
- [Journal Articles](https://sltc.org/articles/): Search Search
- [Conference 2025](https://sltc.org/conference-2025/): Conference 2025 Conference 2025 Annual Conference: Advancing Industry Knowledge and Fostering Professional Connections. SAVE THE DATE &#8211; OUR 2026 CONFERENCE WILL TAKE PLACE ON 24th &#8211; 25th APRIL 2026 2025 Society of Leather Technologists &amp; Chemists Conference Our 127th Annual International Conference &amp; Dinner Dance took place on 25th &#8211; 26th April 2025 at the Grosvenor Hotel, Glasgow. You can view the presentations from the day by clicking the link below 2025 Conference presentations Our 2025 Conference Programme Tour of Scottish Leather Group’s facilities. Friday 25th April 2025, 3.00 pm to 5.30 pm Transport will be available from the Glasgow Grosvenor [&hellip;]
- [Professional Grade Holders](https://sltc.org/professional-grade-holders/): Professional Grade Holders Professional Grade Holders Fellows of the Society Title Initial Surname Country Mr M Abbott UK Mr R J Anderson UK Dr C Anscombe UK Mr P J H Atkinson UK Mr J Avery UK Mr J P Ayres UK Mr D R Bird UK Mr S Booth UK Dr W Bowden UK Mr A Britten Zimbabwe Mr D M Cassingham UK Mr S D Cook UK Dr S M Cooper New Zealand Mr N B Cottrell UK Prof A Covington UK Mr R P Daniels UK Mr G A Defeo Italy Mr S Duffin UK Mr N [&hellip;]
- [Past Presidents and Awards](https://sltc.org/past-council-members/): Past Presidents and Awards Past Presidents and Awards Past Presidents I.A.L.T.C 1897 – 98                    A Seymour-Jones1898 – 99                    F. Kathreiner1899 – 1900                H. Procter1900 – 01                    F. Jean1901 – 02                    E. Nihoul1902 – 03                    C.E.Parker1903 – 04                    R. Lepetit1905 – 06                    G. Schweiyzer1907 &#8211; 08                     H. Becker1909 – 10                    H. Procter1911 – 12                    J.G. Parker1912 – 14                    L Meunier S.L.T.C &amp; I.S.L.T.C 1917 – 18                    L. Meunier1920 – 21                    J.G Parker1922 – 23                    E Schnell1924 – 25                    A. Gansser1926 – 27                    D. McCandlish1928 – 29                    V. Kubelka1930 – 31                    U.J. Thuau1932 – 34                    F.C. Thompson1934 – 35                    C.R. Loos1936 [&hellip;]
- [How To Apply For Professional Grades](https://sltc.org/professional-grades-2/): How To Apply For Professional Grades Professional Grade Holders 1. Application for Licentiateship (LSLTC) Any member of the Society who has been a member for a minimum of two years may apply for the Licentiate grade. Student members are especially encouraged to apply. Applicants also may be graduates, have an equivalent qualification, or experience that is acceptable to Council. It may be necessary for the applicant to be interviewed by Council representatives. In some cases, academic qualifications may need to be supported by a submitted dissertation on a topic previously approved by Council.  An applicant is required to submit the [&hellip;]
- [Professional Grades](https://sltc.org/professional-grades/): Professional Grades Professional Grades One of the advantages of belonging to the Society is that you are entitled to apply for a Professional Grade. Our professional grades allows you, if you satisfy the requirements (see Criteria for Professional Grade award), to add post-nominal qualification letters to your name. These designations are recognised throughout the leather industry and can be added these to your curriculum vitae, to demonstrate your standing and experience.&nbsp; A Certificate is awarded to all successful recipients of a professional grade, and these are usually presented at the SLTC Annual Conference. There are three levels of Professional Grade [&hellip;]
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- [News](https://sltc.org/news/): News News Limited Availability: Register for the Annual Conference and Dinner Dance Limited Availability: Register for the Annual Conference and Dinner Dance Numbers for our annual Conference and Dinner Dance are almost at capacity so if you&#8217;ve haven&#8217;t registered yet, please don&#8217;t wait any longer!For those of you who are attending, we&#8230; Read More SCOTTISH LEATHER GROUP TOUR &#8211; NOW FULL SCOTTISH LEATHER GROUP TOUR &#8211; NOW FULL The tour of the SLG facilities on Friday 25th April is now booked out. However, there are still places available for the Conference and Dinner Dance on Saturday 26th April 2025. If [&hellip;]
- [Join the Society](https://sltc.org/join-the-society/): Join the Society Join the Society SLTC membership provides access to the latest research, industry best practices, and professional development resources. Membership Benefits Becoming a member of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists (SLTC) is an excellent opportunity to deepen your expertise and connect with industry professionals worldwide. As a member, you gain access to: Cutting-edge research through the Journal of the SLTC,  Professional Grades that allow the use of post-nominal initials to indicate standing within the Society, coupled with experience in the leather industry. Networking opportunities through our annual conference and other events A wealth of technical knowledge [&hellip;]
- [Council Members](https://sltc.org/council-members/): Council Members Council Members President Deborah Taylor PCQI, FSLTCManaging DirectorSustainable Leather Foundation Email: president@sltc.org Vice-President David Miller FSLTCMaterials ManagerTansford Ltd Email: treasurer@sltc.org Treasurer Nigel Payne BSc FSLTCDirector/ConsultantForestal Mimosa Ltd/NTE Company Pty Ltd Honorary Editor Mr M K Leafe BSc (Hons) CChem MRSC Email: editor@sltc.org Membership Secretary Miss Monika Kapuscik BSc (Hons) Email: office@sltc.org SLTC Representative on the IULTCS Executive Committee Dr Christine Anscombe BSc DUniv FSLTCDirector &amp; Co-founderLeather Wise Ltd Council Members Matthew Abbott BSc (Hons) FSLTCCommercial Manager/Technical EditorWorld Leather Magazine John Avery FSLTCDirectorAvery Leather Consulting Ltd Jack Chatwood, MSc, BSc, HCertWet-End Technical ConsultantGSC Group S.p.a. Matthew Dunning FSLTCSales and [&hellip;]
- [About Us](https://sltc.org/about-us/): About Us About Us We are a non-profit International Learned Society serving the leather sector and dedicated to the future of the leather industry. The Society In our changing world, information is the key to success and therefore the Society was formed to encourage interest in all branches of the leather industry. The Society covers both the theoretical and practical interests of not only those involved in making leather but also the hides and skins trades, machinery, chemicals, and dyeing and finishing manufacturers, as well as allied industries such as effluent treatment and support service industries. The interests of the [&hellip;]
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- [Society of Leather Technologists & Chemists](https://sltc.org/): Welcome to the Society of Leather Technologists &amp; Chemists Welcome to the SLTC We are a non-profit International Learned Society serving the leather sector and dedicated to the future of the leather industry. OUR SPONSORS Search SLTC Journals Looking for a specific term or phrase regarding leather technology? Journal search Publications The SLTC produces a wide range of publications. publications SLTC Conference Access details of our current and past annual conferences. sltc conference Join the SLTC SLTC membership provides access to the latest research, industry best practices, and professional development resources. Become a member Latest News 128th SLTC international conference [&hellip;]
- [Privacy Policy](https://sltc.org/privacy-policy/): The Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists’ Privacy Policy The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union.   What is Personal Data? When we talk about data and personal data in this Privacy Policy, we mean personal data which identify you or which could be used to identify you such as your name and contact details. It may also include information about how you use our website.The SLTC Council controls the ways your personal data is collected and the purposes for which [&hellip;]

## Products

- [Mechanism Analysis of the Influence of Adhesive Type on the Preparation Process and Properties of Composite Material Made with Chromium Leather Shavings](https://sltc.org/product/mechanism-analysis-of-the-influence-of-adhesive-type-on-the-preparation-process-and-properties-of-composite-material-made-with-chromium-leather-shavings/): Abstract It was found that the type of adhesive used to bond the shavings affected the hot pressing process and the properties of the finished product. The neoprene adhesive is directly poured into the chrome leather shavings, and the slab needs to be dried and activated in the oven at 60ºC for 2~4min. The optimal hot pressing process conditions are 20% sizing, 7ºC, 5min, 3MPa. Pure water should be added to the natural latex adhesive to dilute it, and then the chrome leather shavings are added into the emulsion, the slab does not need to be dried and activated, the [&hellip;]
- [Kinetics and Mechanism of Chromium Extraction from Chrome (CrIII)-Containing Filter Residues by Pyrolysis and Sulfuric Acid Coupling Process](https://sltc.org/product/kinetics-and-mechanism-of-chromium-extraction-from-chrome-criii-containing-filter-residues-by-pyrolysis-and-sulfuric-acid-coupling-process/): Abstract With the rapid development of the tanning industry, a large amount of chrome-containing filter residues produced by the utilisation of chrome-containing leather scraps has become an urgent problem needing to be solved. It is imperative to develop an environmentally friendly and efficient chrome-containing filter residue treatment technology. In this study, a combination of high-temperature pyrolysis and chemical leaching was performed to resource utilisation of chrome-containing filter residue, and the leaching behaviour and kinetics mechanism of chrome extraction were investigated in detail. Under the following conditions: H2SO4 mass fraction of 40%, liquid-solid ratio of 8mL/g, leaching temperature of 90℃ and [&hellip;]
- [One Shot Chrome Tannages](https://sltc.org/product/one-shot-chrome-tannages/): Abstract After reviewing published methods of shortening and simplifying the chrome tanning process, the elimination of the basification stage was chosen for further investigation. Firstly, the rates of reaction between freshly prepared solutions of chrome powder and various added basifying agents was determined. As a result of these findings, a number of bases were selected for further trials in laboratory scale tannages carried Out on hide pieces. To obtain satisfactory penetration and even distribution of chrome, a short pickle was found to be essential. However, using these short float powder tannages, the importance of hide location was found to be [&hellip;]
- [Theoretical And Practical Aspects Of Polar Interactions Between Hide Collagen And Aqueous Media In Curing And Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/theoretical-and-practical-aspects-of-polar-interactions-between-hide-collagen-and-aqueous-media-in-curing-and-tanning/): Abstract Recent fundamental studies in these laboratories have been concerned with the range of relatively weak, reversible interactions, generally ternied “polar” interactions, which occur between hide collagen and its aqueous environment. These studies have provided further insight into the factors governing this reactivity. The interaction has wide significance in determining solubilities and properties of solutions, the solution structure of proteins as well as the interaction of hide collagen with technological materials such as vegetable tannins, dyestuffs and water-proofing agents. Hence, greater understanding of the basic processes involved is a prerequisite for rationalisation and improvement in the technological operations of curing [&hellip;]
- [Reverse Reference Flow Injection Spectrophotometry for the Determination of Chromium(VI) Extracted from Leather by Artificial Perspiration](https://sltc.org/product/reverse-reference-flow-injection-spectrophotometry-for-the-determination-of-chromiumvi-extracted-from-leather-by-artificial-perspiration/): Abstract Reverse reference flow injection analysis (r-FIA) is proposed to determine Chromium(VI) extracted from finished leather by artificial perspiration. The extraction of Chromium(VI) in leather and the decolouration of leather extract were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was 1-50μg/l; the detection limit was 0.62μg/l; the relative standard deviation (n = 10) for 10μg/l Chromium(VI) was 1.74%. For leather samples, the corresponding linear range of this method was 0.5-25mg/kg. This method is suitable for automatic and continuous analysis and gives satisfactory results when applied to the determination of Chromium(VI) extracted from finished leather by artificial [&hellip;]
- [Examination of Bacterial and Archaeal Populations in Salt, Salted and Soaked Hide and Soak Liquors via Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization](https://sltc.org/product/examination-of-bacterial-and-archaeal-populations-in-salt-salted-and-soaked-hide-and-soak-liquors-via-fluorescent-in-situ-hybridization/): Abstract A high bacterial population belonging to the domains of Bacteria and Archaea originating from inadequate salt curing and soaking processes may cause an important quality reduction in leather. A simple and rapid molecular technique such as Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization technique (FISH) which may be applied in leather making processes may assist to solve this problem. Therefore, in the present study the FISH technique was used to track Bacterial and Archaeal domains in salt (n=15), salted (n=15), soaked hides (n=15) and soak liquor (n=15) samples. Although Archaeal population was dominant in the salt samples, a Bacterial population was dominant [&hellip;]
- [Assessment of Water Management in Tanneries](https://sltc.org/product/assessment-of-water-management-in-tanneries/): Abstract This study evaluates the use of water in processing hides into leather. It investigates the environmental impact on water resources of tanneries in Rio Grande do Sul State, evaluating the water demand and concentrations of certain chemicals in the wastewater discharged from the beamhouse, tanning and retanning processes of this industry. A questionnaire was formulated which was intended to identify water management problems in tanneries, and the possible alternatives available to tanneries aiming at their improvement. A simple and objective application called IRGO (insufficient, regular, good and optimal) was developed. The IRGO was applied to 10 tanneries. After completing [&hellip;]
- [Study of Cross-linking Reactions on Butadiene Binders in Aqueous Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-cross-linking-reactions-on-butadiene-binders-in-aqueous-finishing/): Abstract Butadienes, like acrylic binders and polyurethanes, can be cross-linked to improve their wet fastness properties. Nowadays, four types of cross-linkers for leather finishing are available: polyaziridines, polyisocyanates, polycarbodiimides and epoxy compounds. The aim of this study is to compare the mechanism of reaction of these four types of cross-linkers and the possibility of using a polysilane as a cross-linking agent for butadienes. A comparison of results shows that all cross-linkers studied improve wet rub fastness. However, polyaziridine and polysilane emerge as the most effective crosslinkers for butadiene binders.
- [Preparation of Cationic Fluorinated Polyurethane Micro-emulsion and its Application in Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-cationic-fluorinated-polyurethane-micro-emulsion-and-its-application-in-leather-finishing/): Abstract A waterborne cationic fluorinated polyurethane (WCFPU) was prepared by the reaction of isophorone isocyanate (IPDI), polyether polyol (PTMG1000), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), trimethylol propane (TMP) and 2-(perfluorooctyl) ethyl alcohol (FEOH), and then was used in leather finishing. Their structure, morphology, surface property, thermal performance and chemical resistance were characterized by fourier transform infared spectrometer (FT-IR), light scattering (LS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), interfacial tension instrument(IT), contact angle (CA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and spot test. The results reveal thatWCFPU was endowed with low surface tension of its micro-emulsion and low surface energy of its film which was beneficial to [&hellip;]
- [Modelling the Solubility of Films Prepared from Collagen Hydrolysate](https://sltc.org/product/modelling-the-solubility-of-films-prepared-from-collagen-hydrolysate/): Abstract The work deals with modeling the solubility of biodegradable films prepared from collagen hydrolysate. To this purpose, we studied the effect of added plasticizer, cross-linking agent or additional thermal annealing on the dissolution rate of films; experiments were planned as factorial tests of the 23 type. The basis for preparing films was a 15% (w/v) solution of hydrolysate with various additions of plasticizer &#8211; glycerol (GLY) in quantities of 0, 5 and 10% (related to hydrolysate dry matter, w/w), cross-linking agent &#8211; dialdehyde starch (DAS) in quantities of 0, 4 and 8% (related to hydrolysate dry matter, w/w). Films [&hellip;]
- [Study on the Degreasing of Sheepskin by Subcritical CH2Cl2](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-the-degreasing-of-sheepskin-by-subcritical-ch2cl2/): Abstract In this paper, subcritical CH2Cl2 solvent was applied to the degreasing process of sheepskin. The optimal process parameters of degreasing were determined by single factor experiment and the degreasing efficiency was evaluated by the degreasing rate. The effect of degreasing temperature on the connection between hair and hair follicle, fat content of lipid cells and the fibre dispersion of the sheepskin were investigated through the use of optical microscope and the scanning electron microscope. The single experiments results showed that when the moisture content of the raw skin was about 60%, degreasing time was 50 minutes, degreasing temperature 39°C, [&hellip;]
- [Indigenous Arctic Fish Skin: A study of different traditional skin processing technology](https://sltc.org/product/indigenous-arctic-fish-skin-a-study-of-different-traditional-skin-processing-technology/): Abstract The use of fishskin for the construction of garments is an ancient tradition shared by Arctic societies along rivers and coasts. The specific Arctic groups with historical evidence of fish leather production are the Alutiiq, Yupʼik and Athabascan of Alaska; the Nivkh, Nanai and Ulchi Siberian peoples; the Ainu from Hokkaido island, Japan and Sakhalin Island, Russia; the Hezhen from northeast China; and Icelanders. The Arctic indigenous peoples have maintained a strong relationship with the environment, developing a subsistence lifestyle depending on marine animal resources for food and clothing. To a population dependent upon the sea for its daily [&hellip;]
- [Algae Development in Tannery Wastewater Treatment Tanks](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-amino-terminated-hyperbranched-buffing-dust-and-its-adsorption-property-towards-acid-fuchsin-use-of-an-industry-by-product-to-adsorb-dyestuffs/): Abstract We have carried out this study to characterise the physic-ochemical properties of the tannery effluents at different treatment tanks and to identify if any aerobic planktonic forms are thriving in the toxic effluents. Pearson correlation matrix suggests significant positive correlation between pH and TSS, acidity, Pb and Cr. A significant positive correlation between TDS, EC and salinity is also recorded. The concentrations of six metals, namely, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe are well within the safe limits. Principal Component Analysis, a dimension-reduction tool, shows that out of seventeen physicochemical variables, fourteen variables contain most of the information [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis, Characterisation and Application of Environment Friendly Polymers for Producing Sustainable Leather](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-characterisation-and-application-of-environment-friendly-polymers-for-producing-sustainable-leather/): Abstract A series of formaldehyde-free melamine-methylglyoxal resins has been produced at various mole ratios of reactants. The methylglyoxal to melamine mole ratio (MG/M) was varied from 3 to 6 and the sodium metabisulfite to melamine mole ratio (SMB/M) was varied from 0.05 to 0.2. Viscosity trend of resins within the series was examined. The prepared resins were used as retanning agents and their improved mechanical and organoleptic properties were noticed in comparison with a commercial melamine-formaldehyde resin. The morphology of grain surface and fibre structure of the leathers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal stability of the optimal [&hellip;]
- [The Spread of Leather Observations, experience and personal thoughts on area yield](https://sltc.org/product/the-spread-of-leather-observations-experience-and-personal-thoughts-on-area-yield/)
- [Low Salt Preservation of Australian Sheepskins](https://sltc.org/product/low-salt-preservation-of-australian-sheepskins/): Abstract In a previous paper a Low Salt Preservation (LSP) method of preserving New Zealand and Australian sheepskins was described and compared to the existing High Salt Preservation (HSP) method. The HSP method uses large amounts of sodium chloride plus combinations of biocides which are not registered in REACH regulations. In the previous trial1 the Australian skins were stacked flat with wool side against pelt side which caused some mildew to develop in the wool. In this trial using LSP, the skins were stacked in the conventional manner by folding down the back bone, flank to flank with the wool [&hellip;]
- [Chinese Understanding of the Ecological Environment Values of the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/chinese-understanding-of-the-ecological-environment-values-of-the-leather-industry/): Abstract The leather industry waste-water is one of the main pollution factors of the ecological environment. Due to long-term market competition, it was impossible to transfer the cost of waste water treatment to consumers. Discharging wastewater illegally became the usual behaviours of leather factories in past decades in China. The Environmental Supervision Department of China was faced with the dilemma of ʻIf we let it be, there will be a messʼ and ʻif we take strict supervision the enterprises could not survive due to the high treatment costʼ.We have to tolerate and accept the fact that environmental pollution is an [&hellip;]
- [Adding Value to Sheep Leather via Coating with Green Synthesised Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Approaches for Advanced Leather Products](https://sltc.org/product/adding-value-to-sheep-leather-via-coating-with-green-synthesised-zinc-oxide-nanoparticles-approaches-for-advanced-leather-products/): Abstract Natural leather is the oldest fibre which has been used by man since early times. In recent times, interest has increased in introducing smart properties to natural leather, giving it practical and economic importance. Recently, finishing, the purpose of which is to produce different leather types to meet consumer requirements has become focused on giving the leather properties that make it an advanced material with smart applications. The aim of this work is to produce superior quality leather that would upgrade its value in performance via nano metal oxide treatment. This aim has been followed by synthesising zinc oxide [&hellip;]
- [Identification of Gram-Positive Haloversatile Bacteria in Soak Liquor Samples and Observation of Their Damage to Sheepskin by Scanning Electron Microscopy](https://sltc.org/product/identification-of-gram-positive-haloversatile-bacteria-in-soak-liquor-samples-and-observation-of-their-damage-to-sheepskin-by-scanning-electron-microscopy/): Abstract In the leather industry, the salting process is applied to raw hides in order to prevent microbial activity. Salted hides and skins are then soaked to re-absorb the water lost during salting and also to clean the salted hides and skins. Due to the organic load, salt and faeces present in the soak liquor, the soak liquor provides a suitable environment for the growth of bacteria. Bacteria that develop on the hide/skin may cause significant damage to these hides and skins. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the pH values and salt saturation of the [&hellip;]
- [Microscopic Analysis of the Tensile Properties of Cattle Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/microscopic-analysis-of-the-tensile-properties-of-cattle-collagen/): Abstract The tensile property of cattle leather is an important mechanical property. To study the mechanical properties of cattle leather for clothing, the stretching process of 1CGD was simulated by steered molecular dynamics (SMD). The experiment was set up with 5 temperatures and 5 stretching rates. The stress-strain curves of collagen and Youngʼs modulus of the collagen were obtained during the whole process. The results revealed a significant effect of temperature and stretching rate on the stress-strain curve of collagen. When the temperature is constant, the stress-strain curve decreases with the increase of tensile rate, and the stress-strain curve has [&hellip;]
- [Preparation of Maleic Acid Modified Peanut Shell Adsorbent and its Adsorption Performance for Cr(VI)](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-maleic-acid-modified-peanut-shell-adsorbent-and-its-adsorption-performance-for-crvi/): Abstract Peanut shell adsorbents prepared by microwave pretreatment and maleic acid modification technology, were used to study the adsorption properties for Cr(VI). Meanwhile, structural characterisation, optimisation of adsorption conditions, isotherm adsorption and adsorption kinetics were critically investigated through experiments and detection techniques. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of peanut shells decreased significantly after microwave pretreatment. FTIR analysis testified that carboxyl groups and ester groups were successfully introduced into the structure of maleic acid modified peanut shells (MMPS). The results of orthogonal test and single factor experiments indicated that pH value had the greatest effect on Cr(VI) adsorption process. Moreover, [&hellip;]
- [Investigation of the Aantioxidising Potential of Plectranthus Barbatus Leaf Extract Against Formation of Hazardous Chrome VI in Leather](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-the-aantioxidising-potential-of-plectranthus-barbatus-leaf-extract-against-formation-of-hazardous-chrome-vi-in-leather/): Abstract Chrome VI(Cr 6+) is a hazardous form of chrome that poses a grave danger to unsuspecting users of leather products. Phenolic acids in organic tanning materials have been known to reduce such free radicals into their stable less harmful states which in this case is chrome III (Cr3+). This study was carried out to investigate the potential of Plectranthus barbatus leaf extract in blocking the oxidation of trivalent chrome to the hexavalent species in leather through pretanning and retanning formulations. Preliminary tests were carried out to determine the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of the leaf extract followed by analysis [&hellip;]
- [Blueprint for Leather Technology](https://sltc.org/product/blueprint-for-leather-technology/): Abstract This work can be considered as a blueprint, a flexible roadmap, for leather technologists. It is different from the familiar linear view of leather making as It does not follow step-by-step events as usually described in quality control manuals or defined by formulations and instructions. Itʼs a holistic perspective on manufacture.
- [Phytochemical Screening and Determination of Tannin Content of Compounds from Acacia Xanthophloea as Viable Tanning Agents for the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/phytochemical-screening-and-determination-of-tannin-content-of-compounds-from-acacia-xanthophloea-as-viable-tanning-agents-for-the-leather-industry/): Abstract Acacia xanthophloea species, a tropical plant and a member of the Fabacea family is a ubiquitous and native shrub of the Eastern and Southern Africa regions. Although plant species in the Fabacea family are known as a source of tannins, very little is known about their phytochemistry. This study aimed at determining the suitability of Acacia xanthophloea as a viable tanning agent for the leather industry. The crude extract of Acacia xanthophloea was phytochemically screened using a series of qualitative tests while the total phenolic content and tannin content of the Acacia crude extract was determined spectrophotometrically using the [&hellip;]
- [Study on Moisture Permeability and Microscopic Analysis of Two Kinds of Coated Thin Sheep Leather](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-moisture-permeability-and-microscopic-analysis-of-two-kinds-of-coated-thin-sheep-leather/): Abstract This paper focuses on the differences in moisture permeability of two types of coated thin sheep leather. Based on the macroscopic experimental data, the changes of moisture permeability of two kinds of coated thin sheep leather with time were analysed. Combined with molecular dynamics simulation, the reasons for the difference of moisture permeability between the two kinds of leather are analysed from the microscopic point of view: It was found that at 40°C, 1CGD bound to acrylic acid had a smaller inter atomic distance (Dis), larger Radial Distribution Function (RDF) and more hydrogen bonds than polyurethane, resulting in greater [&hellip;]
- [Comparative Study of Retanning Properties of Melamine-Glyoxal Resins Produced by Different Sulfonating Agents](https://sltc.org/product/comparative-study-of-retanning-properties-of-melamine-glyoxal-resins-produced-by-different-sulfonating-agents/): Abstract Amino resins have many applications including leather retanning. Being condensation products of formaldehyde, amino resins are one of the sources of free formaldehyde in leather. In this work novel glyoxylated melamine resins were produced to make formaldehyde-free leather. The optimised process of synthesis was used to produce stable resins which were able to polymerise further in situ at retanning pHc onditions. Water solubility of the resins was achieved by using various aromatic sulfonating agents including, orthanilic acid (ONA), metanilic acid (MNA), sulfanilic acid (SNA) and aniline 2,5-disulfonic acid (ADS). Synthesised resins were used in leather retanning to evaluate their [&hellip;]
- [The Impact of Lowering the Cr(VI) Detection Limit in Leather: Implications on Quantitative Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/the-impact-of-lowering-the-crvi-detection-limit-in-leather-implications-on-quantitative-analysis/): Abstract The topic of chromium (VI) in leather has been debated by the whole supply chain for years. Its significance has recently been raised due to release of a consultation document by the European Chemicals Agency on skin sensitising substances, in which it was proposed that the acceptable Cr(VI) concentrations in leather goods should be lowered from 3ppm to 1ppm. The proposition of a stricter limit and analytical difficulties at the current 3ppm compliance limit advocate the need for a review of current standards. Recent research by the Institute for Creative Leather Technologies (ICLT) has investigated both the colorimetric (Part [&hellip;]
- [Resource Utilisation of Solid Leather Waste: Part 2 A Review](https://sltc.org/product/resource-utilisation-of-solid-leather-waste-part-2-a-review/): Abstract As mentioned in the first part, solid leather wastes generated during beamhouse and pretanning stages can be re-utilised in a various ways to prepare some useful materials by adopting a waste-towealth approach. The present section deals in possible utilisation of wastes generated during tanning, post-tanning, and finishing stages to produce different value-added materials (Scheme 1).
- [A Novel Study on Using Pufferfish Skin as Sustainable Leather: Characterisation, Thermal Behaviour and Sound Absorption Properties](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-study-on-using-pufferfish-skin-as-sustainable-leather-characterisation-thermal-behaviour-and-sound-absorption-properties/): Abstract Humanityʼs damaging impact on nature is worse than ever and this needs to be recovered from being a disruptive event with sustainable solutions. With scientific knowledge and effort, ecological resilience must be rebuilt. This study is mainly aimed at developing a novel approach to help in both solving the ecosystem problem and providing sustainable raw materials. As is well-described in the literature, the pufferfish (balloon fish) is the one of the most dangerous predators in Earthʼs ecosystem. Pufferfish are very harmful to human health as well as damaging fishing equipment and other fish species. It causes serious damage to [&hellip;]
- [Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agent Containing Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate Against Halobacterium salinarum, Haloarcula salaria and Haloarcula tradensis Causing Red Heat on Salted Sheepskins](https://sltc.org/product/efficacy-of-antimicrobial-agent-containing-sodium-dimethyldithiocarbamate-against-halobacterium-salinarum-haloarcula-salaria-and-haloarcula-tradensis-causing-red-heat-on-salted-sheepskins/): Abstract Extremely halophilic archaeal populations producing protease and lipase enzymes in preservation salts can contaminate hides and skins during the salt-pack curing or brine curing process. The enzymatic activities of these micro-organisms may cause loose grain, resulting in a significant reduction of leatherʼs commercial value. Controlling the growth of these micro-organisms is essential for quality leather manufacture. Therefore, we carried out investigations to inhibit protease and lipase positive extremely halophilic archaeal strains using an antimicrobial agent containing sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate. In this study, the agar dilution method was used to detect the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial agent against proteolytic [&hellip;]
- [Study of the Fracture Strength of Waterborne PU Modified Cattle Leather at Different Thicknesses](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-the-fracture-strength-of-waterborne-pu-modified-cattle-leather-at-different-thicknesses/): Abstract The fracture strength of thin leather is an important indicator of the longevity of leather for apparel. The same cattle leather was cut into 6 thicknesses and waterborne PU (WPU) modified with 4 mass fractions of SiO2 was then applied on the leather for tensile comparison. The results showed that the fracture strength of cattle leather differed significantly between the transverse and longitudinal directions. The fracture strength of the cattle leather was greater in the transverse direction than in the longitudinal when the thickness was less than 0.65mm, the longitudinal fracture strength is greater the transverse strength when the [&hellip;]
- [Research and Micro Analysis of Thin Sheep Leather and its Moisture Permeability after Adding an Acrylic Coating](https://sltc.org/product/research-and-micro-analysis-of-thin-sheep-leather-and-its-moisture-permeability-after-adding-an-acrylic-coating/): Abstract This paper focuses on the effect of temperature and humidity on the moisture permeability of thin sheep leather before and after acrylic coating. The arrangement of its protein fibres was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The fitted equations for the relationship between the moisture permeability of two types of leather and temperature and humidity at 1atm were obtained by analysis. The equation for thin sheep leather was derived: Y1= 0.02357T 2+ 0.002228TH &#8211; 0.003354H 2 &#8211; 1.814T + 0.3431H + 26.34 and the equation for thin sheep leather after acrylic coating was:Y2= 0.004074T 2 &#8211; 0.001988TH + 0.001366H 2 [&hellip;]
- [An Investigation of Acetaldehyde Release from Leather Introduced by Chemicals](https://sltc.org/product/an-investigation-of-acetaldehyde-release-from-leather-introduced-by-chemicals/): Abstract The correlation of acetaldehyde release from leather with leather chemicals was evaluated through a test method based on purge-and-trap technique, and the trace-to-source of acetaldehyde in leather was investigated. The results indicated that occurrences of acetaldehyde in soaking auxiliaries and degreasing agents were significantly positive. The processed pelts with these auxiliaries gave obvious acetaldehyde contents when comparing with these produced by acetaldehyde-free chemicals. A further test on the ethoxylated compounds &#8211; fatty alcohol ethoxylates (AEO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), which are the most common ingredients in auxiliaries, revealed that AEO and PEG with low degrees of polymerisation as AEO-3 [&hellip;]
- [Resource Utilisation of Solid LeatherWaste: Part I](https://sltc.org/product/resource-utilisation-of-solid-leatherwaste-part-i/): Abstract The leather making process is aimed towards the conversion of raw hides into leather. This process generates much solid waste containing both hazardous and high value components. Therefore, the primary research hotspots are the elimination of the potential pollution and utilisation of the resource of leather solid waste. Herein, we comprehensively review recent advances in resource utilisation of leather solid waste from chrome tanning including the utilisation of tannery hair, untanned solid waste, chrome-containing leather waste, tannery sludge and finished leather waste, emphasising both general and novel utilisation approaches. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives were summarised, in order [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of Metanilic Acid Modified Ecological Melamine Resins for Making Formaldehyde-free Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-characterisation-and-depilation-effect-of-extracellular-proteases-of-streptomyces-sp-tyq1024/): Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a novel melamine based resin suitable for producing formaldehyde-free leather with improved retanning properties. A series of resins was prepared by condensation of melamine, glyoxal and metanilic acid at varied mole ratios of reactants. Prepared resins were evaluated for retanning performance in leather in comparison with a commercial melamine resin to select the optimal resin. The mechanical and organoleptic properties of the optimal resin were found to be better than those of the commercial melamine resin. Tensile strength, tear strength and elongation of leather were increased by 17.43%, 10.41% and 8.62% [&hellip;]
- [Establishment and Prediction of Correlation Model between Moisture Permeability, Thickness and Temperature of Cattle and Sheep Leather](https://sltc.org/product/optimisation-for-preparation-conditions-of-modified-bioflocculant-based-on-the-tannery-wastewater-treatment/): Abstract This paper mainly studied the relationship between moisture permeability, thickness and temperature of cattle and sheep leather. The arrangement of protein fibres was obtained by scanning electron microscope and the effect of temperature on the moisture permeability of cattle and sheep leather was analysed from the microscopic point of view. The fitting equation of the relationship between moisture permeability of cow and sheep leather and thickness and temperature at one atmospheric pressure was obtained. Cow leather equation: Y1 = −0.07556&#215;2 −0.2099xT + 0.03592T2 + 0.4021x − 2.579T + 60.04 Sheep leather equation: Y2 = −0.05995&#215;2 −0.1565xT + 0.03166T2 + [&hellip;]
- [Study on a New Gypsum Retarder from Finished Leather Waste](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-a-new-gypsum-retarder-from-finished-leather-waste/): Abstract The disposal of finished leather waste (FLW) has always been a concern of the tanning industry. In this paper, the finished leather degradation solution (LDS) was obtained from the alkali-heat degradation of FLWat an 84.4% extraction rate. The solid Collagen Degradation Product (CDP) of LDS contains 47.1mg/kg of chromium. When the LDS was used for gypsum retardation, with the dosage of LDS increased, the setting time of gypsum was gradually prolonged. XRD, TGand FTIR analysis indicated that the hydration reaction of gypsum hemihydrate was inhibited after adding LDS. SEM observation showed that the crystal morphology of gypsum dihydrate changed [&hellip;]
- [A Novel Eco-Combination Tannage of Chrome-free Leather with Softness and High Shrinkage Temperature](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-eco-combination-tannage-of-chrome-free-leather-with-softness-and-high-shrinkage-temperature/): Abstract Chrome-tanned leathers have good comprehensive properties but, tannery effluents with high salinity, chromium and leather scraps containing chromium have a serious environmental impact. Non-chrome tannage is one of tannages that can reduce the pollution. Current non-chrome tanned leather canʼt, unfortunately meet the needs of the leather market regarding shrinkage temperature, softness, handle and other properties. In this study, a novel combination tannage was developed. The novel non-chrome tanning agent SL was directly employed to tan bated bovine hide producing wetwhite. The shaved wet-white was further tanned by Tara, Sellatan RL and Lutan BN and was then fatliquored. It was [&hellip;]
- [Rapid Improvement of Wool Keratin Fertiliser Efficiency Based on Electrodegradation](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-improvement-of-wool-keratin-fertiliser-efficiency-based-on-electrodegradation/): Abstract Waste wool is one of the largest waste solids of animal skin processing. After abandoning the application of feed to avoid Spongiform Encephalopathy, the application of agro-ecological wool keratin fertiliser is an alternative approach for utilising this waste. Because hair keratin has a strong ability to resist degradation in nature and to avoid using large amounts of water and chemicals electrochemical degradation was used in this experiment to achieve quick and efficient absorption by plants. At a current density of 150A/m2, a sodium chloride content of 6%, and a temperature of 25~27°C for 2 hours, 90% of 10g of [&hellip;]
- [Extraction, Identification and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Collagen-Derived Peptides from Yak Hide](https://sltc.org/product/extraction-identification-and-free-radical-scavenging-activities-of-collagen-derived-peptides-from-yak-hide/): Abstract In this work, yak hide was used as the raw material to prepare collagen-derived peptides (YCDP) with high free radical scavenging activities (FRSA) via enzymolysis. The enzymolysis conditions were optimised via a single-factor experiment and response surface methodology (RSM) using the FRSA as the optimisation index. The optimal enzymolysis conditions were as follows: the optimal enzyme was alkaline protease, the enzymolysis pH was 8.7, the dosage of alkaline protease was 8000U/g, the temperature was 50°C, the time was 5 hours, the concentration of substrate was 5%. The FRSAs of hydroxyl, DPPH and superoxide anion radicals of the optimally prepared [&hellip;]
- [The Ecotoxicity of Leathers under Different Tanning Methods](https://sltc.org/product/the-ecotoxicity-of-leathers-under-different-tanning-methods/): Abstract End-of-life is important when determining a materialʼs sustainability credentials. Raw hides/skins are naturally biodegradable and, therefore, leather can play a key role in a sustainable circular future. The addition of chemicals during tanning alters the disintegration rate and, different tanning methods likely produce leather with various toxicities. Leather samples tanned using different methods were analysed for detectable values of common toxins. Ecotoxicological screening was carried out on 5-samples of each type of leather (chrometanned, chrome-free and vegetable-tanned). Chrome-tanned leather had significantly more detectable levels of chromium than other leathers. Vegetable-tanned leathers had significantly more detectable levels of extractable petroleum [&hellip;]
- [Micro Analysis of Moisture Permeability and its Changing Trend in Thin Cowhide](https://sltc.org/product/micro-analysis-of-moisture-permeability-and-its-changing-trend-in-thin-cowhide/): Abstract Natural leather has excellent moisture permeability. With the fashionable design of leather clothing, research on the processing and properties of thin natural leather has become more and more important. In this paper, after 0.8mm thin cowhide was obtained using a precision leather machine with blade [splitting machine], the arrangement of protein fibres was observed by a 1000X scanning electron microscope. Under the environmental conditions of a pressure of 1 atmosphere, 40°C and humidity of 69%, it is found that the relationship between the moisture permeability (y) of cow leather and thickness (x) is y = -0.11x + 4.23. The [&hellip;]
- [Atmospheric Pollutants and the Deterioration of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/atmospheric-pollutants-and-the-deterioration-of-leather/): Abstract Leather deterioration is a topic of interest to leather scientists, producers and users. Test methods associated with leather longevity are valuable for any leathers where long-term durability is important. The ʻIntroductionʼ of this paper presents an historical review of research concerning the mechanisms involved in leather deterioration, with an emphasis on deterioration connected to atmospheric pollutants. Also presented are the results of experiments evaluating the effects of nitrogen dioxide exposures to test leathers and possible applications using such exposures in the testing of leathers for long-term use.
- [Tannases and Other Fungal Enzymes Applicable to the Transformation of Tannins and their Potential for the Bioremediation of Effluents from the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/tannases-and-other-fungal-enzymes-applicable-to-the-transformation-of-tannins-and-their-potential-for-the-bioremediation-of-effluents-from-the-leather-industry/): Abstract The use of fungal enzymes, such as tannases and oxidative enzymes, in the tannin bioconversion process offers great advantages over other biological and chemical technologies in terms of safety, re-use, and better control of process parameters, and is also a profitable and environmentally friendly method. Some reports have shown that different fungi can remove tannins from effluents, transforming them and/or detoxifying them, and using them, in some cases, as their only source of carbon. By means of different enzymes, these fungi trigger reactions that lead to the elimination of water-soluble tannins, which are the cause of toxicity in surface [&hellip;]
- [Evaluation of a Mixture of Castor Oil and Polyvinylpyrrolidone for the Lubrication of Dry Vegetable Tanned Leather Artifacts](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-a-mixture-of-castor-oil-and-polyvinylpyrrolidone-for-the-lubrication-of-dry-vegetable-tanned-leather-artifacts/): Abstract Leather artifacts are to be found in varied archaeological and historical places (museums, storages, libraries, excavation areas). Improper environmental conditions (such as relative humidity, temperature, excess light, pollution etc.) and poor handling can affect such artifacts and lead to their increased hardness and dryness. This study aims to evaluate castor oil and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as individual materials and as a mixture at different concentrations for the lubrication of vegetabletanned leathers. Accelerated heat ageing at different temperatures was used. The analytical techniques used for the evaluation process were digital light microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), change of colour, attenuated total [&hellip;]
- [In-Depth Understanding of the Leather Fatliquoring Process: Review](https://sltc.org/product/in-depth-understanding-of-the-leather-fatliquoring-process-review/): Abstract Tanning involves economic and environmental benefits, it transfers low-value by-products (animal hide and skin) into value-added products (natural leather). Introducing fatty matter into the inter-spaces of tanned leather (stiff and unusable) – fatliquoring, restores the fat removed in tanning and restores flexibility to the leather. This article provides an in-depth understanding of the process. Previous chemical treatment and building of a fatliquor emulsion are the watershed points in the process and the main factor affecting the efficiency of the process is the arrival of the fatty substance to the collagen fibrils which are thus coated with a thin layer [&hellip;]
- [The Diaries of Joseph Turney Wood](https://sltc.org/product/the-diaries-of-joseph-turney-wood/): Abstract Joseph TurneyWood (1865-1924) was an internationally renowned chemist and a director of Turney Brothers Limited, tanners. He left a series of diaries dating from 1887 to 1923 which give an insight into his working life at Turney Brothers and his private life in Nottingham. This article looks at Josephʼs contribution to the science of leather making through the diaries and contemporary reports. There are twenty-eight diaries spanning the period from 1887 to 1923. They are not contiguous. There are gaps from 1888 to 1890, November 1908 to August 1909, July 1912 to August 1913, October 1915 to June 1917 [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Optimisation of a Novel Modified Bioflocculant for Removal of Nitrogen in Tannery Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-optimisation-of-a-novel-modified-bioflocculant-for-removal-of-nitrogen-in-tannery-wastewater/): Abstract In this work, a modified bioflocculant was successfully prepared involving HM-636 amphoteric starch measuring the effect of the removal of total nitrogen from tannery wastewater as its optimisation index. Specifically, the effects of the modified bioflocculant on the removal of total nitrogen from tannery wastewater were investigated by the single-factor optimisation experiment and orthogonal optimization experiment, and the conclusions obtained were that the optimum factors were: amphoteric starch 0.2g/L, bioflocculant 3.5g/L, initiator (0.02mol/L) 2.5mL, reaction time of the second stage 28 minutes, rotation speed of mixing 270r/min, reaction temperature 35°C, and reaction system pH5.0. The total nitrogen removal rate [&hellip;]
- [Physical and Fastness Properties of Leather Dyed with a Natural Dye Extracted from Beetroot Peels using a Biomordant](https://sltc.org/product/physical-and-fastness-properties-of-leather-dyed-with-a-natural-dye-extracted-from-beetroot-peels-using-a-biomordant/): Abstract Leather dyeing is an essential process in the leather industry, where synthetic dyes are predominantly used. However, the environmental concerns associated with synthetic dyes have led to rising interest in natural dyes as sustainable alternatives. The use of biomordants is however, gaining attention due to their eco-friendly nature and potential to enhance dye fixation and colour fastness. This study aimed at determining the physical and fastness properties of leather dyed using natural dye extract from beetroot peels with the assistance of a biomordant derived fromAcacia nilotica barks and banana pseudo stem sap. The dyeing process involved the use of [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Application of a Polymer Auxiliary With Silicone](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-a-polymer-auxiliary-with-silicone-2/): Abstract In order to reduce the apparent density of the finished leather and the amount of fatliquor used during leathermaking, a polymer auxiliary with silicone has been synthesised by radical copolymerisation of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and polyvinyl silicone oil etc. The polymers were applied in the re-tanning process of sheepskin. Comparing the viscosity and applied properties of the polymer auxiliary with silicone, the mol ratio of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid used was confirmed to be 0.5:0.2, the consumption of polyvinyl silicone oil, ammonium persulfate, the reactive temperature and time were 5%, 1.5%, 80-85°C, 120-180 minutes, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy shows [&hellip;]
- [Use of Solid Leather Wastes to Produce Value-Added Material: Mn3O4 Nanoclusters by co-precipitation method using chrome shavings as a primary surface](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-a-polymer-auxiliary-with-silicone/): Abstract Leather by-product wastes are significant ecosystem pollutants. Consuming these wastes to prepare valuable products is a noble target. In this work, a trial to consume chrome shavings to prepare finegrade manganese oxide nanoclusters via a low-cost co-precipitation method was achieved. The coprecipitation was enhanced by developing the nanomaterial over chrome shaving leather waste. Manganese acetate purified powder was used as a starting material. The synthesised nanoclusters of manganese oxide were characterised by means of X-ray diffraction. The fine-grade prepared sample has been investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Differential Thermal analysis. The crystalline size of the synthesised manganese [&hellip;]
- [Negative Effects of Haloversatile Bacteria in Salt on Skins and Their Control with Direct Electric Current in the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/negative-effects-of-haloversatile-bacteria-in-salt-on-skins-and-their-control-with-direct-electric-current-in-the-leather-industry/): Abstract The salt preservation method has been used for a long time in the leather industries with salt applied to raw skins and hides in order to control bacterial activity and to remove the moisture found in the skin structure. It is known that the salt used in curing process contains many halophilic bacterial species. During the salting process, skins and hides might be contaminated with these micro-organisms. The goal of this research was to determine factors including the pH of salt samples, total count of haloversatile bacteria, proteolytic haloversatile bacteria, and lipolytic haloversatile bacteria found in these samples and [&hellip;]
- [Comparative Analysis of Moisture Permeability of Natural Sheep skin and Regenerated Leather with Temperature and Time](https://sltc.org/product/comparative-analysis-of-moisture-permeability-of-natural-sheep-skin-and-regenerated-leather-with-temperature-and-time/): Abstract This paper mainly compares and analyses the moisture permeability of natural sheepskin and regenerated leather with temperature and time. It was found that the effect of temperature on the moisture permeability of natural sheepskin and regenerated leather was significantly greater than that of time. The performance and trend of moisture permeability of recycled leather under both time and temperature are similar to that of sheepskin as a whole. At a low temperature below 50°C, the moisture permeability of recycled leather is comparable to that of natural sheepskin; as the temperature rises, its moisture permeability gradually opens up the gap [&hellip;]
- [Correlation Analysis and Microscopic Simulation of Temperature, Time and Moisture Permeability of Natural Sheepskin and Regenerated Leather](https://sltc.org/product/correlation-analysis-and-microscopic-simulation-of-temperature-time-and-moisture-permeability-of-natural-sheepskin-and-regenerated-leather/): Abstract In this paper, the comprehensive effects of environmental temperature and time on the moisture permeability of natural sheepskin and regenerated leather were compared and analysed by using MATLAB fitting and least square method and their regression equations were constructed respectively. The microstructure comparison shows that both natural and recycled leathers are composed of protein fibres, which have many hydrophilic groups in their chains, therefore both have good moisture permeability which varies significantly with temperature. The moisture permeability of regenerated leather is slightly weaker than that of natural sheepskin leather. The reason is that latex molecules fill between the collagen [&hellip;]
- [Research on Experimental Exploration and Identification Positioning Algorithm for the Optimal Stretching Point of Leather in the Toggling Process](https://sltc.org/product/research-on-experimental-exploration-and-identification-positioning-algorithm-for-the-optimal-stretching-point-of-leather-in-the-toggling-process/): Abstract The objective of this research is to address the issue of automated selection of the optimal stretching position for leather during the leather toggling process. By analysing a substantial number of leather profiles and the actions involved in manual stretching and leather stretching, it has been determined that selecting appropriate stretching positions and intervals is the pivotal factor in enhancing leather yield. Through orthogonal experimentation, it has been deduced that the ideal distances between the stretching points on both sides of the head and tail, as well as on both sides of the body parallel to the midrib line, [&hellip;]
- [Re-Collections and Reconnections](https://sltc.org/product/re-collections-and-reconnections/): Abstract The Museum of Leathercraft hopes to develop a Re-Collectionsʼ exhibition, which treats the Museum of Leathercraftʼs collections as tools whereby members of the public using objects selected from the museum collection, tell their stories, whether that is reflecting upon a career in the industry, or an object that reminds them of memories of a friend, a relative or an incident. This paper shows how museum objects are really time capsules of past experiences, and how imperative it is to capture these stories before they disappear.
- [Optimisation of Cationic Starch Modified Bioflocculant for the Removal of Total Nitrogen from Tannery Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/optimisation-of-cationic-starch-modified-bioflocculant-for-the-removal-of-total-nitrogen-from-tannery-wastewater/): Abstract Tannery wastewater contains a high concentration of total nitrogen, and its direct discharge will lead to eutrophication of water bodies, thus the treatment of total nitrogen in tannery wastewater has become the focus of environmental protection. In this paper, total nitrogen removal rate in tannery wastewater was investigated as an index, and sm-A3 cationic starch was used as an initiator to optimise the modification process of flocculant produced by Bacillus cereus CZ1001. In the modification optimisation process, single-factor optimisation experiments and orthogonal optimisation experiments were conducted on the dosage of cationic starch, bioflocculant, initiator, reaction time, reaction temperature, pH [&hellip;]
- [Influence of the Collagen Fibre Bundle Arrangements on the Qualitative Aspect of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Leather](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-the-collagen-fibre-bundle-arrangements-on-the-qualitative-aspect-of-nile-tilapia-oreochromis-niloticus-leather/): Abstract Mechanical tensile and tear tests are used for qualitatively evaluating leather. The tests express the physical response of the tanned collagen fibre bundles subjected to stretching. Unlike mammals, the collagen fibre bundles in fishskins form overlapping layers, oblique to each other. This arrangement can influence the mechanical behaviour of the material and, therefore, must be taken into account when establishing the specimenʼs directions. Despite this peculiarity and due to the absence of specific technical norms for the position and preparation of specimens for testing, qualitative research with fish leather has used parameters established for mammals. Thus, this study aimed [&hellip;]
- [Comparative Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Cattle Leather in Different Parts](https://sltc.org/product/comparative-analysis-of-the-mechanical-properties-of-cattle-leather-in-different-parts/): Abstract Because of its inherent growth, the cattlehide varies from one part to another. The purpose of this study is to test and analyse the mechanical properties of different parts of cattlehide. It was found that: the same piece of cattlehide has a large difference in mechanical properties in the transverse direction and in the longitudinal direction. Fracture strength: neck &gt; butt &gt; belly, elongation at break: butt &gt; belly &gt; neck, tensile strength: butt &gt; neck &gt; belly. Fibre density is positively correlated with the fracture strength. The fibre density of the belly was 53% with poor bundling. The [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Property Analysis of Composite Plate for Furniture Decoration Made from Regenerated Leather, CR Adhesive and Pineapple Leaf Fibre (RL/CR/PLF)](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-property-analysis-of-composite-plate-for-furniture-decoration-made-from-regenerated-leather-cr-adhesive-and-pineapple-leaf-fibre-rl-cr-plf/): Abstract In this experiment, composite furniture decoration plate was prepared by a hot pressing process with pineapple leaf fibre added into the composite material made using Regenerated Leather/Chloroprene Rubber Adhesive (RL/CR/PLF). It was found that the best appearance of the composite plate was that prepared by adding 15% pineapple leaf fibre. Compared with the composite plate without pineapple leaf fibre, it was found that the tensile strength, elongation at break, collapse height, collapse strength and air permeability were reduced compared with the original, while the water permeability, surface wettability and water absorption were greatly improved.
- [Establishment of Mathematical Model for the Influence of Physical and Mechanical Properties of RL/CR Composites](https://sltc.org/product/establishment-of-mathematical-model-for-the-influence-of-physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-rl-cr-composites/): Abstract In this paper, the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process ) method is used to establish the mathematical model of four influencing factors, namely the amount of sizing, hot pressing temperature, hot pressing pressure and hot pressing time, regarding the physical and mechanical properties and comprehensive properties of RL/CR (RL recycled leather, CR chloroprene rubber adhesive). The analysis shows that the influencing laws of each factor on the total physical and mechanical properties of RL/CR and each of the typical physical and mechanical properties is basically consistent. The influence weights in order from high to low are: the amount of sizing, [&hellip;]
- [Green Evaluation Method of Leather Production Under River Ecological Environment: Comparison of Ecoindicator99 and CML2001 Evaluation Methods](https://sltc.org/product/green-evaluation-method-of-leather-production-under-river-ecological-environment-comparison-of-ecoindicator99-and-cml2001-evaluation-methods/): Abstract With the advancement of science and technology and increasing industrialisation, more and more the waste produced by industry has entered the natural and ecological environment, especially with reference to the environmental pollution effects on freshwater rivers and their surroundings and this River ecological environment is gradually deteriorating. The development of the leather manufacturing industry as represented by shoe industry has caused serious damage to the environment. In order to explain the concept of green production based on the River ecological environment, the article compares the situation of River ecological environment and resource consumption in actual leather production based on [&hellip;]
- [Characteristics of Lightweight Grain Leather with Improved Foamability and Properties Using Wet-Foaming Technology](https://sltc.org/product/characteristics-of-lightweight-grain-leather-with-improved-foamability-and-properties-using-wet-foaming-technology/): Abstract Natural leather is widely used in fashion products and has excellent physical properties owing to its structurally dense organisation. However, this high density leads to a high weight, which has been noted as a disadvantage. A fundamental method for improving the weight of natural leather materials is to reduce the weight of the naturally derived high-density collagen fibre tissue by structurally changing it into a low-density tissue. A low-density natural leather manufacturing technology is being developed to do so by infiltrating and foaming thermally expandable materials into a natural leather processing process; however, the dyeing of the fabric after [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of a High Exhaustion Chrome Tanning Auxiliary from Limed Fleshings](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-a-high-exhaustion-chrome-tanning-auxiliary-from-limed-fleshings/): Abstract The recycling of leather solid waste has become a key issue aimed at realising the sustainable development of the leather industry. Recently, more and more attention has been paid on the recycling of limed fleshings. In this paper, a new recycling method for limed fleshings is reported. First, collagen protein hydrolysate (CH) was obtained by hydrolysing limed fleshings under alkaline conditions, and then the CHwas modified with cyanuric chloride (TCT) to obtain a high exhaustion chrome auxiliary (HECA). The coordination of HECA with chromium salts was investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrum. HECA was applied in the chrome tanning process [&hellip;]
- [Preparation of Amphiphilic Acrylate Copolymer Containing Active Epoxy Group and its Fatliquoring Effect on Aldehyde-Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-amphiphilic-acrylate-copolymer-containing-active-epoxy-group-and-its-fatliquoring-effect-on-aldehyde-tanned-leather/): Abstract Acrylic-acrylic long-chain ester amphiphilic copolymers are a class of leather retanning and fatliquoring materials with superior properties. However, these types of copolymers lack reactive groups and possess weak binding ability to organically-tanned leather. In this paper, a terpolymer Poly(AA-LA-GMA) containing reactive epoxy groups was prepared by emulsion copolymerisation of acrylic acid (AA), dodecyl acrylate (LA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers. The effect of the GMA content on its binding ability to leather fibres and its fatliquoring properties was investigated. The results showed that the introduction of the epoxy group can significantly improve the combination of copolymer with glutaraldehyde-tanned leather. [&hellip;]
- [Progress of Proficiency Testing in the Leather Field in China](https://sltc.org/product/progress-of-proficiency-testing-in-the-leather-field-in-china/): Abstract Inspection and testing plays an important role in ensuring product quality and safety and in promoting product quality improvement. Proficiency Testing (PT) is not only an effective technology of quality control for inspection and testing institutions but also an important way to evaluate the ability of inspection and testing institutions. Furthermore, it is a major means available for the supervision and management of inspection and testing institutions by regulatory authorities. The working mechanism, development process and organisation of PT is described and the shortcomings of PT in Chinaʼs leather field are studied in this paper. Finally, suggestions to promote [&hellip;]
- [Correlation Analysis Concerning the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composites Made of Chromium Leather Scraps/Chloroprene Rubber Adhesive RL/CR](https://sltc.org/product/correlation-analysis-concerning-the-physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-composites-made-of-chromium-leather-scraps-chloroprene-rubber-adhesive-rl-cr/): Abstract In this paper, the pearson product moment correlation coefficient analysis method is used to show that the tensile strength of RL/CR is highly positively correlated with the elongation at break, the bursting height is highly positively correlated with the bursting strength, the tensile strength is highly positively correlated with the bursting strength, and the bursting height is negatively correlated with the elongation at break. The air permeability of RL/CR is not correlated with 15 minutes water absorption, but is negatively correlated with 24 hours water absorption and surface wettability; The 15 minutes water absorption of RL/CR is negatively correlated [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis of Ionic Liquid-Based Amphiphilic Polymer Surfactant and its Application in Leather Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-of-ionic-liquid-based-amphiphilic-polymer-surfactant-and-its-application-in-leather-fatliquoring/): Abstract In view of the environmental pollution caused by chrome tanning in current tanning processes, the development of chrome-free ecological leather manufacturing technology is an important direction for the development of the leather industry. However, the strong negative charge of chrome-free tanned leather leads to the reduction of binding sites of most anionic dyeing and finishing materials, resulting in colour fading and poor handle of the finished leather. Therefore, this paper mainly uses Nvinylimidazole, bromodecan and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate as raw materials to synthesise a ionic liquid-based amphiphilic polymer surfactant through free radical polymerisation and quaternisation and then, uses it in [&hellip;]
- [Research on Two-step Synthesis Method of 12-Hydroxystearate Diethanolamide](https://sltc.org/product/research-on-two-step-synthesis-method-of-12-hydroxystearate-diethanolamide/): Abstract 12-hydroxystearate diethanolamine, an intermediate for a leather fatliquoring agent, was prepared by two-step synthesis of amidation reaction and ammonolysis reaction through vacuum distillation dehydration, using 12-hydroxystearic acid and diethanolamine as raw materials. Through single factor experiments, the optimised synthesis conditions were determined as follows: the molar ratio of 12- hydroxystearic acid to diethanolamine was 1:1.03, and the temperature of the first amidation reaction was 135°C and the reaction time was 4 hours. In the second step of ammonolysis reaction, the reaction temperature was 70°C, the amount of sodium ethylate (sodium ethoxide) used as catalyst was 1.5% of the mass [&hellip;]
- [A Study on Characteristics of Lightweight Split Leather using Foam Technology](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-on-characteristics-of-lightweight-split-leather-using-foam-technology/): Abstract Natural leather is traditionally a high-quality material that is widely used for vehicle interior materials (e.g., automobiles, trains and airplanes) and fashion items (e.g., handbags, shoes and gloves). However, it is heavier than materials such as various fibres and synthetic leather, which makes it unsuitable for modern applications that prioritise lightness, portability and fuel efficiency. In addition, animal skins used as raw materials are structured with collagen protein, which limits the ability to ability to reduce the weight by altering the thickness and chemicals used in its preparation. In this study, we investigated the penetration, fixation, and foaming methods [&hellip;]
- [A Study on Characteristics of Low-density Regenerated Leather using Chromium-tanned Shaving Waste](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-on-characteristics-of-low-density-regenerated-leather-using-chromium-tanned-shaving-waste/): Abstract Shaving scrap is collagen fibre, that is the leather waste occurring during thickness adjustment during the natural leather manufacturing process, and may cause problems such as environmental contamination because of the chromium (Cr) contained when it comes to reclaiming processes. Various studies applying to shaving scrap are currently being conducted in many countries across the world with an initiative by the EU. Amongst those applications, the regenerated leather is being highlighted as a substitute for natural leather. However, since the regenerated leather uses latex as a binder, it accordingly entails a high weight, which is deemed as a disadvantage [&hellip;]
- [Best Environmental Practices in the Leather Sector: a framework for circular economy initiatives based on the views of specialists and researchers](https://sltc.org/product/best-environmental-practices-in-the-leather-sector-a-framework-for-circular-economy-initiatives-based-on-the-views-of-specialists-and-researchers/): Abstract The leather industry has socio-economic relevance for producing countries. However, the standard production model has been questioned in terms of environmental aspects. Through a systematic review of the literature, this paper proposed a framework of environmental best practices and circular economy initiatives, based on the evaluations of academic authors and specialists from companies in the sector. Four dimensions were considered as criteria for evaluating environmental practices: reliability, applicability, adherence and effectiveness. The results indicate a high level of agreement on best practices, confirming the potential for generating environmental benefits, with specialists attributing values of agreements higher than those presented [&hellip;]
- [Mechanical Microscopic Analysis in the Process of Stretching Cowskin Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/mechanical-microscopic-analysis-in-the-process-of-stretching-cowskin-collagen/): Abstract The tensile properties of cowskin leather are expressed in terms of its important mechanical properties. Variation in the collagen of cowhide is the microscopic cause of the tensile properties of cowhide. The aim of this study was to perform molecular dynamics simulations for the collagen stretching process of clothing cowhide at the rate of 0.01nm/ps, on lengths of 10nm. The changes in the RMSD (root square mean deviation of atomic position), SASA (solvent accessible surface), potential energy, and hydrogen bonding of collagen throughout the stretching process were obtained. The RMSD of the collagen fluctuated during the stretching process and [&hellip;]
- [Interaction between Protocatechuic Acid and Zirconium Ions and their Tanning Properties](https://sltc.org/product/interaction-between-protocatechuic-acid-and-zirconium-ions-and-their-tanning-properties/): Abstract The interaction between protocatechuic acid (PCA) and zirconium ions has been studied via UV-Vis, FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra. The results show that the phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of PCA can coordinate with zirconium ions. The tanning performance of the protocatechuic acid combined with zirconium ions has been studied. The results show that the shrinkage temperature of the leather can reach 86-87°C in both Zr-PCA combined tanning and PCA-Zr combined tanning. Different tanning orders will lead to different pH values being required to achieve the best tanning effect, which is probably caused by the different interactions among PCA, zirconium [&hellip;]
- [Application of Bio-Itaconic Acid Acrylic Polymer in Leather Processing](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-bio-itaconic-acid-acrylic-polymer-in-leather-processing/): Abstract Biomass material is a kind of environmental protection material, which can be applied to reduce pollution in the leather industry. In this research, biomass raw materials (waste rice stalks) were solid fermented by inoculating with appropriate strains to produce itaconic acid products. The itaconic acid products and traditional leather chemicals were used respectively in leather processing. Two types of leather were tested, namely upper leather and split leather. The fullness and thickness of the finished leathers, also the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and SS (suspended solids) of the residual liquids were tested and compared. The [&hellip;]
- [Organic Fluorosilicone Modified Waterborne Polyurethane Leather Finishing Agent](https://sltc.org/product/organic-fluorosilicone-modified-waterborne-polyurethane-leather-finishing-agent/): Abstract In order to improve the hydrophobicity and softness of leather, a fluoro-silicon-modified waterborne polyurethane (FSiWPU) leather finishing agent was prepared by emulsion polymerisation using 1H,1H,2H,2H-Nonafluoro-1-hexanol (F9) and N-(2-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (KH- 792) as modified monomers. The structure of the latex film and the film was characterised by FTIR, XRD and UV. The effects of F9 and KH-792 on the properties of the film was investigated. The water contact angle and application properties of the coated leather were tested. FTIR and XRD showed that F9 and KH-792 were successfully introduced into the main chain of waterborne polyurethane. The particle [&hellip;]
- [Analysis of Economic Changes and Trends in China's Leather Industry after the COVID-19](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-economic-changes-and-trends-in-chinas-leather-industry-after-the-covid-19/): Abstract In view of the economy of China’s leather industry after the COVID-19, this paper uses data statistics and numerical visualisation to explore the changes of profit income, import and export volume, industrial sales income and sales market share of China’s leather industry in recent years, and analyses the measures taken by China&#8217;s leather industry to expand domestic demand and stimulate consumption to promote market recovery in response to the economic fluctuations caused by the epidemic. The research shows that: during the epidemic period from 2019 to 2020, the economy of China’s leather industry experienced a sharp decline, and then [&hellip;]
- [Simultaneous Determination of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide and Acrylamide in Leather by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-determination-of-n-hydroxymethylacrylamide-and-acrylamide-in-leather-by-liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry/): Abstract This work was aimed at establishing the measuring method for determination of Nhydroxymethylacrylamide and acrylamide in leather by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methanol was used as the extraction solvent and water bath oscillation extraction was used to extract NMA and AM in the,analysed leather, the limitations of determining two substances using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were to optimize the instrument analysis conditions and set the sample pre-treatment conditions .The results showed that the linear range of the method was 0.10μg/mL~1.50μg/mL. The method’s detection limit was at the range of 1.35mg/Kg~1.68mg/Kg, the recoveries ranged from 94.1% to 97.0%, and the relative standard [&hellip;]
- [Different Disinfection Techniques for Historical Leather Artifacts: A Review](https://sltc.org/product/different-disinfection-techniques-for-historical-leather-artifacts-a-review/): Abstract Historical and archaeological leather artifacts are found in various locations (museums, libraries, archives etc.), but in some of these places, they are exposed to improper conditions. Leather artifacts represent and carry multiple values (religious, scientific, cultural, historical, civilisation and artistic) that should be preserved from different deterioration factors. Fungal contamination and infection are considered one of the major aspects of deterioration for these artifacts. This study aims to conduct an integrated study of fungal growth on historical leather artifacts, and to explain the aspects and mechanism of their deterioration. Traditional and advanced techniques of disinfection used for killing and [&hellip;]
- [Comparison of Tearing Mechanical Properties of Top Grain Leather and Genuine Cowhide Leather](https://sltc.org/product/comparison-of-tearing-mechanical-properties-of-top-grain-leather-and-genuine-cowhide-leather/): Abstract On the basis of full macroscopic experiments this paper, further combined with microscopic testing methods was used to analyse the tear strength,of different parts, of top grain leather and genuine leather both of natural cow leather origin, and we also studied the real reasons for the differences in their tear strength. The unilateral tear test was used to obtain values for the tear strength of different layers of cowhide, the cross-sectional microscope images of the different layers of cowhide were obtained by SEM microscopy. After the study, it was found that the strength of top grain leather was greater [&hellip;]
- [Bibliometric Analysis Reveals Hotspots and Trends of Parchment Research and Conservation](https://sltc.org/product/bibliometric-analysis-reveals-hotspots-and-trends-of-parchment-research-and-conservation/): Abstract In recent decades, ancient parchment study has received much attention. Although the number of parchment studies has increased, there is currently no bibliometric perspective addressing this topic. The purpose of this study was to analyse the intellectual base and academic research frontier using CiteSpace, a bibliometric visualisation and analysis software. We retrieved 164 articles published in print or online as early-access articles between 2008 and 2023 from the Web of Science through a topic search related to parchment. Then, we analysed synthesised networks of co-authorship (authors, institutions, countries), co-citation (authors, documents, journals), and co-occurring keywords were analysed. The annual [&hellip;]
- [Analysis of the Import and Export Volumes and Value of Leather Products in China under Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals (2020-2023)](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-the-import-and-export-volumes-and-value-of-leather-products-in-china-under-carbon-peaking-and-carbon-neutrality-goals-2020-2023/): Abstract Aiming at the Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality goals which were clearly put forward after the China leather products import and export volume values change problem, this article adopts a theoretical analysis, statistical data analysis and numerical visualization method from the China leather industry main products import and export trade volumes value analysis of the “Dual Carbon” goal formulation. Following the leather products trade development characteristics, we arrive at the China leather industry import and export trade response and assist with the “Dual carbon” target conclusion. The research shows that: taking the import and export amounts as a benchmark, [&hellip;]
- [Fluorescence Labelling of Amphoteric Acrylic Retanning Agent and its Mass Transfer Behaviour](https://sltc.org/product/fluorescence-labelling-of-amphoteric-acrylic-retanning-agent-and-its-mass-transfer-behaviour-2/): Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing focus on amphoteric retanning materials due to their crucial role in enhancing the electropositivity of retanned leather and improving the absorption of anionic dyes and fatliquors. This paper introduces a novel design and successful preparation of amphoteric retanning agents. Initially, a series of poly(N-vinylformamide-co-acrylic acid) copolymers were synthesized through a free radical copolymerization reaction initiated by azodiisobutyamidine hydrochloride. Subsequently, these polymers were hydrolyzed to produce an amphoteric retanning agent (A-PVAm) with a solid content of 15%(Wt). Their structures were characterized using FT-IR, and their isoelectric points were determined through a zeta [&hellip;]
- [Correlation Analysis and Comparative Study on Properties of Pineapple Leaf/Neoprene Adhesive/Chrome Leather Shavings Composites](https://sltc.org/product/correlation-analysis-and-comparative-study-on-properties-of-pineapple-leaf-neoprene-adhesive-chrome-leather-shavings-composites/): Abstract In this study, &#8220;correlation analysis&#8221; was used to calculate the physical and mechanical property index data of the prepared composite materials. After preparing such composites with neoprene/chromium leather fillings and adding 15% of pineapple leaf fibre, we examined the properties of RL/NA/PLF tensile strength and elongation at break, tensile strength and collapse strength, elongation at break and collapse height, permeability and 15min water absorption, permeability and 24h water absorption, 15min and 24h water absorption, 24h water absorption and surface wetting, tensile strength and 15min water absorption, tensile strength and 24h water absorption, tensile strength and 24h water absorption, resistance. [&hellip;]
- [Tear Strength Analysis and Micro-characterization of Different Parts of Cattle and Sheep](https://sltc.org/product/tear-strength-analysis-and-micro-characterization-of-different-parts-of-cattle-and-sheep/): Abstract This paper mainly analyzes the tear strength of different parts of cattle and sheep leather, and analyzes the reasons for the differences in tear strength from a microscopic perspective. The sampling of cattle and sheep leather in different parts was carried out and the tear strength data of different parts of cattle and sheep leather were obtained based on the unilateral tear experiment, and the mechanical properties were further analyzed. After the study, it was found that the tear strength of the cattle in the direction parallel to the spine was: neck&gt; belly&gt; back&gt; butt, and the tear strength [&hellip;]
- [Influence Mechanism of Pineapple Leaf Fibre on the Properties of Chromium Leather Shavings Composites](https://sltc.org/product/influence-mechanism-of-pineapple-leaf-fibre-on-the-properties-of-chromium-leather-shavings-composites/): Abstract Based on the concept of waste utilization, pineapple leaf was added in the preparation of chromium leather shavings composite material. The extraction and treatment methods of pineapple leaf fibre, the blending and compatibility with chromium leather shavings, and the influence mechanism on the physical and mechanical properties of the composite material were discussed. The results showed that the pineapple leaf fibre must be soaked with degumming before use; Pineapple leaf fibre molecules contain a large number of hydroxyl groups, a small number of carboxyl and aldehyde groups, which are homogenous with collagen fibre. These groups make the two macromolecules [&hellip;]
- [Study on a Stepwise Combined-Tanning System of TWS-TWLZ Tanning Agents (Application of an amphoteric resin polymer and a complex Al/Zr polysaccharide oxidation product.)](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-a-stepwise-combined-tanning-system-of-tws-twlz-tanning-agents-application-of-an-amphoteric-resin-polymer-and-a-complex-al-zr-polysaccharide-oxidation-product/): Abstract In this study, the delimed and bated cattle hide was pre-tanned with 2% TWS tanning agent, after salt-free pickling the pre-tanned leather was combination-tanned using TWLZ tanning agent. The results showed that, with this combined tanning system, the shrinkage temperature of the TWS-TWLZ tanned leather increased with increasing the amount of TWLZ tanning agent. When the amount of TWLZ was 6%, the moisture and heat resistance of the crust leather tended to be balanced, and the shrinkage temperature reached the peak of 84.5°C. Compared with conventional TWLZ tanning, the shrinkage temperature of the combined-tanned leather increased by 12.1°C; the [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of Graphene oxide/ Fluorosilicone Modified Waterborne Polyurethane](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-graphene-oxide-fluorosilicone-modified-waterborne-polyurethane/): Abstract A novel fluoro-silicone modified waterborne polyurethane emulsion was synthesized by using alcohol hydroxy-fluorosiloxane as the fluoro-silicone modified monomer of WPU (water-based polyurethane), and the GO/FSiWPU leather finishing agent was prepared by blending with graphene oxide (GO). The structure of FSiWPU emulsion and latex film was analyzed by FT-IR and XPS. The water contact angle, bacteriostatic and other application properties of the coated leather were also tested. FT-IR and XPS analysis showed that the fluorine silicon monomer was successfully introduced into the WPU chain segment. The contact angle of latex film to water is 121.95°. The antibacterial experiment showed that [&hellip;]
- [Inactivation of Moderately Halophilic Soak Liquor Isolates via Direct Electric Current](https://sltc.org/product/inactivation-of-moderately-halophilic-soak-liquor-isolates-via-direct-electric-current/): Abstract Salted animal skins and preservation salt may contain various microorganisms in the leather industry. Microbial activities on the raw and preserved hides and skins may cause adverse effects during salting process, storage period, and soaking process on leather. Antimicrobial applications have a critical importance to prevent damage of microorganisms during these applications. Hence, the aim of the present study was to inactivate moderately halophilic isolates by 2A direct electric current treatment which cause skin degradation. Each moderately halophilic bacterial species (Terribacillus halophilus SLMHB10, Vibrio alginolyticus SLMHB12, Vibrio parahaemolyticus SLMHB13), which were previously isolated from soak liquor samples, and their [&hellip;]
- [Properties of Regenerated Leather Prepared Using Fibrous Biomass and Waste Mushroom Medium](https://sltc.org/product/properties-of-regenerated-leather-prepared-using-fibrous-biomass-and-waste-mushroom-medium/): Abstract The recycling of leather processing wastes and agricultural by-products is the most realistic alternative to address the causes of environmental pollution in conjunction with the aspect of resource recycling. Research has been actively conducted on the use of leather processing wastes for architectural interior materials, flooring materials, and regenerated leather. In the case of regenerated leather, it is attracting attention because its properties are different from those of natural leather and synthetic leather. Conversely, recycling research using waste mushroom media is still in the basic stage and remains at the level of simple recycling. In this study, we prepared [&hellip;]
- [Fluorescence Labelling of Amphoteric Acrylic Retanning Agent and its Mass Transfer Behaviour](https://sltc.org/product/fluorescence-labelling-of-amphoteric-acrylic-retanning-agent-and-its-mass-transfer-behaviour/): Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing focus on amphoteric retanning materials due to their crucial role in enhancing the electropositivity of retanned leather and improving the absorption of anionic dyes and fatliquors. This paper introduces a novel design and successful preparation of amphoteric retanning agents. Initially, a series of poly(N-vinylformamide-co-acrylic acid) copolymers were synthesized through a free radical copolymerization reaction initiated by azodiisobutyamidine hydrochloride. Subsequently, these polymers were hydrolyzed to produce an amphoteric retanning agent (A-PVAm) with a solid content of 15%(Wt). Their structures were characterized using FT-IR, and their isoelectric points were determined through a zeta [&hellip;]
- [Revitalizing Tradition: Enhancing Sustainability and Aesthetics in Ethiopian Leather Clothing (Debelo and Lemed)](https://sltc.org/product/revitalizing-tradition-enhancing-sustainability-and-aesthetics-in-ethiopian-leather-clothing-debelo-and-lemed/): Abstract This study explores the traditional Ethiopian leather garments, Debelo (hair-on leather clothing) and Lemed (hairless leather clothing), delving into their cultural significance and examining contemporary challenges that diminish their usage. Through a thorough analysis of traditional manufacturing processes and a comparison of physical properties of leathers processed by traditional and modern tanning techniques, we shed light on the practical limitations of these garments, including heaviness, strong odours, colour fading, and a lack of modern design elements. By employing a mixed-methods approach of interviews, questionnaires, and physical property testing, we trace the declining trend in the use of Debelo and [&hellip;]
- [Extraction of Collagen Short Peptides from Chrome Tanned Leather Shavings using Serratia Marcescens G Solid-State Fermentation](https://sltc.org/product/extraction-of-collagen-short-peptides-from-chrome-tanned-leather-shavings-using-serratia-marcescens-g-solid-state-fermentation/): Abstract In this study, collagen peptide products (SFC) were prepared using solid-state fermentation of chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) by Serratia marcescens G and compared with alkali extracted collagen peptide products (AEC) and acid extracted collagen peptide products (ADC). SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed a wide relative molecular weight distribution for SFC and ADC, while AEC exhibited a concentration around 200 and 160 kDa. Scanning electron microscopy depicted a multi-layer sheet-like structure for SFC and ADC, contrasting with the dense block-like structure of AEC. X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of amorphous structures in products produced through acid or solid-state fermentation. Chromium content [&hellip;]
- [Xylanase-Assisted Fibre Opening - A Sustainable Approach to Stingray Leather Production](https://sltc.org/product/xylanase-assisted-fibre-opening-a-sustainable-approach-to-stingray-leather-production/): Abstract The unique and distinctive texture of stingray skin is largely attributed to dermal denticles. These structures not only enhance the skin&#8217;s uniqueness but also contribute to its remarkable hardness and toughness, qualities that persist even after traditional lime-sulfide fibre-opening treatments. However, conventional beamhouse operations, utilizing sulphide for dehairing and liming for fibre disaggregation, face global environmental and health criticism due to their significant pollution impact. Sulphide, a toxic chemical, increases the chemical oxygen demand load in effluents from hair decomposition, while lime usage, constituting approximately 10% of the raw skins&#8217; weight, results in substantial sludge production and disposal challenges. [&hellip;]
- [Functional Modification on Type I Collagen-Based Composite Films](https://sltc.org/product/functional-modification-on-type-i-collagen-based-composite-films/): Abstract Type I collagen, is known for its low antigenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and superior film-forming ability. The development of new type I collagen-based functional films has become a focal point in clean production and sustainability. However, pure type I collagen films exhibit limitations such as a rough surface, inadequate mechanical properties, rapid degradation, and poor thermal stability. This paper explores five emerging modification strategies, including co-gelling protein introduction, nanoparticle doping, polysaccharide modification, biological crosslinking, and natural polymers blending, to enhance the physical, chemical, and biocompatible properties of type I collagen-based films. The review also analyzes the potential applications of these [&hellip;]
- [Analysis of Moisture Permeability of Sheepskin in Different Parts Based on Microscopic and Water Contact Angle](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-moisture-permeability-of-sheepskin-in-different-parts-based-on-microscopic-and-water-contact-angle/): Abstract This paper mainly analyzes the moisture permeability of different parts of sheepskin based on microscopic and water contact angle. Firstly, the moisture permeability of the neck, belly, back and hip of natural sheepskin was tested and the change rule of moisture permeability was analyzed. Then the SEM electron microscope pictures and water contact angle data were obtained. Through the analysis of the fibre distribution, the tight arrangement of fibres and the tension of leather surface in different parts of natural sheepskin, the reasons for the formation of this moisture permeability rule were explained. The study found that under the [&hellip;]
- [Analysis, Estimation and Minimization of Carbon Footprint in Leather Processing Unit Operations: A Systematic Approach](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-estimation-and-minimization-of-carbon-footprint-in-leather-processing-unit-operations-a-systematic-approach/): Abstract In a growing environmental concern on reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as well as achieving United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs), the development of a suitable methodology for the assessment of carbon footprint (CFP) for process industries such as leather is necessary. In this regard, a systematic approach, considering the energy requirements of various unit operations of a mechanical nature in leather processing, within a tannery and their contribution towards CFP has been presented for the first time. Estimation of CFP for the raw skin/ hide to finished leather process has been performed using USA Energy Information Administration [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Properties of Corn Starch/Polyacrylate Emulsion Finishing Agent](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-properties-of-corn-starch-polyacrylate-emulsion-finishing-agent/): Abstract Corn starch modified polyacrylate emulsion was prepared by semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA) and oxidized starch (OSt) as the main raw materials and was subsequently used for leather finishing. The structure of starch/polyacrylate emulsion film was characterized by FT-IR, XPS and 1HNMR and the properties of leather coated with the emulsion were tested. The results showed that after corn starch was oxidized, the oxidized starch reacted with acrylate monomers, and the polyacrylate emulsion modified using oxidized starch was successfully prepared. Compared with a polyacrylate emulsion, the particle size distribution of modified composite emulsion [&hellip;]
- [Analytical Study for Evaluating the Condition of Leather Binding of a Historical Manuscript Dating Back to the Ottoman Period from Al-Azhar Library, Egypt](https://sltc.org/product/analytical-study-for-evaluating-the-condition-of-leather-binding-of-a-historical-manuscript-dating-back-to-the-ottoman-period-from-al-azhar-library-egypt/): Abstract There are a large number of leather bound paper manuscripts in the Al-Azhar Library. These manuscripts suffer from deterioration because of unsuitable environmental conditions in their previous or current preservation places. This study aims to evaluate the condition of the leather binding of a copied historical manuscript of &#8220;The Low of Medicine by Ibn Sina&#8221; dated back to 1294 AH &#8211; 1877 AD which is preserved in the Al-Azhar Library. Digital microscopy and AutoCad were used to document the aspects of deterioration. The analytical techniques used for the explanation of the deterioration mechanism include the investigation of the surface [&hellip;]
- [Comparative Study of Life Cycle Assessment of Tanning Processes Based on eFootprint](https://sltc.org/product/comparative-study-of-life-cycle-assessment-of-tanning-processes-based-on-efootprint/): Abstract China is a major tanning country. The tanning industry has been presented with new challenges as carbon reduction targets are set. There are three main types of tanning processes in China: traditional chrome tanning, reverse process tanning and chrome-free tanning. In order to better study the environmental impact assessment of the tanning process, this thesis adopts the eFootprint software and uses the PEF evaluation indexes to carry out a qualitative and quantitative environmental impact assessment of the three tanning processes. The results show that the chromium-free tanning process has a relatively low environmental impact. Conventional chrome tanning has the [&hellip;]
- [Analysis of the Influence of Quality Parameters on the Moisture Permeability of Natural Sheepskin](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-the-influence-of-quality-parameters-on-the-moisture-permeability-of-natural-sheepskin/): Abstract Based on the grey system theory, this paper analyzes the comprehensive influence of the quality parameters of sheep leather on the moisture permeability of different parts of sheep leather. The differences in specific surface area and average pore size of sheepskin in different parts were analyzed, and the grey correlation analysis between the three influencing parameters and the moisture permeability of sheepskin in different parts was carried out. The study found that the specific surface area and average pore size of sheep skin in different parts were different. The specific surface area of sheep skin in different parts was [&hellip;]
- [Optimization and application of chromium-resistant collagenase production by Serratia sp. G](https://sltc.org/product/optimization-and-application-of-chromium-resistant-collagenase-production-by-serratia-sp-g/): Abstract This study presents a valuable chromium-resistant collagenase-producing strain (Serratia sp. G) isolated from chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS). Optimization of its enzyme activity and subsequent practical application are thoroughly addressed. Following isolation, comprehensive optimization of the fermentation medium and culture conditions was conducted, with the most suitable components (g/L) being as follows: Maltose (15), Tryptone (25), NaH2PO4·2H2O (0.5), CaCl2 (0.05), K2HPO4·3H2O (2.5). The maximum collagenase production was attained under the conditions of a 5% inoculum, 100 mL filling volume, and incubation at 37°C with a pH of 8.5 for a duration of 48 hours. Cu2+ completely inhibited the activity [&hellip;]
- [An Effective and Harmless Recycling Technology for Hazardous Chrome-Tanned Leather Wastes: Re-utilization of dechromed collagen fibres as filler in leather making processing](https://sltc.org/product/an-effective-and-harmless-recycling-technology-for-hazardous-chrome-tanned-leather-wastes-re-utilization-of-dechromed-collagen-fibres-as-filler-in-leather-making-processing/): Abstract Utilizing leather production waste to create raw materials for leather chemicals, and reintroducing it into the leather making processing, represents an ideal approach to achieving an “internal circular economy” within the leather industry. This study focuses on the re-utilization of dechromed collagen fibres, obtained from chromium shavings, to generate a retanning filling. The effects of hydrolysis conditions on the viscosity, and gel strength of the dechromed collagen hydrolysates were investigated. The application effectiveness of the collagen hydrolysates with different particle sizes in the leather retanning filling process was also compared. The findings indicate that alkali hydrolysis is more conducive [&hellip;]
- [Overall Design and Verification of Moisture Absorption and Moisture Permeability Tester for Finished Shoes](https://sltc.org/product/overall-design-and-verification-of-moisture-absorption-and-moisture-permeability-tester-for-finished-shoes/): Abstract Following the results of our research group, the moisture absorption and moisture permeability tester for finished shoes, which is described here, is considered systematically and the composition of the instrument system is defined. The conception of the system and structure of the moisture absorption and transmission tester for finished shoes and the optimisation of the design of the tester is described. The main performance parameters of the moisture absorption and moisture transmission tester for finished shoes were set, and the method adopted to characterise the results was designed. At the same time, to ensure the stability and reliability of [&hellip;]
- [Study of the Synthesis of Sulfonated and Succinated Lanolin Acid Fatliquoring Agent](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-the-synthesis-of-sulfonated-and-succinated-lanolin-acid-fatliquoring-agent/): Abstract The sulfonated and succinated lanolin acid fatliquoring agent was prepared from lanolin acid by amidation with diethanolamine, monoesterification with maleic anhydride and sulfonation with anhydrous sodium sulfite. Through single factor experiments, the optimised synthesis conditions were determined as follows: the temperature of amidation reaction was 135°C and the reaction time was 5 hours, the amidation yield could reach 94.4%. In the monoesterification reaction, the molar ratio of maleic anhydride to theoretical hydroxyl groups of the system was 1:1.1, the reaction temperature was 95°C and the reaction time was 2 hours, and the esterification rate could reach 86.1%. In the [&hellip;]
- [Properties of Epoxy Modified Starch Tanning Agent Combined with Aluminum Salt](https://sltc.org/product/properties-of-epoxy-modified-starch-tanning-agent-combined-with-aluminum-salt/): Abstract In order to investigate a new clean and chromium-free tanning method, an epoxy-modified starch (SCT) tanning agent was prepared from natural corn starch degradation products and we have examined its combined tanning effect with aluminum salts. The results showed that when the offer of SCT tanning agent was 8% of the mass of pickled sheep, and the offer of aluminum salt was 6%, at a tanning pH of 4.0, the shrinkage temperature (Ts) of crust leather could reach 79.8°C. In this situation, the SCT tanning agent and aluminum salt tanning agent cross-linked with the collagen. After the combination of [&hellip;]
- [Optimisation of Preparation Process and Regulation of Properties for Composite Material Made from Pineapple Leaf Fibre/Natural Latex/Regenerated Leather (RL/NL/PLF) Used as Home Decoration](https://sltc.org/product/optimisation-of-preparation-process-and-regulation-of-properties-for-composite-material-made-from-pineapple-leaf-fibre-natural-latex-regenerated-leather-rl-nl-plf-used-as-home-decoration/): Abstract In this experiment, pineapple leaf fibre was added to the composite material made by combining natural latex/regenerated leather to create by hot pressing a home decoration composite material. It was found that the appearance and quality of the composite prepared by adding 15% pineapple leaf fibre gave the best results. Compared with the composite without the addition of pineapple leaf fibre, it was found that the tensile strength, elongation at break, breaking strength, air permeability, water permeability, water absorption and surface wettability were greatly improved, which made it more suitable for making home decoration products.
- [Identification of Slightly Halophilic Bacteria From Salted Sheepskin Samples and Investigation of Their Biotechnological Importance](https://sltc.org/product/identification-of-slightly-halophilic-bacteria-from-salted-sheepskin-samples-and-investigation-of-their-biotechnological-importance/): Abstract In the leather industry, skins/hides are salted immediately after the animal is slaughtered to prevent the enzymatic activities of bacteria. Although the salt-curing method prevents the growth of mesophilic bacteria, halophilic bacteria can develop in skins/hides that are stored for a long time, causing a decrease in leather quality. In the literature, it has been stated that slightly halophilic bacteria are isolated from products with a certain concentration of salt content. Since there is no study on the presence of these bacteria in salted raw hides, slightly halophilic bacteria were isolated and molecularly identified from ten sheepskin samples which [&hellip;]
- [Collagen Recovered, Purified and Enzymatically Hydrolysed from Tannery Waste](https://sltc.org/product/collagen-recovered-purified-and-enzymatically-hydrolysed-from-tannery-waste/): Abstract One of the main challenges of the tannery industry is the management of the waste generated during the leather manufacturing process. This study aimed to recover the collagen from tanning industry waste to acquire knowledge about its conversion into high value-added ingredients with bio-functional properties. To this end, collagen was purified from rawhide waste from the leather industry, characterised by electrophoresis and compared with commercial collagen. Subsequently, it was subjected to an enzymatic treatment using plant proteases from Bromelia hieronymi under mild reaction conditions to produce hydrolysates, since the production of bioactive peptides by enzymatic hydrolysis is a sustainable [&hellip;]
- [Analysis of the Influence of the Grinding Method of Chromium Leather Shavings on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Leather/Latex Materials](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-the-influence-of-the-grinding-method-of-chromium-leather-shavings-on-the-mechanical-properties-of-composite-leather-latex-materials/): Abstract This investigation deals with purely physical techniques which are employed in utilising leather wastes. Usually such work involves treatment of waste liquors and part processed skin wastes whilst here, In this case, we are dealing with the re-use and re-valuation of partly or completely processed solid chrome leather waste. The scheme involves the mechanical disruption of the waste by various grinding techniques followed by blending with adhesive to re-form a product which may possibly be referred to as a leather composite. It is found that the grinding method, and the detailed shape and size of the chromium leather shavings [&hellip;]
- [Retanning Mechanism of Polyacrylic Acid from the Point of Fibre Motion](https://sltc.org/product/retanning-mechanism-of-polyacrylic-acid-from-the-point-of-fibre-motion/): Abstract The retanning mechanism of PAA was studied from the point of fibre motion. The stress state of collagen fibres retanned with PAA was analysed and the structure of retanned leather was characterised by SEM and strain-stress analysis. The results show that PAA mainly interacts with collagen fibres by adhesive force (AF) between collagen fibres and capillary flow. As PAA dosage increases, AF increases and the collagen fibreʼs array becomes more disordered.
- [The Tanning Performance of Dialdehyde Cellulose Prepared by Electrochemical Oxidation System](https://sltc.org/product/the-tanning-performance-of-dialdehyde-cellulose-prepared-by-electrochemical-oxidation-system/): Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a new dialdehyde cellulose tanning agent and discuss its tanning performance. Firstly, cellulose was dissolved with sodium hydroxide and urea. Secondly, dialdehyde cellulose was prepared by an electrochemical oxidation system. The obtained dialdehyde cellulose contained 68.48% aldehyde groups. The reaction between dialdehyde cellulose and gelatin has been verified by the determination by Fourier transformed infrared testing. When pickled goatskin was tanned with dialdehyde cellulose, the optimal conditions were, dosage of dialdehyde cellulose 25%, initial pH4.5, tanning temperature 35°C. The tanned goat garment crust leather had a shrinkage temperature 82.2°C, tensile strength [&hellip;]
- [Advanced Diagnostics and Innovative Solutions for Leather Defects: The Problem of Yellowing](https://sltc.org/product/advanced-diagnostics-and-innovative-solutions-for-leather-defects-the-problem-of-yellowing/): Abstract Providing peculiar enhanced features to leather items is a factor of primary importance for the marketing of high-end articles; although tanning production is oriented to satisfy a wide market range, it is mainly in the ʻhigh endʼ and ʻpremium luxuryʼ categories that the quality properties of the material are more expressed, indeed. It is particularly on this market segment that the main current challenges have been focussed, according to the growing requirement of technological innovation, sustainability and product quality. Light-coloured leathers, with particular reference to white items, belong to the category of materials designed especially for the luxury market. [&hellip;]
- [Preparation of Formaldehyde-free Melamine Resins using Furfural as Condensing Agent and Investigation of their Retanning Performance](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-formaldehyde-free-melamine-resins-using-furfural-as-condensing-agent-and-investigation-of-their-retanning-performance/): Abstract Sulfonated amino resins are an important class of polymers which are used as retanning agents in the leather industry. There is challenge for such resins to be synthesised without formaldehyde to satisfy the strict regulation in leather goods. In this work, formaldehyde-free melamine based retanning agents have been synthesised by acid catalysed process using furfural as condensing agent and sodium metabisulfite as the sulfonating agent. Sulfonated melamine furfural (SMFr) resins were synthesised using different molar ratio of melamine, sodium metabisulfite and furfural. Stable and water-soluble resins were produced without etherification. The sodium metabisulfite to melamine ratio (SMB/M) was changed [&hellip;]
- [Tanning Properties of 4-((4,6-Dichloro-1,3,5-Triazin-2-yl) Amino) Benzene Sulfonic Acid](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-properties-of-4-46-dichloro-135-triazin-2-yl-amino-benzene-sulfonic-acid/): Abstract In this work, a triazine tanning agent of 4-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino) benzenesulfonic acid (SAT) was prepared with cyanuric chloride and sodium p-aminobenzene sulfonate, its structure was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, and its tanning property was investigated. The results indicate that SAT can raise the Ts of tanned skin to around 75°C at the optimised dosage of 3%. The stability of tanned leather was tested by washing with aqueous solution of 10w% urea, 10w% NaCl and 1:1 acetone. The results of washing show that the tanned leather of SAT has excellent stability and there are stable covalent bond interactions between SAT and [&hellip;]
- [Formaldehyde Release from Chekiang Lambskin, Characteristic Parameter Determination and Influencing Factors](https://sltc.org/product/formaldehyde-release-from-chekiang-lambskin-characteristic-parameter-determination-and-influencing-factors/): Abstract VOC emissions may cause poor indoor (vehicle cabins included) air quality (IAQ). Recent studies have been conducted on the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions, most of them are focused on wood-based building materials, fur or fur imitations are scarcely mentioned. However, formaldehyde or formaldehyde-containing chemicals are often used in the production of fur, resulting in a certain amount of formaldehyde remaining in the finished product. This paper takes formaldehyde (FA) as an example to study its diffusion in fur. In order to understand and control the behaviour of the formaldehyde emission characteristics. Based on detailed mass transfer [&hellip;]
- [Inhibitory Mechanism of Hexavalent Chromium Formation in Chrome-Tanned Leather with Combined Inhibitors](https://sltc.org/product/inhibitory-mechanism-of-hexavalent-chromium-formation-in-chrome-tanned-leather-with-combined-inhibitors/): Abstract The perfect inhibition of Cr6+ formation in Cr-tanned leather has been reported using combined inhibitors consisting 3(2)-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), ascorbic acid (AsA), and collagen peptide (CP-9). In this study, the inhibitory mechanism of the combined inhibitors was investigated with respect to: (i) Inhibiting the conversion of Cr3+ to Cr6+ by scavenging lipid radicals and peroxy radicals in free lipid of Cr-tanned leather; (ii) strengthening the reductivity within Cr-tanned leather; and (iii) stabilising Cr3+ complexes by coordination with CP-9. Electron spin resonance (ESR) of free lipid extracted from the Cr-tanned leather treated with combined inhibitors showed that free radicals considerably reduced [&hellip;]
- [A Study of Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyeing and Printing Wastewater by ZnO@zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF)-8](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-of-photocatalytic-degradation-of-dyeing-and-printing-wastewater-by-znozeolitic-imidazolate-framework-zif-8/): Abstract As a semiconducting material with outstanding properties, ZnO has been playing a key role in the chemical industry, light industry, ceramics, electronics, national defence, healthcare and other hightech industries. In recent years, great efforts have been made in studies of ZnO as photocatalyst in the treatment of organic wastewater by virtue of its high reaction rate, excellent applicability and environmentally friendly products. The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit large specific surface area and good stability, and calcination of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 in atmosphere leads to generation of ZnO@MOF. With relatively large specific surface areas, ZnO nanoparticles can generate a [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Properties of Matting Waterborne Polyurethane with Polybutadiene](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-properties-of-matting-waterborne-polyurethane-with-polybutadiene/): Abstract A matting waterborne polyurethane (MWPU) emulsion was prepared using polybutadiene diol (HTPB), polybutylene adipate diol (PBA) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as the main raw materials, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) as a hydrophilic chain extender and ethylene diamine as a post chain extender, this was applied to the surface treatment of the leather. The surface microstructure of the MWPU film was studied by SEM. The results showed that when the content of HTPB increased, the particle size of MWPU emulsion increased, the stability decreased, the mechanical properties and surface roughness of MWPU film increased, the elongation at break, water absorption and [&hellip;]
- [Life Cycle Assessment of Leather Shoe Manufacturing Process Based on Simapro](https://sltc.org/product/life-cycle-assessment-of-leather-shoe-manufacturing-process-based-on-simapro/): Abstract The Eco-indicator 99 ecological index was used to do the life cycle assessment of the manufacturing process of cotton-padded shoes [leather winter shoes with cotton or fur padding] and the ʻnudeʼ shoes [ladies court shoe styles often with a pigskin lining]. The study was based on the total life cycle assessment (LCA) and the SimaPro software. The results showed that the basic skill stages of nude/court shoes and the vamp process of the same shoes had the greatest impact on the environment. The effect was 45.66 % and 52.05 %,respectively. The weighted and single value results for nude/court leather [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of Modified Corn Straw as a Biosorbent for Cr(VI) Adsorption](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-modified-corn-straw-as-a-biosorbent-for-crvi-adsorption/): Abstract Modified corn straw, MCS, was prepared by pretreatment and esterification modification technology. The optimisation and mechanism of Cr(VI) adsorption performance was critically investigated via orthogonal experimental design and single-factor comparison experiments. Experimental results indicated that the MCS dosage and pH value had the greatest effect on the Cr(VI) adsorption process. Moreover, the Cr(VI) adsorption rate (CrAR) and maximum adsorption capacity (CrAC) were 96.8 % and 121mg/g respectively under the optimal condition (MCS dosage: 0.04g, adsorption time: 45 minutes, pH3, adsorption temperature: 40°C, Cr(VI) initial concentration: 10mg/L), which was an increase of 10.3 times compared to unmodified corn straw. FTIR [&hellip;]
- [Organic Fluorosilicone Modified Polyacrylate Emulsion Finishing Agent](https://sltc.org/product/organic-fluorosilicone-modified-polyacrylate-emulsion-finishing-agent/): Abstract In order to improve the hydrophobicity and applied properties of leather products, 3- (Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (KH-570) and Dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (G04) were used as modified monomers preparing a fluorosilicone polyacrylate leather finishing agent by semicontinuous seed emulsion polymerisation. The structure of the prepared latex film was characterised and analysed by FTIR and XPS. The effects of the addition of silicone monomer on the latex film and the application properties were investigated by SEM and TG. The results showed that: both the organic fluorine and the silicone monomers participated in the polymerisation, and the particle size of the emulsion was 50-70nm. [&hellip;]
- [Development of Nanocomposites with Flame Retardant Effect for Leather and Fabric](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-nanocomposites-with-flame-retardant-effect-for-leather-and-fabric/): Abstract The main objective of this work is to develop new nanocomposites to apply on the substrates of the leather and textile industry for seats of spaces and public vehicles. Specifically, we want to obtain a flame retardant effect using nanostructured coatings that confer thermal stability and fire resistance. The different nanomaterials should be included in a polymeric matrix; the hybrid organic-inorganic polymers will act as carriers of the nanomaterials, with the ability to interact with the nanoparticles and walls of the nanocapsules. In addition, they must show affinity for the collagen, in order to be introduced in the three-dimensional [&hellip;]
- [Low Salt Preservation of Australian and New Zealand Sheepskins](https://sltc.org/product/low-salt-preservation-of-australian-and-new-zealand-sheepskins/): Abstract The current and long established methods for preserving skins in Australia and New Zealand are described. These methods use large amounts of sodium chloride plus combinations of up to three biocides which are not registered in the REACH regulations. This paper describes work carried out to develop a method of low salt preservation (LSP) with auxiliaries used widely in the food and beverage industries and this was achieved.
- [Synthesis and Application of a Novel Cationic Surfactant based on Quaternary Ammonium Salt for Leather Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/183-synthesis-and-application-of-a-novel-cationic-surfactant-based-on-quaternary-ammonium-salt-for-leather-fatliquoring/): Abstract A fatliquor is an indispensable agent for leather, giving softness, fullness and elasticity. A quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant (cetyl-dimethyl-(3-methacrylamide) propyl bromide (DMPC16)) was synthesised from N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) methacrylamide (DMAPMA) and hexadecane bromide by nucleophilic substitution reaction. The structure and properties of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant were characterised by FTIR, 1H-NMR, elemental analyser, TGA and surface tension analyser. Further, it was applied in the fatliquoring process of wet-white (Clariant EasyWhiteTan F-90) tanning system to test the physical and mechanical properties, softness, air permeability and absorptivity of the fatliquoring leather. The results showed that quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant was successfully [&hellip;]
- [A Rural African Story of Hide Sourcing](https://sltc.org/product/a-rural-african-story-of-hide-sourcing/)
- [Soy Protein Isolate Reinforced Yak Skin Collagen Edible Films for Ultraviolet Barring Function](https://sltc.org/product/soy-protein-isolate-reinforced-yak-skin-collagen-edible-films-for-ultraviolet-barring-function/): Abstract In this study, collagen extraction from yakskin was conducted through an acid-pepsin hydrolysis process. The molecular weight (Mw) of yakskin collagen was 51825 Da. An amino acid analysis showed that yakskin collagen is rich in nutrients and contains essential amino acids. The effects of SPI on the mechanical properties (tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB)), light transmittance, water vapour permeability (WVP) levels, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, thermal properties, water contact angles and yakskin collagen-based filmsʼ cross section morphologies were studied. The results showed that excellent ultraviolet barring functions were achieved from edible films with the incorporation [&hellip;]
- [Extraction of Oil from Tannery Fleshings for Chamois Leather Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/extraction-of-oil-from-tannery-fleshings-for-chamois-leather-tanning/): Abstract The process of leather manufacturing produces vast amounts of solid waste annually (8.5 million tons worldwide), and most of the solid waste (80%) is produced in pre-tanning operations. The fleshing operation to remove flesh, subcutaneous tissue and natural fat from the flesh side of hide/skin (fleshings) accounts for 50-60% of total solid waste. Attempts to extract oil from the fleshings have been made, however, the application of the oils from fleshings in tanning has not been explored. The oil tanning process takes about 12 days (compared to chrome tanning which takes approximately 6 hours), and this explains why the [&hellip;]
- [Physical Gelation of Gelatin Solutions: Effect of Gelatin Concentration, pH, Ionic Strength and Solvents](https://sltc.org/product/physical-gelation-of-gelatin-solutions-effect-of-gelatin-concentration-ph-ionic-strength-and-solvents/): Abstract The effect of gelation conditions on the gelation of gelatin solutions was studied by rheological measurements. It showed that the gelling temperature (Tgel) increased with the increasing of gelatin concentration. Tgel was also enhanced by the deviation of solution pH from the isoelectric point (IEP) of gelatin. On the contrary, Tgel was reduced by the increasing of ionic strength. In addition, the solvent has a notable influence on the gelation of gelatin. Unlike in urea solution where the formation of hydrogen bonds between gelatin chains was hindered, thereby leading to a decrease of Tgel, in methanol solution the hydrophobicity [&hellip;]
- [Acquisition and Observation Methods of Threedimensional Leather Structure Based on Micro-CT](https://sltc.org/product/acquisition-and-observation-methods-of-threedimensional-leather-structure-based-on-micro-ct/): Abstract Components and working principle, parameters and data acquisition steps of micro-CT are introduced in detail. Taking the chrome-tanned leather for example, the images of each stage of the experiment are presented and the 3D digital models of leather structure with 1.5μm resolution have been obtained by micro-CT. It lays a good foundation for the study of leather structure by micro-CT.
- [Synthesis of Orthanilic Acid Modified Glyoxylated Melamine Resin with Improved Retanning and Thermal Properties](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-of-orthanilic-acid-modified-glyoxylated-melamine-resin-with-improved-retanning-and-thermal-properties/): Abstract Amino resins have found important uses in leather manufacturing due to their selective filling properties. Conventional amino resins are produced from formaldehyde and result in an increase of formaldehyde content in finished leather greater than the permitted limits. Due to strict legislations and restrictions regarding formaldehyde contents in leather goods there is a growing demand to produce formaldehyde-free leather. In this study formaldehyde-free resins with improved thermal stabilities were prepared using glyoxal as condensing agent and orthanilic acid (o-amino-benzene sulphonic acid) as a sulfonating agent. The glyoxal to melamine ratio (G/M) was varied from 2-6 and orthanilic acid to [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis, Characterisation and Application of Novel Valonia Tannin Based Waterborne Polyurethane with Natural Colour](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-characterisation-and-application-of-novel-valonia-tannin-based-waterborne-polyurethane-with-natural-colour/): Abstract A novel natural coloured waterborne polyurethane (PU) based on valonia tannin was successfully synthesised and characterised. A structural study of the polymer by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of valonia tannin into the backbone of the PU. The dispersion of valonia tannin and homogeneity of surface of the PU samples were confirmed by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. Chromaticity and colour difference further verified the colour depth and uniformity of the cured films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated that the synthesised PU samples exhibited an improved thermal decomposition temperature. Particle size analysis, mechanical testing and [&hellip;]
- [Evaluation of Collagen Hydrolysate on the Performance Properties of Different Wet-White Tanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-collagen-hydrolysate-on-the-performance-properties-of-different-wet-white-tanned-leathers/): Abstract Tanning with basic chromium sulphate is the most commercially favoured process in the manufacture of a variety of high quality leathers. Environmental restrictions to the disposal of chromium containing solids and effluents, as well as speculations concerning the presence of toxic and carcinogenic chromium(VI) traces in leather products, have already directed the industry towards using alternatives. Wet-white tannages which consist of zirconium (IV) and aluminium (III) salts with high durability and resistance and organic alternatives which use phosphonium, aldehydes and some syntans both types with more eco friendly and biodegradable characteristics seem to be the main options for industry. [&hellip;]
- [Structural and Performance Characteristics of Pigskin Leather with Different Tanning Methods](https://sltc.org/product/structural-and-performance-characteristics-of-pigskin-leather-with-different-tanning-methods/): Abstract This article studies the influence of mineral and organic tanning methods on a set of physicomechanical, thermophysical and hygienic properties of pigskin. The dialdehyde method of tanning with subsequent anionic polymer filling provides the formation of a homogeneous porous structure of leather in various topographical areas with the necessary set of structural and performance characteristics. The described tanning technologies provide the formation of leather with appropriate hydrothermal resistance and adequate elastic-plastic properties. It meets the standard requirements for garment leather DSTU 3115-95. The resulting leather can be recommended for the manufacture of wide range goods, including chrome tanned for [&hellip;]
- [Feasibility Study of a Functional Modification for Porcine Acellular Dermal Matrix](https://sltc.org/product/feasibility-study-of-a-functional-modification-for-porcine-acellular-dermal-matrix/): Abstract In this paper, the porcine acellular dermal matrix (pADM) was used as a mimetic of collagen fibres, and chemical modification by an epoxy silicone modifier (3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyltrimethylsilane, E3) was carried out to improve its physicochemical properties. The modification interaction between pADM and E3 was investigated, and the various properties of the pADM after modification by E3 (E3- pADM) were further evaluated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that E3 was successfully introduced into pADM. After the E3 treatment, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR analysis showed that the micro-structural integrity of pADM was still maintained and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) observation [&hellip;]
- [A New Approach for Bating: Reactive Red 120 Dye Attached Poly (Hema) Nanoparticles](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-approach-for-bating-reactive-red-120-dye-attached-poly-hema-nanoparticles/): Abstract In the present work, Reactive Red 120-attached poly (2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) nanoparticles (PHEMA-RR120) were synthesized as an adsorbent for the removal of the proteins albumin and globulin. PHEMA nanoparticles were first prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerisation. The dye ligand Reactive Red 120 was chemically attached to the PHEMA nanoparticles via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Characterisation of the PHEMA-RR120 nanoparticles was carried out by specific surface area, dry mass weight of the nanoparticle, SEM, FTIR and Zeta Size analysis. Albumin and globulin adsorption of PHEMA-RR120 nanoparticles was investigated with respect to process conditions (temperature, pH, time, initial concentration and ionic [&hellip;]
- [Influence on Rex Rabbit Hair by Low-temperature Plasma in Different Gas Media](https://sltc.org/product/influence-on-rex-rabbit-hair-by-low-temperature-plasma-in-different-gas-media/): Abstract In order to find out changes of the Rex rabbit hair under different Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) treatments, Rex rabbit hair fibres which were modified by oxygen, nitrogen, and air plasma, were examined by XPS, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometery, Lab-eye software, HP-386 multi-angle gloss meter, YM-06A electronic single fibre strength meter, as well as by a Y151 fibre friction coefficient tester. The results show that oxygen plasma, nitrogen plasma and air plasma can all dramatically enhance exhaustion and fixation rate of Rex rabbit hair during dyeing. Treatment with air plasma and nitrogen plasma introduced more -NH2 to the surface of Rex [&hellip;]
- [Elimination of Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteriaceae via Combined Application of Direct Electric Current, Alternating Electric Current and 2-Thiocyanomethylthio benzothiazole](https://sltc.org/product/elimination-ofantibiotic-resistant-enterobacteriaceae-via-combined-application-of-direct-electric-current-alternating-electric-current-and-2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole/): Abstract Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae originating from animalsʼ intestinal tracts may be found on salted and soaked hides/skins. The presence of proteolytic, lipolytic, multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae on hides/skins and the resulting destructive processes results in economic losses to the leather industry and creates health hazards for workers. To minimise this destructive bacterial presence, the bactericidal effect of combined application of direct or alternating electric current and an antibacterial agent against multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were examined in this study. Multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia rubidaea, Serratia marcescens, Serratia plymuthica, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri, isolated from soaked hides/skins, were used in [&hellip;]
- [Recovery of Collagen Hydrolysate from Chrome Leather Shaving Tannery Waste through Two-Step Hydrolysis using Magnesium Oxide and Bating Enzyme](https://sltc.org/product/recovery-of-collagen-hydrolysate-from-chrome-leather-shaving-tannery-waste-through-two-step-hydrolysis-using-magnesium-oxide-and-bating-enzyme/): Abstract Chrome-tanned solid waste emanating from leather industry is usually disposed of to the environment through landfill which not only pollutes the environment but also wastes the protein resource contained in it. Protein recovery for re-use in secondary industrial processes presents the best strategy for its re-utilisation. Dechroming by hydrolysis is the most practiced method of protein and chromium recovery from tanned solid waste. The alkali-enzyme two step hydrolysis methods are commonly utilised for improved protein recovery efficiency. However, enzyme cost and temperature dependence of the heat stable alkali enzyme has made the process economics difficult and therefore unattractive. The [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Enzymatic Soaking on Properties of Hide and the Leather Produced](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-enzymatic-soaking-on-properties-of-hide-and-the-leather-produced/): Abstract The use of enzymes for soaking has influences on rehydration levels of hide and the amount of collagenous and non-collagen proteins removed. The removal depends on the EP (enzyme product) used and on the amount. The increase of the amount of EP in a soaking solution affects faster rehydration, higher content of removed non-collagen proteins but, unfortunately, has an effect on the collagen of hide not only during the soaking but during subsequent liming as well, this can be the reason for defects in the finished leather. The duration of enzymatic soaking has an influence on chroming and chromed [&hellip;]
- [Innovative Application of Dye Ligand-Attached Nanoparticles for Bating](https://sltc.org/product/innovative-application-of-dye-ligand-attached-nanoparticles-for-bating/): Abstract In the present work, poly (2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) nanoparticles (PHEMA-RR120) attached to Reactive Red 120 were synthesised as an adsorbent for use in the acidic bating process. PHEMA nanoparticles were first derived by emulsion polymerisation without the use of a surfactant. The dye ligand Reactive Red 120 was chemically attached to the PHEMA nanoparticles via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The bating process of sheep leathers was then carried out separately with PHEMA-RR120 nanoparticles in place of an acidic protease at pH4.5 and pH6 and in place of an alkali protease at pH8 and pH6 to remove globular proteins from [&hellip;]
- [Progress of Certified Reference Materials in the Leather Field](https://sltc.org/product/progress-of-certified-reference-materials-in-the-leather-field/): Abstract Certified reference materials in the leather industry are mainly used for testing of physical, mechanical and chemical safety properties of leather, footwear products and shoe materials. Certified reference materials are an important basis for ensuring the accuracy, reliability and traceability of the test results. In this paper, the progress of certified reference materials in leather industry at home and abroad was systematically reviewed, and the main research methods of certified reference materials in leather field are described. At the same time, the existing problems of the certified reference materials in leather industry were analysed. Finally, the prospects of the [&hellip;]
- [Investigation into the Hazards of Finished Cr-tanned Leather as both Product and Waste](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-into-the-hazards-of-finished-cr-tanned-leather-as-both-product-and-waste/): Abstract In this study, the hazardous substances in finished chrome-tanned leather and in leachates were determined and evaluated based on ISO or national standards, and the overall toxicity toward Photobacterium phosphoreum of the leachates was assessed. No restricted hazardous substances, such as Cr(VI), HCHO and carcinogenic dyes in leathers exceeded the thresholds proposed in the criteria for eco-label leather products. Chrome leathers were then leached with deionized water with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:20 to simulate rainwater leaching, and the heavy metals as well as organic compounds in leachates were analysed by ICP-OES, spectrophotometry, and GC-MS. The total chrome, Cr(VI) [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of a Novel Cationic Fatliquoring Agent](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-a-novel-cationic-fatliquoring-agent/): Abstract In this work, a novel cationic fatliquoring agent YH was prepared by two steps. Firstly, a cationic emulsifier YW based on fatty acid triethanolamine ester was synthesized by using stearic acid, triethanolamine and benzyl chloride. Then, YH was obtained by mixing a certain amount of YW, nonionic surfactant and neutral oil. The composition of YH was optimized by its application behaviour as a fatliquor. The structure of YW was characterised by infrared spectroscopy and 1H-NMR. The surface tension of YW aqueous solution was determined by using a surface tension meter. The stability, particle size and zeta potential of YH [&hellip;]
- [Unhairing of Bovine Skin with Fungal Enzymes by Immersion and Spread Throughout the Epidermis](https://sltc.org/product/unhairing-of-bovine-skin-with-fungal-enzymes-by-immersion-and-spread-throughout-the-epidermis/): Abstract The use of enzymes during unhairing in the leather industry to partially reduce sulfide can decrease H2S emission to almost 50%. However the proteolysis needs to be controlled to prevent collagen damage. In bovine epidermis, the stratum corneum plays a crucial role as a hydrophobic barrier. In order to facilitate the diffusion of enzymes, it is necessary to generate channels through this barrier to allow enzymes pass without damaging the collagen. In an ideal enzymatic unhairing the proteolytic activity should be restricted to the basal lamina and pilosebaceous unit. During this experiment, fungal enzyme extracts (CE) were applied on [&hellip;]
- [Comparative Study of Glucose and Sulfur Dioxide Reduced Chrome Powders](https://sltc.org/product/comparative-study-of-glucose-and-sulfur-dioxide-reduced-chrome-powders/): Abstract The chrome tanning agent is always an important material for leather manufacture because of its tanning power and the leatherʼs sensory appeal which cannot be achieved by other tanning agents. The maturation of the chrome tanning technique over one hundred years, allows the leather produced to be distinguished by its nuances. Nowadays, it is beneficial to review the function of chrome tanning agents again because the standards of new market values and environmental requirements require more sophisticated application techniques. The characteristics of two kinds of chrome tanning agents, such as the glucose reduced chrome powder (GCr-S) and the sulfur [&hellip;]
- [Preparation of Oxidised Polyvinyl Alcohol Using Hydrogen Peroxide and its Application for Collagen Modification](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-oxidised-polyvinyl-alcohol-using-hydrogen-peroxide-and-its-application-for-collagen-modification/): Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was oxidised by hydrogen peroxide to prepare oxidised polyvinyl alcohol (OPA). The chemical structure of OPA was characterised by FTIR, SEC and potentiometric titration. PVA was ruptured into fragments along with the formation of terminal aldehyde and carboxyl groups after oxidation. Then the modification effect of OPA on collagen was investigated. A Schiffʼs base was formed between the aldehyde group of OPA and the amino group of collagen under alkaline conditions, without altering the triple helical structure of collagen. OPA promoted the moderate aggregation of collagen through chain entanglement, and enhanced the thermal stability of collagen. [&hellip;]
- [Investigation of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Soaked Sheepskins and Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-antibiotic-resistant-enterobacteriaceae-isolated-from-soaked-sheepskins-and-cattle-hides/): Abstract Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in human and veterinary medicine has been examined for many years, but there is no information about antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from soaked sheepskins and cattle hides. Therefore the antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from soaked sheepskins and cattle hides was investigated. The antibiotic resistance of soaked skin isolates (Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Cronobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter cloacae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri ) and soaked hide isolates (Citrobacter koseri, Cronobacter sakazakii, Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri, Serratia marcescens, Serratia plymuthica, Serratia rubidae) towards 24 different antibiotics were examined using the disc diffusion [&hellip;]
- [Pilot Production of Chrome-Tanned Leather without Formation of Hexavalent Chromium by Treatment with a Combination of Inhibitors](https://sltc.org/product/pilot-production-of-chrome-tanned-leather-without-formation-of-hexavalent-chromium-by-treatment-with-a-combination-of-inhibitors/): Abstract A combination of inhibitors, namely a mixture of 1.0mmol of 3(2)-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 0.01 mmol of ascorbic acid, and 0.001mmol of collagen peptide exhibiting complete inhibition of C6+ formation on a laboratory-scale, was applied to produce chrome-tanned upper leather without formation of Cr6+ in the actual manufacturing line of a tanner. In this study, the following two methods were used for application of the combined inhibitor; (1) spraying with the combined inhibitor solution before finishing, using twice the volume of the dry leather weight after fat-liquoring; and (2) coating with base-coat containing the combined inhibitor before top coating in the finishing [&hellip;]
- [Influences of Drying Methods on the Thermal Stability of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/influences-of-drying-methods-on-the-thermal-stability-of-leather/): Abstract The influences of drying methods on the thermal stability of leather were investigated. The results show that drying methods have an obvious effect on the water content and hydrogen bonds between collagen fibres. The water content of leather after freeze drying is less than that after air drying. The collagen fibres after air drying combine more tightly than after freeze drying. Concerning stronger hydrogen bonds between collagen fibres, the thermal stability of air-dried leather is better than that of freeze-dried leather.
- [Re-utilization of Biomass Resources: Preparation and Application of a Bio-polymer Retanning Agent Based on Cattle Hair Hydrolysate](https://sltc.org/product/re-utilization-of-biomass-resources-preparation-and-application-of-a-bio-polymer-retanning-agent-based-on-cattle-hair-hydrolysate/): Abstract In order to promote the development of clean production of leather-making and to re-cycle the cattle hair from a hair-saving process, the hair is hydrolysed and may in some circumstances find an application. But, because the cattle hair hydrolysate has a small molecular weight and poor properties in retanning of leather, it was modified with vinyl monomers by radical co-polymerisation using ammonium persulfate at 80°C for 3 hours to obtain a bio-polymer retanning agent. Comparing the viscosity and retanning properties of the bio-polymer retanning agent, the mol ratio of acrylic acid, acrylamide used was confirmed to be 4.0:1.0 and [&hellip;]
- [Factors Influencing the Wet Properties of Leather Board](https://sltc.org/product/factors-influencingthe-wet-properties-of-leather-board/): Abstract The bonded leather board was prepared by hot pressing. Waste chromed cow leather was used as raw materials and bonded with chloroprene rubber adhesive (CR adhesive). The effect of process factors on the surface wettability and the water absorption under complete immersion conditions of the finished product were studied in this article. The study found: When the amount of the CR adhesive was enhanced, the effect was to reduce the surface wettability and the 15 minutes and 24 hours water absorption of the bonded leather; when the temperature increased, the effect was to increase the surface wettability and reduce [&hellip;]
- [Structure and Properties of a Novel Collagen-Soy Protein Isolate Film via Self-Assembly: A Comparative Study](https://sltc.org/product/structure-and-properties-of-a-novel-collagen-soy-protein-isolate-film-via-self-assembly-a-comparative-study/): Abstract A novel collagen-soy protein isolate (SPI) film formed via self-assembly was developed. This research investigated the structure and application properties of the collagen-SPIself-assemble d film and the blend film. FTIR and XRD evaluation of structural properties indicated that the self-assembly method could effectively enhance the compatibility between collagen and SPI. The collagen-SPI selfassembled film presented a compact, smooth and continuous microstructure. The tensile strength (Ts) and elongation at break (EAB) values of the collagen-SPIs elf-assembled films (Ts: 13.991 ± 0.53 MPa, EAB: 84.57 ± 6.21%) were nearly twice those of the blend films. The water vapour permeability (WVP) values [&hellip;]
- [Thermophysical and Functional-consumer Qualities of Shoe Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/thermophysical-and-functional-consumer-qualities-of-shoe-upper-leather/): Abstract Nowadays, the production of shoes having certain functional-consumer qualities requires materials, which meet all final product requirements, are environmentally safe and do not overcomplicate the production cycle. In this paper the influence of conditions of using a polymeric material based on maleic acid prior to dyeing the bovine shoe upper leather was studied. According to the results of electron microscopic examination, as well as evaluation of the physico-mechanical and thermophysical properties of the leather it was revealed that the use of polymeric material contributes to the formation of structure and such important indices of the derma as tensile strength, [&hellip;]
- [Study of the Chrome Hexavalent Content in Commercial Chromium Salts](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-the-chrome-hexavalent-content-in-commercial-chromium-salts/): Abstract Three forms of chromium are used in industry: Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI). While chromium metal and Cr(III) ions are not considered toxic, hexavalent chromium is both toxic and carcinogenic. In the leather sector, chromium (III) is used as a tanning agent; however, under specific conditions, chromium (VI) can be formed in the leather post-production. Due to this reason, the objective of this work is to determine the possible hexavalent chromium content in four commercial basic chromium salts and the tendency of these salts to originate hexavalent chromium when applied to leather. The chromium salts studied do not originate Cr(VI) [&hellip;]
- [Ecological Evaluation of Leather Industry by Neural Network](https://sltc.org/product/ecological-evaluation-of-leather-industry-by-neural-network/): Abstract At present, the production process of the leather industry is gradually developing towards being green and pollution-free. Therefore, an ecological evaluation of the leather industry is particularly important. In this paper, an ecological model of leather industry was established by using a BP (Back Propagation) neural network, and the appropriate indicators such as wastewater, COD, BOD, SS, Cr, S2- were selected for evaluation. The evaluation method improves the quality of evaluation of the ecological leather industry, and provides a reference for the evaluation of the ecological chemistry industry, which is conductive to the better realisation of the green development [&hellip;]
- [Sensory and Instrumental Research of Leather Softness](https://sltc.org/product/sensory-and-instrumental-research-of-leather-softness/): Abstract A statistical analysis of the results of leather softness testing has indicated that there is a correlation between sensory evaluation scores and results of objective instrumental measurement. The tests were carried out by using 7 leather specimens, of which one was aldehyde-based syntan treated, while others were chrome tanned, and all the leathers were grain finished. Sensory evaluation of leather softness was performed by using the ranking method and the multiple ordering method with the participation of 70 panelists (judges). Based on calculated value of Kendallʼs W a moderate agreement among rates was found. Instrumental softness measurements on the [&hellip;]
- [The Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects of Microwave in the Chrome Tanning Process](https://sltc.org/product/the-thermal-and-non-thermal-effects-of-microwave-in-the-chrome-tanning-process/): Abstract Microwave power is an effective and energy-saving heating resource. When microwave power is used to assist in leather making, the leather always shows better performances. In order to apply microwave in chrome tanning further and explain the detailed effects of microwave in the process, the hide powder chrome tanning process was warmed by water bath heating (WB) and microwave irradiation (MW). After tanning, the pH, conductivity, dielectric constant and chrome content of tanning effluents were tested. Meanwhile, DSC, TG, FTIR and XPS were used to determine the thermal behaviours, collagen conformation and product structure of chrome tanned hide powders. [&hellip;]
- [Preparation  of a Biomass Adhesive Based on Bamboo and Leather Shavings](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-a-biomass-adhesive-based-on-bamboo-and-leather-shavings/): Abstract Bamboo shavings, a waste of bamboo processing, contain many active groups and have excellent potential for the preparation of a biomass adhesive. In this study, under the catalysis of phenol and sulfuric acid, bamboo shavings are subjected to microwave treatment. The bamboo fibres are degraded and liquefied into a solid and liquid mixture (as a native putty of adhesive). The composite adhesive is prepared by mixing degraded collagen (Co) with the degradation mixture and cross-linking with epichlorohydrin. Some key quality indexes of plywoods such as the bonding strength, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) [&hellip;]
- [Evaluation of Self-cleaning Properties of Leather Surface with TiO2 Nanoparticles](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-self-cleaning-properties-of-leather-surface-with-tio2-nanoparticles/): Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is well known for its photocatalytic capabilities, and its applications cover different areas, such as wastewater treatment, sunscreen and ultraviolet (UV) blocking, among others. Its application as a photocatalytic additive for self-cleaning properties has been reported with different substrates, resulting in stain degradation. As such, the goal of this work was to functionalise two types of nubuck leather, conferring on them self-cleaning properties. For this purpose, two photocatalytic materials were tested: a commercial TiO2 (Degussa P25 TiO2) and SiO2@TiO2 nanoparticles, which were applied onto leather surfaces by a spray coating technique. The hydrophilic behaviour of these [&hellip;]
- [Optimisation of Hot-Pressing Technique for Bonded Leather with CR Adhesive](https://sltc.org/product/optimisation-of-hot-pressingtechnique-for-bonded-leather-with-cr-adhesive/): Abstract Large quantities of waste chrome leather shavings are produced during the tanning process. Recycling waste chrome shavings is carried out in a clean, simple, low-consumption manner inspired by the technology of solid wood particle board in the furniture industry, thus making high value products. This paper prepared bonded leather (BL) using CR adhesive and a vulcanising machine, the BL prepared had good gas permeability, water absorption, and adequate tensile strength, the optimal hot-pressing conditions and formulae used were: (1) latex ratio 20%, 70°C, 5 minutes and 3MPa; (2) latex ratio 23%, 80°C, 4 minutes and 3MPa; (3) latex ratio [&hellip;]
- [Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Gram-negative Moderately Halophilic Bacteria Isolated from Salted Skins](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-leather-ecosystem-based-on-bp-neural-network/): Abstract Antimicrobial activities of 16 different antibiotics against 47 Gram-negative bacteria isolated from salted skin samples were examined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In the present study 10 strains isolated from 6 salted goatskin samples belonging to Russia, South Africa, Bulgaria, Australia, and 37 strains isolated from 14 salted sheepskin samples belonging to Greece, Australia, Bulgaria, South Africa, Israel, USA, Turkey were used as test strains. Susceptibilities of Halomonas venusta, Halomonas zhanjiangensis, Chromohalobacter beijerinckii, Halomonas alkaliphila, Halomonas eurihalina, Chromohalobacter israelensis, Halomonas halodenitrificans, Halomonas halmophila, Chromohalobacter canadensis, Chromohalobacter japonicus, Idiomarina loihiensis against amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, cefadroxil were not detected. In addition, [&hellip;]
- [Proficiency Testing for Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in Leather in China](https://sltc.org/product/proficiency-testing-for-determination-of-hexavalent-chromium-in-leather-in-china/): Abstract A proficiency testing scheme (CNAS PT0038-PT-201802) for the determination of hexavalent chromium in leather was organised in China. The test materials were prepared by adding a tanning agent containing hexavalent chromium to a blank sheepskin during the retanning process. The retanning was identical to the real production process to assure the representation of the test materials. Homogeneity and stability indicated that the test materials were suitable for the proficiency testing samples. The assigned values of test materials for proficiency assessment were derived directly from the reported results of laboratories, and the measurement performance for determining hexavalent chromium in leather [&hellip;]
- [Culture Conditions Optimisation of Bacillus Subtilis for Producing Bioflocculant](https://sltc.org/product/culture-conditions-optimisation-of-bacillus-subtilis-for-producing-bioflocculant/): Abstract A bioflocculant seen as an environmentally friendly flocculant with potential for development, with the capacity to improve its activity and yield has become a hot topic of research among scholars in various countries. This study found that a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus subtilis is able to treat leather wastewater, but the flocculation activity of the bioflocculant needs to be improved. In this paper, the culture conditions of Bacillus subtilis were optimised by single-factor and orthogonal tests. The results showed that the bioflocculant produced by Bacillus subtilis through optimising the culture conditions had good flocculation efficiency. The optimal culture temperature [&hellip;]
- [Electrochemical Separation of Chromium Containing Tannery Waste Liquid](https://sltc.org/product/electrochemical-separation-of-chromium-containing-tannery-waste-liquid/): Abstract Comparing the electrolysis results of a chromium sulphate standard solution with cation and anion membranes, it was found that electrolysis with the cation membrane could remove more chromium. After electrolysis with the cation membrane of the mixed waste liquid containing chromium from chrome tanning, washing, chrome retanning and neutralisation, Cr(OH)3 could be precipitated, the Cr3+ solution showed a reduced concentration at the cathode, and a Cr6+ solution could be obtained at the anode. The results of this study show that cyclic electrolysis of such liquid waste containing chromium at the cathode can increase Cr(OH)3 precipitation and reduce the Cr6+ [&hellip;]
- [The Influence of Temperature and Humidity on the Moisture Permeability of Natural Cattle Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-temperature-and-humidity-on-the-moisture-permeability-of-natural-cattle-leather/): Abstract This article mainly studied the incidence of temperature and humidity on the moisture permeability of natural cattle leather. Firstly, it analysed the influence of a single factor of temperature or humidity on the moisture permeability of natural cattle leather based on the measured data. Then it analysed the comprehensive influence of temperature and humidity on the moisture permeability of natural cattle leather. Finally, the regression equation for the comprehensive influence of temperature and humidity on the moisture permeability of natural cattle leather was established by using the principle of least squares method through matlab software. The research shows that [&hellip;]
- [Extraction of Yak Hide Collagen by Ultrasound-Assisted Lactic Acid-Pepsin Hydrolosis Method and its Characterisation](https://sltc.org/product/extraction-of-yak-hide-collagen-by-ultrasound-assisted-lactic-acid-pepsin-hydrolosis-method-and-its-characterisation/): Abstract A new ultrasound-assisted lactic acid-pepsin hydrolysis method was used to extract yak hide collagen. In the extraction process, a strong mechanical vibration wave and cavitation destroyed the interaction between collagen and its matrix. Lactic acid made collagen fibres loose enough and shortened the extraction time. Lactic acid had also a certain antiseptic and bactericidal effect. Pepsin could remove the non-helical structure of yak hide collagen and reduce the risk of immune rejection of yak hide collagen. The optimum conditions of ultrasound-assisted lactic acid-pepsin hydrolysis method were as follows: At first, degreased yak hide was soaked in lactic acid solution [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis of Tannic Acid Waterborne Polyurethane in Application for Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-of-tannic-acid-waterborne-polyurethane-in-application-for-leather-finishing/): Abstract More and more bio-based materials are used in waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) due to their non-toxic and pollution-free advantages. In this paper, waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) were synthesised from 2, 4-Toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80) and polypropylene glycol (PPG, Mn=1000). Four kinds of WPU leather finishing agents (WPU0, WPU1, WPU2, WPU3) were prepared by adding different contents of the bio-based material tannic acid (TA) as a cross-linking agent. After a series of tests, the results showed that the thermal degradation temperature of WPU films and their tensile strength increased with the rise of TA content. When 0.6g TA was added, the tensile strength [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Argon Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (APP) Treatment on the Properties of Sheep Leathers and Wastewater of the Retanning Processes](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-argon-atmospheric-pressure-plasma-app-treatment-on-the-properties-of-sheep-leathers-and-wastewater-of-the-retanning-processes/): Abstract In this study, investigations were performed on the effect of atmospheric pressure plasma modification after the retanning process on sheep leathers and wastewater of the processes. The plasma treatments of the leather samples were carried out with an argon containing corona discharge at atmospheric pressure. Argon atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) activation was applied to the crust sheep leather surface with different times (0, 3, 6, 9 sec/cm2). After argon APP application, the crust sheep leathers were processed by traditional retannage. The surface properties of the treated sheep leathers were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an atomic force [&hellip;]
- [Evaluating the Degree of Influence of Clothing Factors on the Moisture Permeability of Sheepskin through Grey Theory](https://sltc.org/product/evaluating-the-degree-of-influence-of-clothing-factors-on-the-moisture-permeability-of-sheepskin-through-grey-theory/): Abstract The moisture permeability of sheepskin is affected by both the thickness of the leather and environmental factors. Using grey theory and ʻfive data modellingʼ, the information that affects the moisture permeability of sheepskin is generated and developed, so as to extract valuable information. In this paper, the amount of water vapour transmission of sheepskin materials of different thicknesses under different environmental factors is tested experimentally, and the water vapour transmission of sheepskin is related to the four parameters that affect its moisture permeability, and the relative correlation analysis, absolute correlation analysis, and comprehensive correlation are further performed. The analysis [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Performance of Waterborne Polyurethane Modified by Cross-linking of Aziridine/Carboxylated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-performance-ofwaterborne-polyurethane-modified-by-cross-linking-of-aziridine-carboxylated-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes/): Abstract Carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) were prepared by treating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) at a volume ratio of 3:1. Afterwards, taking MWCNT-COOH as the modified materials and aziridine (AZ) as the cross-linking agents were added to polyether-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) thus preparing waterborne polyurethane modified by cross-linking of aziridine/carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AZ-MWCNT-COOH-WPU) emulsion and films. The latter was applied to the surface treatment of natural leather and synthetic leather and other coating materials. The effects of different AZ contents on the water resistance and mechanical properties of AZ-MWCNTCOOH- [&hellip;]
- [Study on the Improvement of Leather Air Permeability with WPU Adhesive Based on Gelatin Grafting](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-the-improvement-of-leather-air-permeability-with-wpu-adhesive-based-on-gelatin-grafting/): Abstract Hydroxy modified gelatin (GOH) was prepared by a Van Slyke reaction, and three kinds of GOH grafted waterborne polyurethane compound GOH-WPU were synthesised. The low temperature softness of GOH-WPU film is better than that of WPU. Through the contrast tests, it is found that the increase of the content of GOH in GOH-WPU can obviously improve the air permeability of bonded leather samples. The peel strength of leather products bonded by GOH-WPU can be higher than 4N/m which completely meets the product quality standard (based on GB/T 30779-2014).
- [Flocculation Mechanism of Modified Bioflocculant for Leather Wastewater Treatment](https://sltc.org/product/flocculation-mechanism-of-modified-bioflocculant-for-leather-wastewater-treatment/): Abstract Leather processing produces a large amount of wastewater with complex components. In particular, wastewater denitrification is a worldwide environmental problem. In this experiment, according to the characteristics of high concentration of suspended solid and heavy pollution load in leather wastewater, Bacillus cereus was used as the microbiota producing flocculant and its metabolites were collected as bioflocculant. Ampholytic starch was a novel selection for chemical modification, and the modified bioflocculant was used to treat leather wastewater. After determination, the removal rate of total nitrogen reached 100%, and the flocculation efficiency reached 98.17%. Exploring the flocculation mechanism of the modified bioflocculant [&hellip;]
- [Statistical Reference Figures Related to Biocide Concentrations in Leathers and Reflection on Correlation Concerning Material Loads and Emission Findings Based on Test Chamber Evaluation](https://sltc.org/product/statistical-reference-figures-related-to-biocide-concentrations-in-leathers-and-reflection-on-correlation-concerning-material-loads-and-emission-findings-based-on-test-chamber-evaluation/): Abstract Both application and usage of biocides and preservatives are legally regulated within the European Union. In that sense, the active agents used in products have to undergo an approval procedure. This approach shall ensure that exclusively biocidal products are marketed which bear no negative effects for human beings in the scope of preventive consumer protection and the environment. In tradition, within the leather manufacturing process biocidal acting substances are used at different production steps regarding the chain of custody. Especially in the field of raw hidesʼ transport and storage and in semi-finished tanning stages (ʻwet-whiteʼ and ʻwet-blueʼ) characterised by [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Cyclic Stress on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-cyclic-stress-on-the-structure-and-mechanical-properties-of-leather/): Abstract Leathers are collagen-based biomaterials with very good viscoelasticity. In leather making, leather has to endure many different kinds of forces, especially cyclic stress. The response of leather to these stresses not only determines the properties of the leather, but also affects the mechanical behaviours of leather. Cycle stress is very common during the post-tanning process and use of leather. In this paper, two types of cyclic stretching were employed to study the mechanical response of leather to cyclic stress. The general patterns of different energy changes were studied. Both large hysteresis loop and residual strain were found for the [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Characterisation of Reactive Oil Tanning Agent Based on Lanolin](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-characterisation-of-reactive-oil-tanning-agent-based-on-lanolin/): Abstract At present, some commercially available oil tanning agents have poor ability to combine with collagen, after they are used for tanning, massive amounts of oil tanning agent are left in the used tanning bath, which causes the problem of waste of oil tanning agent and environmental pollution. Developing an oil tanning agent which has the ability to combine with collagen, and simplifying the tanning process are the main aims of this dissertation. A new oil tanning agent with lanolin and octadecanol modified by cyanuric chloride is studied. Reaction material ratios were optimised based on the softness of the tanned [&hellip;]
- [Moisture Permeability of Sheepskin: Variation by the Factors of Temperature and Humidity](https://sltc.org/product/moisture-permeability-of-sheepskin-variation-by-the-factors-of-temperature-and-humidity/): Abstract Sheepskin is one of the most comfortable natural leathers to wear and its softness and comfort are far greater than that of other leathers. Moisture permeability is one of the important factors affecting the comfort of sheepskin and the main external factors affecting moisture permeability are temperature and humidity. This paper studies the influence of temperature and humidity in the environment on the moisture permeability of sheepskin. Through the moisture permeability experiment, based on the measured data, the single influence of two factors on the moisture permeability of sheepskin was first quantitatively analysed and then the comprehensive influence of [&hellip;]
- [KCl-assisted Enzyme in Unhairing and Collagen Fibre Bundle Opening for Cleaner Leather Making](https://sltc.org/product/kcl-assisted-enzyme-in-unhairing-and-collagen-fibre-bundle-opening-for-cleaner-leather-making/): Abstract In the traditional beamhouse, many chemical reagents such as sodium sulfide and calcium hydroxide are used, causing plenty of wastewater with sulfide and lime. In the present paper, KCl is used to assist enzymes for unhairing and collagen fibre bundle opening, in order to replace the conventional high pollution chemicals. The influences of KCl/dispase on unhairing and KCl/DMC on the collagen fibre bundle opening were investigated. The results showed that the KCl-assisted dispase could shorten the unhairing period with good hair root removal, compared to that of both conventional and pure dispase unhairing. The auxiliary use of KCl makes [&hellip;]
- [Development of Gold Nanorods-based Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Formaldehyde in Leather](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-gold-nanorods-based-colorimetric-method-for-the-determination-of-formaldehyde-in-leather/): Abstract A rapid and sensitive approach for colorimetric sensing of formaldehyde in aqueous solutions and leather has been developed based on the morphology-dependent localised surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of gold nanorods (AuNRs). The method relied on amalgamation between elemental mercury (Hg0) and AuNRs to generate significant colour change, which was dependent on the amount of Hg0. Upon formaldehyde introduction into the mixed solution of Hg2+ and gold nanorods, formaldehyde would reduce Hg2+ to Hg0 in an alkaline environment, which results in the longitudinal plasmon wavelength of gold nanorods to blue shift accompanying a perceptible colour change from blue-green to [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis of Aniline 2,5 Disulfonic Acid Modified Ecofriendly Melamine Resins and their Performance Evaluation as Leather Retanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-of-aniline-25-disulfonic-acid-modified-ecofriendly-melamine-resins-and-their-performance-evaluation-as-leather-retanning-agents/): Abstract Amino resins used in the leather retanning process are condensation products of formaldehyde which makes such resins objectionable due to environmental hazards. Due to the carcinogenic effects of formaldehyde, there is a growing demand to produce formaldehyde-free leather. This work involves the synthesis of formaldehyde free melamine resins for producing environment friendly leather with improved retanning properties and thermal stability. A series of resins was produced by condensation of glyoxal and melamine at varied mole ratios. Stability and water solubility was achieved by sulfonation with aniline 2,5 disulfonic acid at varied degrees of sulfonation. Resins were evaluated to measure [&hellip;]
- [Analysis of the Contribution of Intellectual Property Investment to the Economic Growth of the Leather Industry in China](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-the-contribution-of-intellectual-property-investment-to-the-economic-growth-of-the-leather-industry-in-china/): Abstract Intellectual property rights have become one of the most important components to enhance Chinaʼs international competitiveness and image and have increasingly become an academic hot spot. However, most of the studies are focusing on the areas including the improvements of law and the construction of protection systems. Based on a search of existing domestic and global literature, this paper used the Cobb-Douglas production function to establish a model for the development of leather industry in China, which has calculated the output coefficients of fixed capital input, labour input and intellectual property input in the leather industry, and the Solow [&hellip;]
- [Investigation of the Effect of Argon Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (APP) on the Finishing Process of Garment Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-the-effect-of-argon-atmospheric-pressure-plasma-app-on-the-finishing-process-of-garment-leathers/): Abstract In this study the effect of argon atmospheric pressure plasma on the finishing process of garment leathers was investigated. The argon atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) activation was applied to the garment leathersʼ surfaces for different treatment times (0, 3, 6 and 9 sec/cm2). After argon APP application, the garment leathers were produced by traditional finishing process. The surface properties of the treated leathers were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental and chemical composition of the leather surfaces was assessed by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis, respectively. The surface states of the [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Resins and their Role in Making Leather with Improved Retanning Properties and Wastewater Pollution](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-of-eco-friendly-polymeric-resins-and-their-role-in-making-leather-with-improved-retanning-properties-and-wastewater-pollution/): Abstract In this work a novel and eco-friendly retanning agent was developed to eliminate the potential risk of formaldehyde occurrence in leather along with improving the characteristics of leather. A series of sulfanilic acid modified melamine-glutaraldehyde resins were produced at varied mole ratios of melamine, glutaraldehyde and sulfanilic acid. The glutaraldehyde to melamine mole ratio (GL/M) was varied from 2 to 6 whereas the sulfanilic acid to melamine mole ratio (SNA/M) was varied from 0.5 to 3. The viscosity trend of resins in the series was studied. Synthesised resins were used in retanning leather in comparison with a melamine-formaldehyde resin [&hellip;]
- [Appreciation of Waste Yak Hair: Preparation and Characterisation of Keratin from Yak Hair using Urea and Sodium Sulfide](https://sltc.org/product/appreciation-of-waste-yak-hair-preparation-and-characterisation-of-keratin-from-yak-hair-using-urea-and-sodium-sulfide/): Abstract In order to realise the re-use of waste yak hair, in this research, keratin was extracted from yak hair by urea and sodium sulfide. During extraction, the hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction in keratin from yak hair was destroyed using urea and the disulfide bonds were reduced to mercapto groups using sodium sulfide. Moreover, the strong alkalinity of sodium sulfide could also decompose the chemical bonds in the keratin and promote the dissolution of yak hair. The FTIR spectrum confirmed this view. The recycling of the urea and sodium sulfide liquid reduced the cost of extraction and solved the [&hellip;]
- [Microwave and Ultrasound Assisted Reduction of a Benzidine Based Bis Azo Dyed Leather](https://sltc.org/product/microwave-and-ultrasound-assisted-reduction-of-a-benzidine-based-bis-azo-dyed-leather/): Abstract The current study was designed to explore greener avenues into the traditional leather testing for banned aromatic amines according to the standard method ISO/DIS 17234-1/(IUC 20-1), with final quantification performed through GC-MS. The standard test procedure was used for initial screening of leather samples dyed with a bis azo dye, Direct Red 28 and substantial quantity of benzidine was released after reduction with sodium hydrosulphite. The effect of microwave heating and ultrasound assisted heating on reductive cleavage of dyed leather was investigated by adopting the established procedures for the analysis of specific aromatic amines in leather samples with slight [&hellip;]
- [Comparative Study of Moisture Permeability of Three Natural Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/comparative-study-of-moisture-permeability-of-three-natural-leathers/): Abstract Pigskin, cowhide and sheepskin are commonly used clothing materials in our life. The study of moisture permeability is very important. In this paper, the effects of temperature and humidity on the moisture permeability of three kinds of leather were studied. The results showed that the moisture permeability of the three kinds of leather increased with the increase of temperature, and the rising trends of pigskin and sheepskin were similar. When the temperature was greater than 20°C, their order of moisture permeability was cowhide &gt; pigskin &gt; sheepskin. With the increase of humidity, the moisture permeabilities of the three kinds [&hellip;]
- [CuZnAl Mixed Oxides Derived from Hydrotalcites as Adsorbents of Leather Dye Acid Red 357](https://sltc.org/product/cuznal-mixed-oxides-derived-from-hydrotalcites-as-adsorbents-of-leather-dye-acid-red-357/): Abstract Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and mixed oxides derived from its calcination have been reported in the literature as promising adsorbent materials in the remediation of several environmental pollutants. Due to their physicochemical properties, adsorption capacity and simple thermal regeneration procedure, these materials are interesting alternatives to conventional adsorbents. In this context, this study presents the synthesis, characterization and the results obtained with calcined LDHof CuZnAl for the colour removal in water of Acid Red 357, an anionic dye used in leather dyeing. The solid was synthesised by the co-precipitation method and characterised by N2 physisorption, Xray diffractometry and Fourier [&hellip;]
- [Identification and Characterisation of Aspergillus sp. from Leather](https://sltc.org/product/identification-and-characterisation-of-aspergillus-sp-from-leather/): Abstract Species of the genus Aspergillus are commonly known to be responsible for the degradation of tanned leather. In this study five species of Aspergillus (A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus and A. ochraceopetaliformis) were isolated from tanned leather pieces of cow, goat, sheep and buffalo respectively. Among the isolated species A. ochraceopetaliformis was the first time reported from Pakistan. These isolated fungal strains were initially identified by their morphological and microscopic studies (conidial formation, conidial shape, size, colour, vesicle shape etc.) and then by means of molecular tools including genomic DNA isolation, PCR amplifications, genome sequencing and sequence analysis. [&hellip;]
- [Preparation of Sulfonated Carbohydrazide-Glyoxal Based Retanning Agent and its Use in Manufacture of Sustainable Leather](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-sulfonated-carbohydrazide-glyoxal-based-retanning-agent-and-its-use-in-manufacture-of-sustainable-leather/): Abstract Amino resins used in leather processing are produced from formaldehyde which is a carcinogenic species. Such resins may tend to release free formaldehyde in leather thus making it objectionable. The current study is designed to produce formaldehyde-free retanning agents by using carbohydrazide as an amino moiety and glyoxal as a condensing agent. Moreover, hydrophilic properties were achieved by sulfonating the resins with sulfamic acid. A series of resin samples were synthesised by reacting these products at varied mole ratios. The synthesised resins were tested for their viscosity measurements and also characterised by FTIR, TGA and SEM analysis. Sulfonated carbohydrazide [&hellip;]
- [HISTORY OF GEORGE DIXON & Co](https://sltc.org/product/history-of-george-dixon-co/): Abstract Former director David Marsden reviews the history of George Nixon and Co., leather dressers and tanners, of Stockport andAshton under Lyne.
- [Contributions of the Circular Economy to the Leather Life Cycle: A Theoretical Review and Integrative Framework Proposal](https://sltc.org/product/contributions-of-the-circular-economy-to-the-leather-life-cycle-a-theoretical-review-and-integrative-framework-proposal/): Abstract Due to its economic and environmental importance, the leather production chain has received much attention from researchers and intergovernmental organisations in recent years. However, the academic literature has not yet debated how the circular economy (CE) can contribute to the life cycle of leather. This work advances this theme through a systematic review and content analysis to identify and analyse the CE principles and initiatives that contribute to a reduction in the potential environmental impacts of the leather life cycle. Among its main contributions, this work discusses the environmental impacts of the leather production life cycle, presents potential relationships [&hellip;]
- [The Interactions of Surfactants with EMPr Protease Used for Leather Making : an Investigation by Multi- Spectroscopic Analysis and Molecular Docking](https://sltc.org/product/the-interactions-of-surfactants-with-empr-protease-used-for-leather-making-an-investigation-by-multi-spectroscopic-analysis-and-molecular-docking/): Abstract Enzymes are widely applied to the processes of leather making and play an important role in promoting the green development of this industry. Various surfactants are common adjuvents to quicken up the course of leather making. In this paper, UV spectroscopy, circular dichroism and molecular docking were used to investigate the mechanism by which the interactions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (Peregal (O-20)) respectively influence the bioactivity and the conformation of EMPr protease. The results for EMPr activity demonstrate that the bioactivity of EMPr was restrained in CTAB or [&hellip;]
- [Pre-tanning Process by Means of Pine Bark Powder and Naphthalene Sulphonate Syntan](https://sltc.org/product/pre-tanning-process-by-means-of-pine-bark-powder-and-naphthalene-sulphonate-syntan-2/): Abstract As an alternative to chrome tanning, and after having carried out a study of the availability at a local and regional level, chemically unmodified pine bark could be used as a natural source of tannins in order to obtain a vegetable-tanned leather. The aim of this work was to design a pre-tanning formulation using pine bark powder. To increase the penetration of vegetable tannins and use short floats in vegetable tanning, while reducing overall tanning times, three types of synthetic agents were studied: a phenolic syntan, a disulphonic agent and a naphthalene sulphonic syntan. Once, having selected the most [&hellip;]
- [Condition Assessment of a Mamluk Historical Illuminated Leather Binding at the Library of Mashiakht El-Azhar, Egypt](https://sltc.org/product/pre-tanning-process-by-means-of-pine-bark-powder-and-naphthalene-sulphonate-syntan/): Abstract This study focuses on the evaluation and assessment of the condition of a deteriorated illuminated leather binding dated back to the Egyptian Mamluk period (1250-1517 H) at library of Mashiakht El- Azhar, Egypt. Some analytical techniques have been used in order to identify the decorative materials, evaluate the condition, and study deterioration mechanisms of this leather binding. Different microscopes (digital USB, stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) were used. Additionally, the analysis by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in the golden layer. Moreover, pHmeasurement, [&hellip;]
- [Examination of Moderately Halophilic Bacteria in Salt Samples Used in Hide and Skin Preservation](https://sltc.org/product/examination-of-moderately-halophilic-bacteria-in-salt-samples-used-in-hide-and-skin-preservation/): Abstract The salt curing process may cause contamination of skin with micro-organisms found in the salt. Moderately halophilic bacteria are among the dominant halophilic micro-organisms which adversely affect skin quality. Therefore, the study was focused to examine prevalence and total numbers of aerobic bacteria, moderately halophilic bacteria, proteolytic and lipolytic moderately halophilic bacteria in curing salt samples and examine colony characteristics and biochemical reactions of moderately halophilic bacteria. Twenty-five salt samples that are used in the preservation of hides and skins were collected from different leather factories in Corlu (20 salt samples) and Tuzla (5 salt samples) Leather Organized Industrial [&hellip;]
- [Chemistry of Water](https://sltc.org/product/chemistry-of-water/): Abstract A leather chemist looks at and reviews the properties of water – a much-used and essential part of our industry. The many useful properties of water are discussed and explained by reference and comparison with everyday terms and events.We may not consider these properties when using water but they are the reasons why water has many uses in all walks of life and in the leather industry. The article ends with a note of caution about the need for water conservation.
- [Solid Bonding as Treatment Process to Prepare Multi-Interface Sound/Heat Insulation Material Using Waste Cattle Hair](https://sltc.org/product/solid-bonding-as-treatment-process-to-prepare-multi-interface-sound-heat-insulation-material-using-waste-cattle-hair/): Abstract Improper treatment of waste cattle hair (WCH) from the tannery industry causes resource waste and environmental pollution. In this study, solid bonding was taken as the moulding approach. Thermoplastic polyurethane powder coating was used as adhesive to convert WCH into a multiinterface sound/heat insulation foam structure (WCHF). The physical and mechanical properties, air and water vapour permeability, sound/heat insulation properties were characterised. The result showed that, properties of WCHF can be controlled by adjusting the moulding process. The bulk density of WCHF was 0.417-0.775g‧cm-3, the tensile strength was 4.88-41.54MPa, the elastic modulus was and 0.40-32.40MPa, the air permeability was [&hellip;]
- [Relevant Research on Moisture Permeability of Sheepskin and Its Polyurethane Coated Version with Temperature and Time](https://sltc.org/product/relevant-research-on-moisture-permeability-of-sheepskin-and-its-polyurethane-coated-version-with-temperature-and-time/): Abstract Natural leather has good moisture permeability, while polyurethane film has good elasticity and water resistance. In order to study the change trend of moisture permeability of natural leather and polyurethane-coated natural leather, this paper tested the moisture permeability of sheepskin and polyurethane-coated sheepskin under different time and temperature conditions. The results showed that the moisture permeability of sheepskin and PU-coated sheepskin increased with the increase of temperature. The moisture permeability of the two leather was: sheepskin&gt;PU-coated sheepskin.
- [Research on the Trend of Development, Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Chinese Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/research-on-the-trend-of-development-existing-problems-and-countermeasures-of-chinese-leather-industry/): Abstract The leather industry in China has a long historical standing, but the problems of high pollution and high consumption have existed for a long time. With the countryʼs increasing awareness of environmental protection, the leather industry in China is facing tremendous problems such as high environmental pressure, low corporate management, low-tech production methods, and poor technological innovation capabilities. In response to these problems, Chinese tannery companies have actively reformed and innovated for the sustainable development of the leather industry by gradually improving the internal construction, actively assuming environmental responsibilities, and intensifying innovation. After surveying and researching the leather industry [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in Leather by Ion-exchange Chromatography. Direct Method versus Post-column Derivatisation Method](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-hexavalent-chromium-in-leather-by-ion-exchange-chromatography-direct-method-versus-post-column-derivatisation-method/): Abstract The ISO 17075-2 Standard was published in 2017. In this standard appeared for the first time the determination of hexavalent chromium in leather by liquid chromatography. Two alternative instrumental options are proposed in this method: the direct determination of the absorbance of the chromate peak (Annex B of the Standard) or after the post-column derivatisation with diphenylcarbazide (Annex C). Instrumental performance parameters and economic costs between both methods are compared in this paper. One hundred different leathers were analysed by both chromatographic systems. The two methods proved very good correlation. The post-column method has a higher instrumental sensitivity compared [&hellip;]
- [A New Way to Treat Chrome Leather Shavings: Collagen Degradation Product as Cement Retarder](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-way-to-treat-chrome-leather-shavings-collagen-degradation-product-as-cement-retarder/): Abstract Chrome leather shavings generated in leather making have always been a difficult to handle handle solid waste. Inspired by a protein-based gypsum retarder, a collagen degradation product (CDP) obtained from chrome leather shavings has been developed as a Portland cement retarder. The effect of CDP on the setting, strength, crystal morphology, and hydration process of cement were investigated. The results showed that after adding CDP, the setting time of cement was effectively prolonged. 0.1% CDP could delay the initial setting time from 150 minutes to 300 minutes and final setting time from 200 minutes to 370 minutes. SEM observation [&hellip;]
- [An Eco-Friendly Method of Gelatin Preparation Based on Enzymatic Dehairing and Lime-Free Swelling Process](https://sltc.org/product/comparative-retanning-performance-of-ecofriendly-melamine-resins-produced-using-different-condensing-agents/): Abstract The conventional method of gelatin production generates a large quantity of wastewater, sludge and H2S gas due to the use of sulfide and lime. In this study, an eco-friendly method of extracting gelatin from animal hides was developed. The dehairing process was designed using enzymes and performed simultaneously with soaking, and the swelling process based on sodium silicate was used in the gelatin production. A comparative analysis showed that the effect of the soaking step using enzymatic dehairing was as effective as the use of sulfide. SEM analysis and proteoglycan content measurement indicated that the extent of fibre bundle [&hellip;]
- [Heterologous Expression of Metalloproteinases from Planococcus Halotolerans SCU63T and Eco-Friendly Enzymatic Dehairing of Goatskin](https://sltc.org/product/heterologous-expression-of-metalloproteinases-from-planococcus-halotolerans-scu63t-and-eco-friendly-enzymatic-dehairing-of-goatskin/): Abstract In this study, a metalloproteinase gene from Planococcus halotolerans SCU63 was cloned and expressed in Bacillus sp. SCK6. LB broth medium was used as the initial medium and for a series of fermentation optimisations. The most suitable medium components were as follows (g/l): yeast extract powder (20), casein (13), tryptone (7), NaCl (10), urea (8). When the inoculation amount was 2%, the filling amount was 100mL, the culture time was 37°C, and the pH was 7.0 for 40 hours the protease production reached the highest. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by EDTA. Surfactants, such as Tween 20, Tween [&hellip;]
- [Dry Heat Resistance of Leathers of Different Tannages](https://sltc.org/product/accurate-and-simple-method-for-simultaneous-determination-of-restricted-ethylene-glycol-ethers-and-esters-in-leather-by-gc-ms/): Abstract In this study, the dry heat resistances of the leathers tanned with different agents such as vegetable, glutaraldehyde, zirconium, phosphonium and chromium were investigated. The morphological characterisation of the tanned leathers was performed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based on the grain surface and cross section of the leather samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to analyse the molecular structure of the tanned leathers. The results showed that the tanned leathers have different dry heat resistances measured at 150°C and 200°C for 30 minutes which are not in parallel with their hydrothermal stability values. The study [&hellip;]
- [The Use of Inert Polymer Spheres in Retannage and Fatliquoring Floats. Reduced chemical use and environmental advantage](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-inert-polymer-spheres-in-retannage-and-fatliquoring-floats-reduced-chemical-use-and-environmental-advantage/): Abstract Inert polymer spheres, when used within processing floats, enhance the uptake of chemicals and products used in leather manufacture. The same float volume can be maintained, but with less water, hence increased chemical concentrations. This is useful in neutralising, retanning, dyeing and fatliquoring processes, especially where the chemical costs are high, and the materials complex. These applications enable production of the same types of leathers, but from lower chemical offers. It provides significant reductions in unused products, normally discharged for effluent treatment.
- [The Decline of the North of England Heavy Leather Industry since WW2](https://sltc.org/product/the-decline-of-the-north-of-england-heavy-leather-industry-since-ww2/): Abstract This paper is based on a lecture presented to the Northern Group as the Wolstenholme Lecture 1993.
- [Preparation of Leather-based Free-standing Electrode and Its Electrochemical Performance](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-leather-based-free-standing-electrode-and-its-electrochemical-performance/): Abstract Based on the high proportion of nitrogen content and natural pore structure of leather, this paper uses discarded leather as a raw material to prepare a nitrogen-doped leather-based free-standing carbon sheet by a high-temperature carbonisation-air activation method. The porous carbon sheets are prepared with a relatively high surface area, and there are some partial micropores and mesopores in the well-interconnected macropores. The results show that the carbon sheets reveal a lower internal resistance in the 6mol L-1 KOH electrolyte used as a supercapacitor electrode. When the current density is 0.5A.g-1, ALCS-300 (Activated Leather Carbon Slices) obtains a specific capacitance [&hellip;]
- [Re-utilisation of Biomass resources: Preparation and Application of an Organic Fertiliser Based on Waste Cattle Hair from Tannery](https://sltc.org/product/re-utilisation-of-biomass-resources-preparation-and-application-of-an-organic-fertiliser-based-on-waste-cattle-hair-from-tannery/): Abstract In order to make effective use of cattle hair from a de-hairing process with hair-saving methods during the process of cleaner production in leather industry, complex oxidising materials (ammonium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide) were employed to oxidise and change the colour, structure of waste cattle hair. Then, sodium hydroxide and sodium bisulfite were employed to hydrolyse the de-coloured and de-structured cattle hair. The cattle hair hydrolysate was concentrated and was further fermented using a compound enzyme (neutral protease and pancreatin) so as to make it into an organic fertiliser. Comparing the colour and the structure of the cattle hair, [&hellip;]
- [Development and Design of the Software System of the Whole-process Management Platform for Chrome Shavings](https://sltc.org/product/development-and-design-of-the-software-system-of-the-whole-process-management-platform-for-chrome-shavings/): Abstract This work introduces the background and the design of the platform for the whole-process management and the control of chrome shavings in the leather industry and the requirement for the software development. The platform contained five functional modules, namely, user management, enterprise information reporting, enterprise information query, early warning of the chrome shaving production, and the transportation management of chrome shavings. Finally, suggestions on the platform development and the design for the whole waste management of chrome shavings were put forward.
- [Nano-TiO2 /Organic Fluorine Polyacrylate Emulsion Coating for Leather](https://sltc.org/product/nano-tio2-organic-fluorine-polyacrylate-emulsion-coating-for-leather/): Abstract Nano-TiO2 was modified using γ-(methylacryloyloxyl) propyltriethoxylsilane (KH-570). Then the nano-TiO2/organic fluorine polyacrylate emulsion was prepared by using dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (G04), modified nano-TiO2 , methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl acrylate (EA) as the main raw materials and potassium persulfate as the initiator. The structure of the emulsion was characterized by FTIR, TEM and UV, and the influence of nano-TiO2 and organic fluorine monomers on the application performance of leather was investigated. The results showed that the organic fluorine monomers and nano-TiO2 participated in the copolymerization with acrylate, the prepared emulsion had a core-shell structure, and KH570 improved the dispersion of nano-TiO2 [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Hydrophilic Chain Extenders on Properties of Hyperbranched Waterborne Polyurethane](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-hydrophilic-chain-extenders-on-properties-of-hyperbranched-waterborne-polyurethane/): Abstract Using hydroxyl terminated hyperbranched polymer as the core, dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), dimethylolbutanoic acid (DMBA), carboxylic acid type monomer (DMCA) as the hydrophilic chain extenders respectively, three different types of hyperbranched waterborne polyurethane leather finishing agents were synthesized. The structures and properties of the products were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, AFM and TG. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties, surface wettability and water and solvent resistance of three films were studied. The results found the order of crystallinity to be: DMBA-HWPU &lt;DMPA-HWPU &lt;DMCA-HWPU, concerning the particle size, that of DMPA-HWPU emulsion was minimal; the elongation at break of DMCA-HWPU was the [&hellip;]
- [Removal of Chromium from Tanning Wastewater by Chemical Precipitation and Electrocoagulation](https://sltc.org/product/removal-of-chromium-from-tanning-wastewater-by-chemical-precipitation-and-electrocoagulation/): Abstract Although chromium is used in the form of basic chromium sulfate for processing hides, it has wellknown adverse effects when improperly disposed of in the environment under certain circumstances when Cr(III) can be oxidized to Cr(VI). Tanneries use large amounts of water for processing hides; hence, chromium recovery from tanning wastewater is an environmentally friendly and economically viable alternative, as it can prevent a greater amount of chromium-containing sludge from being disposed of in industrial hazardous waste landfills. Compliance with environmental legislation also poses a challenge to the leather industry, as the parameters for discharging treated wastewater into receiving [&hellip;]
- [Reminiscences of a Roving Tanner](https://sltc.org/product/reminiscences-of-a-roving-tanner/)
- [Reduction of Yellowing Effect on Leathers with UV Absorber Benzophenone-4](https://sltc.org/product/reduction-of-yellowing-effect-on-leathers-with-uv-absorber-benzophenone-4/): Abstract Besides quality in leather manufacture, another important factor is that the customer should use the product in the long term without any problem. However, a leather product, being a natural structure, can age because of environmental conditions such as UV, temperature, and humidity, and its chemical and physical structure can change with time. Some leather products in particular such as upholstery leathers which are exposed to sunlight can be aged and yellowed by the effects of UV light and temperature. Therefore, there is a need to prevent ageing and yellowing. UV absorbers are often used in various products such [&hellip;]
- [A Novel Approach for Wet-White Leather Manufacture Based on Tannic Acid-Laponite Nanoclay Combination Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-approach-for-wet-white-leather-manufacture-based-on-tannic-acid-laponite-nanoclay-combination-tannage/): Abstract A novel wet-white tanning approach based on combination tanning with tannic acid (TA) and Laponite nanoclay has been proposed. Thermal stability measurements show that the introduction of Laponite nanoclay gives an obvious increase in the shrinkage temperature (Ts) of TA-tanned leather, implying the presence of the synergistic effect between TA and Laponite nanoclay in the combination tanning process. The optimized tanning system, i.e. 20% TA combination tanned with 3% Laponite in onebath for 3 hours at 25°C and final pH~3.5, confers wet-white leathers with Ts above 89°C, and good storage stability. The introduction of Laponite nanoclay facilitates the fixation [&hellip;]
- [Effects of Accelerated Ageing on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Chrome-free Leather](https://sltc.org/product/effects-of-accelerated-ageing-on-the-physical-and-chemical-properties-of-chrome-free-leather/): Abstract With the expansion of market demand for chrome-free leathers, much attention has been paid to the safety in using them. Four kinds of chrome-free upper leathers made by Vegetable-Glutaraldehyde (Veg-GA), Glutaraldehyde-Vegetable (GA-Veg), Vegetable-Aluminium (Veg-Al) and a synthetic agent were subjected to accelerated ageing by hot air, UV light and Xe lamp respectively for 96 hours. The physical qualities and chemical indicators of these leathers before and after ageing, such as the shrinkage temperature (Ts), tensile strength, tear strength, colour difference, water vapour permeability, formaldehyde, phenol and aniline were tested. It was shown that some common rules apply to the [&hellip;]
- [A New Generation of Elastomers Containing Innovative Biopolymers](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-generation-of-elastomers-containing-innovative-biopolymers/): Abstract This paper presents the results of studies using waste hair from tannery processing on the preparation of protein varieties and their use as fillers for a hydrophobic elastomer such as XNBR (Carboxylated Butadiene – Acrylonitrile Rubber). The protein investigated – waste keratin comes from the tannery industry. In the first step of research the cattle hair was shredded and subjected to acidic, basic and enzymatic hydrolysis. In the next step the keratin hydrolysates were stirred with the plasticizer stearin in an addition reaction. Finally, we recovered a multifunctional preparation in powdered form to suit application as a filler of [&hellip;]
- [Reducing the Use of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/reducing-the-use-of-volatile-organic-compounds-in-the-leather-industry/): Abstract The tanning industry uses some pollutant chemicals, which are hazardous and toxic. This paper proposes a modest research contribution to examine how to reduce or replace some of these products by less dangerous and less polluting chemicals in the finishing operations. This work also examines how to reduce solvents in the finishing formulations currently being used in the production of a leather article. Specifically, a study of each coat has been carried out to find out how to replace the most polluting products and still obtain all the adequate physical and organoleptic features in the final article to be [&hellip;]
- [The Impact of Milling on Leather Properties and Fatliquor Distribution](https://sltc.org/product/the-impact-of-milling-on-leather-properties-and-fatliquor-distribution/): Abstract Leather samples were produced with five different types of fatliquor and were treated with a standard milling process. The leathers were assessed before and after milling for strength and softness using standard methods and fatliquor distribution was analysed. Milling was found to increase softness and thickness, and increased the strength of the leather for four of the five different fatliquored samples. The fatliquor distribution was determined using a novel technique where image analysis of a series of photomicrographs of cross sections stained with Sudan III/IV was carried out. It was found that different fatliquors were distributed slightly differently in [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Performance of Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Leather](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-performance-of-nano-encapsulated-phase-change-materials-for-leather/): Abstract The nano-encapsulated phase change materials for leather with octadecane as core and polystyrene as shell were prepared by mini-emulsion polymerization. Nano-titanium dioxide was added in the preparation. The prepared nano-encapsulated phase change material for leather has good performance which can improve the temperature control and the comfort properties of leather.
- [Lack of Inhibitory Effect of Chromium on Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Tannery Solid Wastes](https://sltc.org/product/lack-of-inhibitory-effect-of-chromium-on-anaerobic-co-digestion-of-tannery-solid-wastes/): Abstract Large amounts of shavings and sludge are generated from wastewater treatment plants of tanneries and are of great concern since their most common destination is their disposal in landfills. In tanning processes chromium salts are the main tanning agents used. The tannery solid residues characteristics suggest that anaerobic digestion is a potential treatment alternative. Therefore this study aimed to analyze the influence of the presence of chromium in the co-digestion of these two leather industry solid residues of major concern both before and after the tanning stage. The presence of chromium in sludge proved to be more suitable than [&hellip;]
- [Water Hardness as an Important Parameter of the Fatliquoring Process](https://sltc.org/product/water-hardness-as-an-important-parameter-of-the-fatliquoring-process/): Abstract The paper presents studies on the influence of selected parameters of water used in fatliquoring. Water of varying hardness (quantities of calcium, magnesium, iron compounds and of chlorides) was used in the process. Properties of fatliquoring emulsions containing waters of different hardness were determined. It was noted that emulsions were less stable in the presence of electrolytes. Generally, the average particle size of prepared fatliquoring emulsions increased if the water phase contained: calcium, magnesium, iron compounds and chlorides. The presented studies on the effects on tanned hides confirmed the desirability of using low hardness water without iron and chlorides.
- [Some Peculiarities of Processing Leather From Short Term Preserved Hide](https://sltc.org/product/some-peculiarities-of-processing-leather-from-short-term-preserved-hide/): Abstract Salt curing is a method that is widely used for the preservation of raw hides/skins worldwide and this leads to the enhanced pollution load of tannery by chlorides. The application of alternative short term preservation methods can lead to a substantial decrease in materials consumption. Unfortunately, the application of new methods of short term preservation has not proceeded due to two main reasons: the complication of the proposed preservation method used and unfamiliarity with new chemicals. In this study, attempts have been made to show some peculiarities which occur when processing hide subjected to short term preservation by sprinkling [&hellip;]
- [Research on Formaldehyde Emission Characteristics of Leather with Porous Structure by Sealed Jar Method](https://sltc.org/product/research-on-formaldehyde-emission-characteristics-of-leather-with-porous-structure-by-sealed-jar-method/): Abstract Formaldehyde release tests of leather with porous structures were carried out according to ISO 17226-3 standard-sealed jar method. Effects of temperature on the release behaviour were investigated. The formaldehyde emission model in sealed system was established according to the law of mass transfer under several reasonable assumptions and verified by the fitting of actual release data. The results showed that formaldehyde emission could be divided into three stages: the linear free release, barrier release and chemical release stages. The linear release time inversely correlated with mass transfer coefficient of leather. The temperature had a significant promotion impact on release [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Temperature on Moisture-penetrability and Breathability of Natural Leather from Microstructure](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-temperature-on-moisture-penetrability-and-breathability-of-natural-leather-from-microstructure/): Abstract This article utilizes the Tinker software to simulate the microspatial structure of type III collagen (1bkv) in natural leather. The four simulation environment temperatures were set at 300K, 320K, 340K, 360K to analyse the relevant trend of variation of coordination number (CN) and interatomic distance (Dis) and the number of interatomic distance (Dis No) of the 1bkv collagen whole atom at the different temperatures. The results shows that with the increase of temperature the CN increases too. As the CN value of 1bkv collagen increased gradually from 125 to 350, the floating frequency of Dis No increases with the [&hellip;]
- [Molecular Level Understanding of the Stability Difference in Collagen Induced by Chromium Sulfate and Aluminum Sulfate](https://sltc.org/product/molecular-level-understanding-of-the-stability-difference-in-collagen-induced-by-chromium-sulfate-and-aluminum-sulfate/): Abstract Though the tanning process of both chromium(III) and aluminum(III) are mainly the reactions of coordination with the collagen side chain carboxyl groups, the stability toward water and denaturing temperature of Cr(III)-tanned leather is much higher than that of Al(III)-tanned leather. In this paper, the differences between Cr(III) and Al(III) tanning mechanisms are explored from the species distribution of tanning liquors and the thermodynamics of coordination reaction. First, there are more multinuclear metal species in Cr(III) tanning liquor than in Al(III) tanning liquor through Visual Minteq. For example, at pH4 Cr3(OH)4(H2O)10 5+ accounted for 39% in 0.05mol/L Cr2(SO4)3, and Al3(OH)4(H2O)5 [&hellip;]
- [An Eco-Benign Semi-Metal Tanning System for Cleaner Leather Production](https://sltc.org/product/an-eco-benign-semi-metal-tanning-system-for-cleaner-leather-production/): Abstract In this study we developed a semi-industrial-scale tanning process to replace chrome tanning in the production of high quality prosthetic leathers, based on a multi-step vegetable-aluminium tannage. Tara and mimosa tannins were used as vegetable tanning agents in order to obtain a wet-white tanned leather; a pretannage with glutaraldehyde or a preparation based on masked multi-functional phosphonium compound (THPS) were introduced to improve penetration of tannins. The treatment of pelt with THPS instead of chromium before vegetable-aluminium tanning allows it to reach a shrinkage temperature of up to 106°C by using half as much tannin. The liquid wastes of [&hellip;]
- [Study of the Mechanical Characteristics of Dried Leather](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-the-mechanical-characteristics-of-dried-leather/): Abstract It is generally recognized that, in an industrial process, drying is the most energy-consuming step. It occurs several times in the leather processing. Leather production, accordingly, involves a crucial intensive energy use during this process to remove residual moisture. Additionally, the drying steps also necessitate substantial periods with respect to the total time required for tanning. Drying by hot dry air requires shorter times compared to moist air; whereas the impact of the convective drying on the dried quality of leather remains unclear. Regarding these facts, the main objective of this study is to focus on improving the influencing [&hellip;]
- [Improving the Fastness Properties of Thermochromic Leathers: The Effects of UV Absorbent and Cross-Linkers](https://sltc.org/product/improving-the-fastness-properties-of-thermochromic-leathers-the-effects-of-uv-absorbent-and-cross-linkers/): Abstract The emerging new applications of thermochromic pigments in leather industry could give a promising opportunity to create innovative designs of smart thermochromic leathers and these leathers are well known with their colour changing effect depending on thermal activation temperature of the thermochromic pigments. A long product life is also needed for thermochromic leathers due to the demand for additive use which will enhance the fastness properties of the microencapsulated thermochromic pigments. This study aimed at increasing the light and rubbing fastness values of the leathers that change colour with temperature. Touch (magenta; 31°C) and cold (blue; 15°C) activated two [&hellip;]
- [Research on Thermal Stability, Moisture and Air Permeability of Natural Leather Based on the Spatial Conformation of the Type I Collagen Molecule](https://sltc.org/product/research-on-thermal-stability-moisture-and-air-permeability-of-natural-leather-based-on-the-spatial-conformation-of-the-type-i-collagen-molecule/): Abstract The spatial conformation model of type I collagen molecules (1cgd) is simulated at different temperatures on the basis of Amber software firstly. Then the relationship between structure stability and the moisture permeability and air permeability of natural leather and temperature change is researched further. Thirdly, Setting 298K, 338K, 378K and 418K as simulation temperature, the change regulation of Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) [the manner in which the RMSD of 1cgd increases with rise in temperature]and Radius of Gyration (RG) at four kinds of temperatures are researched respectively. These researches indicate that deviation level of the molecular structure of [&hellip;]
- [Recycling of Raw Materials (Collagen Protein) in the Leather Industry —high value added application of leather solid waste](https://sltc.org/product/recycling-of-raw-materials-collagen-protein-in-the-leather-industry-high-value-added-application-of-leather-solid-waste/): Abstract Leather solid waste, is one of the biggest polluters in the leather industry and it seriously restricts the sustainable development of the industry. In this study, we developed a new technology of preparing a leather retanning agent using collagen protein extracted from solid leather waste and recycled it into the leather production process. This collagen based retanning agent, bearing a selective filling property, is a potential solution to reduce differentiation between different locations of the leather. The leather, after retanning treatment, is full and has very good mechanical performances, such as tensile strength and tear strength. Thus, the new [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Temperature, Relative Humidity and UV Radiation on Wet-Bright Leather Ageing](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-temperature-relative-humidity-and-uv-radiation-on-wet-bright-leather-ageing/): Abstract Since leather is strongly affected by three main environmental parameters – temperature, relative humidity, and UV radiation – this study focuses on the effect that these three factors have on wet-bright leather ageing. Wet-bright leathers were exposed to weathering effects in a climatic chamber to 1) try and identify the major variables affecting this weathering process; and 2) check for any possible interactions among these variables. Both a multilevel centralized factorial experimental design and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used as statistical tools for estimating the effects of the parameters.
- [Rapid Determination of Aziridine in Leathers by Headspace-gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-MS)](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-determination-of-aziridine-in-leathers-by-headspace-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-hs-gc-ms/): Abstract Aziridine is a kind of highly toxic organic matter, while it is used as a leather finishing cross-linker at room temperature, especially used in water-borne acrylic resins and aqueous polyurethane. In this work, a straightforward, reliable and effective automated method has been developed for the direct determination of aziridine in leathers, based on headspace technique. Separation, identification and quantification were carried out by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The precision was satisfactory with relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range 1.7%-4.1% for leathers. Limit of detection was 0.1mg kg-1 for leathers.
- [A Cleaner Method for Low-Chrome Tanning with No-Salt Pickling](https://sltc.org/product/a-cleaner-method-for-low-chrome-tanning-with-no-salt-pickling/): Abstract In the present investigation, a cleaner and eco-friendly method to leather tanning process based on a novel pre-tanning agent (Q16) has been developed. Q16 was synthesized by cyanuric chloride and p-aminobenzoic acid, then detected by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The combination tannage process of Q16 and chrome (Q16-Cr) was optimized. In comparison with combination tannage of F- 90-Cr and traditional chrome tanning methods, the physico-chemical characteristics including shrinkage temperature, mechanical properties and organoleptic properties of the tanned leather were analyzed, the micro-morphology of grain surface and cross section which reflect the dispersion and texture of fibre were evaluated. The [&hellip;]
- [Cutting Edge Tanning or - The Tanners Lot, 100 Years Ago](https://sltc.org/product/cutting-edge-tanning-or-the-tanners-lot-100-years-ago/)
- [Preparation of Wool Keratin and Application as Formaldehyde Scavenger for Leather Products](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-wool-keratin-and-application-as-formaldehyde-scavenger-for-leather-products/): Abstract A Na2S/LiBr/SDS dissolution system was used to dissolve waste wool and extract wool keratin by microwave-assisted technology. The optimization of wool keratin preparation was critically investigated via orthogonal experimental design. Experimental results indicated that microwave time had a far greater effect than other parameters on wool dissolving process. Under the optimal conditions (microwave time: 10 minutes, 0.5mol/L Na2S, pH:10, reaction temperature: 80°C, 0.2mol/L LiBr), the wool dissolution rate (WDR) and keratin extraction rate (KER) were 98.8% and 69.6%, respectively. Wool keratin has a rich amide structure as shown by FTIR analysis and can be used as free formaldehyde scavenger [&hellip;]
- [Research on Acquisition of Leather Section Images by Metallographic Sample Preparation as a Basis for 3-Dimensional Reconstruction](https://sltc.org/product/research-on-acquisition-of-leather-section-images-by-metallographic-sample-preparation-as-a-basis-for-3-dimensional-reconstruction/): Abstract This paper, using goat leather samples, firstly established a suitable quality evaluation method for assessing leather cross section images to be used for three-dimensional reconstruction. We then studied the influence of microscope parameters and metallographic sample preparation conditions on image quality during the process of obtaining images in order to determine the operational parameters of the microscope and to optimize the metallographic sample preparation method and its process conditions.
- [Processing of Amazon Catfish Skins – Dourada (Brachyplathstoma sp.) and Piraíba (Brachyplatystoma sp.)](https://sltc.org/product/processing-of-amazon-catfish-skins-dourada-brachyplathstoma-sp-and-piraiba-brachyplatystoma-sp/): Abstract In this work, Piraíba and Dourada skin wastes were used for leather processing. They were initially stripped and characterized by their percentage composition. The results showed that pH, differential pH cipher [SLC13/ IUC 11/ BS 1309:9 – Determination of pH value and Difference Figure of an Aqueous Extract], chromium content and mechanical properties after chromium tanning were in accord with leather specifications. Further results demonstrate that the tensile and tear strength of the leather varied depending on the direction of the collagen fibres. Microscopic analysis allowed us to verify that the fibre structure is interlaced and compact. This work [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis, Properties and Application in Leather Colouration of Novel Polymeric Dye Based on Hyperbranched Poly (amine-ester)](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-properties-and-application-in-leather-colouration-of-novel-polymeric-dye-based-on-hyperbranched-poly-amine-ester/): Abstract A novel polymeric dye was constructed by the reaction of hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched poly (amine-ester) (HPAE) with a reactive dye. Firstly, the 2nd generation of HPAE (HPAE-2) was modified with different amounts of maleic anhydride, and then reacted successively with Reactive Light Yellow K-4G (C.I.13245,CAS:12226-48-1) to obtain a new kind of polymeric dye, identified as HPD-1, HPD- 2 and HPD-3, respectively. The structure of HPD-2 was measured by FTIR, which showed that the dye molecule was grafted successfully on HPAE-2. The grafting rates of K-4G were all above 87%. The stabilities of HPD against AlCl3 were investigated by UV-vis spectrum, [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Volatile Aldehyde and Ketone in Leather Shoes with Static Absorption and High Performance Liquid Chromatography](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-volatile-aldehyde-and-ketone-in-leather-shoes-with-static-absorption-and-high-performance-liquid-chromatography/): Abstract In this paper, volatile low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones in samples of leather shoes were collected by static absorption with water, analyzed and detected by 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine precolumn derivatization of high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Firstly, the sampling temperature and time of the volatile aldehyde and ketone in leather shoes were optimized and then the volatile aldehyde and ketone in absorption liquid were determined. The experiment result shows that the optimal temperature is 45°C, the sampling time is 24 hours. The collected sample was derivatized by purified sulfuric acid acidulated 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine. The volatile aldehydes and ketones in absorption liquid of [&hellip;]
- [Application of Antimicrobial Nano-Materials on Leather: A Review](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-antimicrobial-nano-materials-on-leather-a-review/): Abstract Microbial activity on leather during its storage and use is one of major problems in the leather industry. Micro-organisms cause damage which costs millions of dollars to the global leather industry. Hide and skin suppliers and tanners are aware of the necessity to use antimicrobial products to protect their precious raw material. The control of bacteria and fungi growth is important to prevent and minimize the generation of mal-odours and some skin problems as well. Recently, the leather industry has been exploring the benefits of remarkable properties of nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. In this review, antimicrobial effects of nano [&hellip;]
- [Advanced Approaches in Leather Research using X-Ray Probe Equipped SEM Microscopy](https://sltc.org/product/advanced-approaches-in-leather-research-using-x-ray-probe-equipped-sem-microscopy/)
- [Preparation and Application of Collagen-Based Waterborne Polyurethane Retanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-collagen-based-waterborne-polyurethane-retanning-agent/): Abstract A collagen-based waterborne polyurethane retanning agent was prepared by prepolymerization, using isophorone disocyanate (IPDI), polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG, Mn=2000), 1, 4- butanediol (BDO), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) and triethylamine (TEA), the collagen powder was added during the synthesis to modify the waterborne polyurethane. The collagen-based waterborne polyurethane was characterised via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and size analysis, the results showed that the collagen was grafted onto the main chain of polyurethane, the emulsion had a uniform particle size distribution, the average particle size was 70nm. The prepared emulsion was used in retanning, the application result showed that the [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Characterisation of Tannery Solid Waste as an Alternative Biosorbent for Leather Dyes](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-characterisation-of-tannery-solid-waste-as-an-alternative-biosorbent-for-leather-dyes/): Abstract In this work, surface of a novel sorbent (cattle hair waste – CHW) was characterized and its dye removal ability was tested in an aqueous medium of Acid Blue 161 dye. The isoelectric point, functional groups and morphology were investigated. Sorbent surface and chemical composition were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The functional group on CHWwas investigated using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The specific surface area and pore size distribution were determined by analyzes of BET/BJH which showed values considered low when compared to commercial activated carbon, through using SEM, EDS [&hellip;]
- [Removal of Acid Black 210 Dye from Leather Dyeing Effluent using Spherical Particles of P(HEMA-GMA)-IDA-Cr(III) Hydrogel Membrane](https://sltc.org/product/removal-of-acid-black-210-dye-from-leather-dyeing-effluent-using-spherical-particles-of-phema-gma-ida-criii-hydrogel-membrane/): Abstract Hydrogel membranes can swell by a high proportion of their weight and have a large surface area, and are nowadays preferred in adsorption studies. In this work, p(HEMA-GMA) poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) spherical particulated hydrogel membrane (SPM) was produced by UV photopolymerization and the synthesized membrane was coupled with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) in order to bond the Cr(III) ions in the chrome tanning process effluent. Then p(HEMAGMA)- IDA-Cr(III) SPM was used to remove Acid Black 210 dye from the dyeing process effluent. The membrane’s chrome and dye adsorption capacities were determined using a UV/Vis Spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 601nm and [&hellip;]
- [Medium Optimisation for Bioflocculant Produced from Bacillus Cereus](https://sltc.org/product/medium-optimisation-for-bioflocculant-produced-from-bacillus-cereus/): Abstract This paper further investigated a previous study that discovered a strain of Bacillus cereus with a flocculation effect. Based on the initial medium, single-factor experiments were carried out to optimise the carbon and nitrogen sources and their concentrations. Inorganic salts with differing concentrations were successively tested through single-factor, orthogonal, and composite experiments, from which an optimal medium recipe was determined with the highest flocculation activity. Next, the flocculation activity and yield of the bioflocculant were compared between the optimal medium and the initial medium. The results showed that 40g/L mannitol was the optimal carbon source, and 4g/L peptone was [&hellip;]
- [Biodegradation of Wet-blue Leather with Different Cladosporium Species](https://sltc.org/product/biodegradation-of-wet-blue-leather-with-different-cladosporium-species/): Abstract This study includes eight months observation of different Cladosporium species; C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum and C. oxysporum inoculated on the wet-blue sheep leather. It was identified that the Cladosporium types grew easily and mineralized (oxidized) the leather with their enzymes, despite the chrome III in the wet-blue. Eight months later, as a result of the Optical Microscopy-Stereoscopy – superficial analyses, SEM Microscopy/Secondary Electron Detector – deeper morphological analysis and SEM Microscopy/X-Ray probe – microanalysis, wet-blue infected with Cladosporium – showed a high amount of calcium sulfate and sodium chloride based crystal clusters. Our results indicated that of all the [&hellip;]
- [Adsorption Properties of Acid Dye on Amine-terminated Dendritic Polymer](https://sltc.org/product/adsorption-properties-of-acid-dye-on-amine-terminated-dendritic-polymer/): Abstract A series of amine-terminated dendritic polymers (ADPs) were synthesized by stepwise substitution reaction and were used as an adsorbent for removal of acid black dye NT from aqueous solution. Comparison experiments showed that the ADP-3 has good adsorption effect. Then, the effects of various parameters such as initial acid black dye NT concentration (50-300mg/L) and solution pH(1.5- 6.5) were investigated. The point of zero charge (PZC) of ADP-3 has been determined. Specific surface area and average adsorption pore size of the ADP-3 were 21.378m2/g and 3.833nm, respectively. Field scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) indicated that the adsorption material has porous [&hellip;]
- [The Elimination of Effluent from Liming, Acid/salt Pickling and the Chromium Tanning Processes](https://sltc.org/product/the-elimination-of-effluent-from-liming-acid-salt-pickling-and-the-chromium-tanning-processes/): Abstract It is acknowledged that within the chemical processing of hides into chrome-tanned leather that the liming, acid pickle and the tanning processes are the major contributors of pollutants. This is in terms of biological load, suspended solids, sulfide, nitrogen, chromium, salinity and the resultant sludges for disposal. This loading includes unused chemicals that are discharged from these processes due to their poor process efficiencies. Many attempts have been made to lessen this waste at source, but technologies in common use have basically remained unchanged for decades. Solutions to these problems are far reaching, and the details set down in [&hellip;]
- [A Novel Way to Avoid Cr(VI) Formation in Leather: Copper Mordanting](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-way-to-avoid-crvi-formation-in-leather-copper-mordanting/): Abstract In recent decades many studies have been conducted in order to understand the exact origin of Cr(VI) in leather and find remedies for this problem and it seems that most tanners have resolved this issue in industry. However, in the present study a novel way to avoid Cr(VI) formation in leather by copper mordanting (CuSO4.5H2O) was investigated. 0.5 and 1.0% (w/w) of CuSO4.5H2O were used both standalone and also in combination with vegetable tannins which are commonly used in leather industry. From the results it was seen that both, in standalone, and in combination usage with vegetable tannins, copper [&hellip;]
- [Surface Activation and Coating on Leather by Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure](https://sltc.org/product/surface-activation-and-coating-on-leather-by-dielectric-barrier-discharge-dbd-plasma-at-atmospheric-pressure/): Abstract In this study investigations of the effect of atmospheric pressure plasma activation and plasma coating on leather surface properties were performed. The plasma treatments of leather samples were carried out with a planar dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure. Different gases (O2, N2) were used for activating the leather surface and thin layers were deposited on to the finished leathers with hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) precursors. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed to characterize the surface properties of the treated leathers. The chemical composition of the leather surfaces was evaluated by [&hellip;]
- [Influence of Pigment Addition on the Properties of Polymer Films for Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-pigment-addition-on-the-properties-of-polymer-films-for-leather-finishing/): Abstract Leather goods are associated with fashion trends and sophistication in consumer products. In leather processing, the finishing phase consists of a series of operations and treatments, essentially on the surface, conferring its final characteristics: resistances and beauty. In this final stage of leather treatment are applied, among other products, resins, generally polyurethanes or polyacrylates and sometimes other polymers, which form protective coating films over the leather surface. In this work the films are prepared in Petri dishes and are tested in pure form, not applied over a leather surface. In this context, this paper evaluates films prepared with commercial [&hellip;]
- [Modification of Fatliquored Split by in-situ Polymerization of n-butyl-methacrylate](https://sltc.org/product/modification-of-fatliquored-split-by-in-situ-polymerization-of-n-butyl-methacrylate/): Abstract As a kind of by-product of leather manufacture, split generally exhibits weak mechanical strengths due to its loose weave structure of collagen fibres. The in-situ polymerization of acrylate monomers has proved to be an effective approach to reinforce the network structure of split in our previous work. However, the split has to be dehydrated by organic solvents so that hydrophobic monomers are able to penetrate into the fibre network and then polymerize in-situ. This process is complicated and may lead to the discharge of effluent containing organic solvents. In fact, traditional fatliquoring process imparts hydrophobicity to leather to some [&hellip;]
- [Effect of UV Irradiation on the Properties of Goatskin Collagen Matrices](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-uv-irradiation-on-the-properties-of-goatskin-collagen-matrices/): Abstract Research on the effect of UV radiation on the properties and structural of collagen is an area of potential interest. In the present work, air-dried goatskin matrices were submitted to UV irradiation for different time intervals. Influence of UV irradiation on the morphology and various properties of goatskin collagen matrices have been investigated systematically. It was found that the tensile strength of the goatskin matrices increased slightly in the initial stages of UV irradiation (0-4h), while decreasing dramatically after irradiation for long time (8-64h). Elongation at break of goatskin matrices decreased drastically in the first 16 hours irradiation and [&hellip;]
- [Examination and Treatment of a Portolan Chart](https://sltc.org/product/examination-and-treatment-of-a-portolan-chart/): Abstract A 14th century portolan chart on skin was examined for treatment. Examination produced information regarding Portolan charts in general and aspects of deterioration due to ageing and older restoration methods. Treatment methods are reviewed and a treatment is described. Mistaken identity of the substrate was overcome and a disturbing and disfiguring damage described. An appropriate treatment was designed but had to be modified as the initial treatment progress was assessed. Given that only about 180 of these charts have survived to the present their manufacture, condition and preservation are of interest to scholars.
- [The Use of Profilometry to Characterise the Leather Surface](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-profilometry-to-characterise-the-leather-surface/): Abstract The quality of finished leather is often determined based on the grain characteristics or pattern. The grain characteristics of leathers vary according to the age of the animal, breed, gender, climate, animal husbandry practices and processing conditions. However, the assessment of the leather surface or grain characteristics is often subjective. In this study, the grain characteristics were determined using a profilometry technique. Profilometry, a metrological method, is essentially the measurement or assessment of surface texture which is interrelated with its friction and wear properties. The aim of the study was to define and grade the leather surface based on [&hellip;]
- [A Novel Synthesized Melamine Compound for Leather Making](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-synthesized-melamine-compound-for-leather-making/): Abstract A new melamine compound, MAE (melamine-ethanolamine) was prepared from melamine, formaldehyde and diethanolamine. MAE’s molecular weight, molecular structure and some other properties including stabilities in solution and functions in leather making were researched. MAE has a star pattern structure and has good stability in water solution but is sensitive to glutaraldehyde and gelatin solution at the high pH value. The research results indicate that MAE has a tanning effect, Ts 78.2°C. Tear strength, thickening rate and SEM images indicate that MAE is a good retanning agent of chrome leather. The synergistic effect of combination tanning of MAE with mimosa [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Properties of Anti-biofouling Zwitterionic Polyurethane Leather Coating](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-properties-of-anti-biofouling-zwitterionic-polyurethane-leather-coating/): Abstract Antifouling coatings are of great interest in many fields including the leather industry. Herein, the effects of zwitterionic groups on the preparation, structure, and performance of anti-biofouling zwitterionic polyurethanes have been investigated. The results show that the addition of excessive 1,3- propane sulfone (1,3-PS) contribute to the completion of the ionization reaction of the polyurethane in the preparation process. However, the residual 1,3-PS leads to the formation of micropores in the polyurethane films and this can be removed by the precipitation of the synthesized products in water. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) show the [&hellip;]
- [Complete Inhibition of Hexavalent Chromium Formation from Chrome-Tanned Leather with Combined Inhibitors](https://sltc.org/product/complete-inhibition-of-hexavalent-chromium-formation-from-chrome-tanned-leather-with-combined-inhibitors/): Abstract Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is formed in chrome-tanned leather due to oxidation of trivalent chromium (Cr3+) under certain conditions and may induce dermatitis and cancer. Specifically, significant amounts of Cr6+ are generated during the heat-ageing process by pre-heating at 80°C for 24 hours in accordance with ISO method 17075, promoting the formation of Cr6+ from Cr3+ in chrome-tanned leather. Thus, inhibiting or minimizing the production of Cr6+ is needed badly. A previous report demonstrated that 0.1mol/L potassium phosphate buffer (P-buffer; pH5.5) was highly efficient as an extractant for the measurement of Cr6+ from chrome-tanned leather as compared with P-buffer (pH8.0). [&hellip;]
- [Effect of the Type of Retanning on Hygienic Properties of Crust Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-the-type-of-retanning-on-hygienic-properties-of-crust-leathers/): Abstract Test results of semi-finished crust made from wet-blue are presented. Mineral, synthetic, vegetable and aldehyde tannins were used as retanning agents. Absorption, desorption and permeability of water vapour (WVP) were determined using the standardised method and UTH Radom method. Softness, shrinkage temperature and resistance to water of the semi- finished crust were determined as well. The tests have demonstrated that the hygienic properties of leathers are to a great degree dependent on types of retanning agents applied. Correlations have also been proved between permeability of water vapour (WVP) and between WVP and shrinkage temperature of crust leathers as per [&hellip;]
- [Electrochemically Assisted Drum Processing in the Beamhouse](https://sltc.org/product/electrochemically-assisted-drum-processing-in-the-beamhouse/): Abstract The cleaner production of leather has attracted the world’s attention, in that much effort has been made in many aspects such as substitution of chemical materials, recycling of waste water, process or equipment modification etc. In light of the structure and characteristics of the usual suspended drum the electrochemically assisted drum used here was prepared by introducing electrodes on both sides of the drum. Taking the NaCl from the rawhide as a supporting electrolyte, ClO- was used simultaneously as a source of oxidants in the electrochemical treatment. Based on cow hair oxidation experiments the electrochemical parameters were referenced and [&hellip;]
- [Effects of Chain Transfer Agents on Properties of AA/BA/AM Copolymer Retanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/effects-of-chain-transfer-agents-on-properties-of-aa-ba-am-copolymer-retanning-agents/): Abstract The retanning process is one of the most important processes in leather production and which plays a vital role in the modern leather industry. In this paper, copolymers based on acrylic acid (AA), butyl acrylate (BA) and acrylamide (AM), were prepared by free radical polymerization. Chain transfer agents were added during the synthesis process to control the molecular weight of the copolymer. The copolymers with different amounts of chain transfer agent were tested for their molecular weight and other properties. The copolymers were analysed using XRD, GPC and FT-IR. Leathers were retanned with different copolymers and the mechanical properties, [&hellip;]
- [Hyperbranched-Linear Polymers as Promising Leather Additives](https://sltc.org/product/hyperbranched-linear-polymers-as-promising-leather-additives/): Abstract A series of coconut oil-based hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched-linear polyesters of generations 1-3 (CHBPs) were synthesized using a one-pot method and utilized in leather making. The effect of hyperbranched polymers on collagen fibres was discussed by comparing with linear products at macro level. The experimental results showed that hyperbranched polymers are less lubricating than linear compounds but have more filling abilities. Thickening rates of the leather treated by CHBPs decreased with growing generations due to their hydroxyl groups external to the molecule which will cross-link collagen fibres. In addition, CHBPs at higher generations can shrink location difference sharply. Unluckily, except for [&hellip;]
- [Hydrolysis and Olation of Chromium Sulphate Under Microwave Irradiation](https://sltc.org/product/hydrolysis-and-olation-of-chromium-sulphate-under-microwave-irradiation/): Abstract The influence of microwave irradiation on chromium sulphate solution was studied to provide a foundation for effectively utilizing microwave in the tanning process. The chromium sulphate solution was heated by microwave with a sample heated by water bath at the same condition as a control. During the process, the pH, conductivity, dielectric constant and UV-Visible absorption spectrum of chromium sulphate were measured to study the influence of different heating methods on chromium complexes hydrolysis and on the olation process. The results demonstrated that both microwave and water bath methods could lead to the chromium sulphate pHdroppi ng, conductivity increasing, [&hellip;]
- [Development of Reference Materials for Inorganic Elements in Leather Powder](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-reference-materials-for-inorganic-elements-in-leather-powder/): Abstract Three reference materials for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Sb – 8 inorganic elements in leather powder were developed with relatively low, middle and high concentrations. The reference materials were prepared by adding an appropriate concentration using industrial process. The concentration range of the three levels is within the ± 200% of the limited value in the China statute Safety Technical Specifications for Childrenʼs Footwear (GB 30585-2014).1 By using 16 units with duplicate analysis, it was shown that the samples were enough to demonstrate the homogeneity of these candidate reference materials. The statistical results from the [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis of an Amphoteric Polymer Auxiliary Agent and its Application to Chrome-free Leather](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-of-an-amphoteric-polymer-auxiliary-agent-and-its-application-to-chrome-free-leather/): Abstract In order to reduce the disadvantages of chrome tannage, chrome-free tannage was developed by many technologists and tanneries. However, because of the structures and charge of the tanning materials in the chrome-free tannage, the absorption rate of the chrome-free leather for anionic dyestuffs, re-tanning agents and fatliquors is lower than that of the chrome-tanned leather. Therefore, in order to improve the absorptivity of the chrome-free leather for these products, an amphoteric polymer auxiliary agent was synthesized with methyl-acrylic acid, sodium methylallyl sulfonate and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) by free radical copolymerization using ammonium persulfate at 80°C for 3 [&hellip;]
- [The Rheological Properties of Grain Leather Broiler Rabbits](https://sltc.org/product/the-rheological-properties-of-grain-leather-broiler-rabbits/): Abstract The studies examined the rheological properties of broiler rabbit grain leathers for leather gloves and shoes and determined whether they had the requirements defined by the standard. The study material included grain leathers of two groups of hybrid rabbits, 24 pieces each: Group I: Belgian Giant Gray x Burgundy (BOS x BU), Group II: Belgian Giant Gray x White New Zealand (BOS x BNZ). Broilers rabbit leathers were characterised by high values of strength parameters in static tests. Leather of BNZ x BOS hybrids processed for both gloves and footwear, had higher values of the tested features. However, they [&hellip;]
- [The Relationship Between the Organoleptic Properties of Leather and the Aggregate Structure of Collagen Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/the-relationship-between-the-organoleptic-properties-of-leather-and-the-aggregate-structure-of-collagen-fibres/): Abstract Samples of chromed sheep leather were prepared to establish the relationship between the organoleptic properties of leather and its structure after being retanned and oiled. The organoleptic properties and structure of them were characterized by stress-strain analysis, SEM and organoleptic test. The relationship was investigated from the point of fibre mobility. The results show that, when fibre bundles become thin and porosity increases, fibre mobility increases, as does softness, but tightness weakens. With the extent of fibre orientation decreasing, thickness increases, and smoothness decreases. Fullness is a special parameter related to leather thickness and fibre mobility . As collagen [&hellip;]
- [Mechanism of Vegetable Extracts on Preventing the Oxidation of Chrome(III)](https://sltc.org/product/mechanism-of-vegetable-extracts-on-preventing-the-oxidation-of-chromeiii/): Abstract To explore the mechanism whereby hydrolysable tannins and the monomers hydrolysed from hydrolysable tannins in preventing Cr(III) from oxidising into Cr(VI), we selected Valonia, Tara, plus monomers including gallic acid and ellagic acid as test samples to evaluate their complexing ability, reducibility, antioxidation ability and impact on preventing Cr(III) from oxidising into Cr(VI) as well as the relationship between their abilities and impact. With total phenolic value taken as a measurement basis, we took the equivalent quantity of every material based on its total phenolic value, and tested the effect on the same amount of Cr(III) and with the [&hellip;]
- [The Leather Trades’ Engineers of Massachusetts: Vaughn Machine Co. 1892-1904 Vaughn-Rood Machine Co. 1903-1905. Part 2](https://sltc.org/product/the-leather-trades-engineers-of-massachusetts-vaughn-machine-co-1892-1904-vaughn-rood-machine-co-1903-1905-part-2/): Abstract The rise of a specific rival to the Vaughn Machine Co. is considered along with major changes in management at the internationally important leather trade engineer, based in Peabody, Massachusetts (MA), United States. By emphasising the essential role of George C. Vaughn in tanning machinery development, it establishes why a new contender – the Vaughn-Rood Machine Co., became a major challenger. It also reflects on the interesting account of how wrangles in the US Courts resulted in the transfer of patents and machinery designs, from the Vaughn Machine Co., to the Turner Tanning Machinery Co. Survival of the old [&hellip;]
- [Studies of Structure Changes of Archeological Leather by FTIR Spectroscopy](https://sltc.org/product/studies-of-structure-changes-of-archeological-leather-by-ftir-spectroscopy/): Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate protein structures in new vegetabletanned and artificially aged leather as well as in waterlogged archaeological leather dating from the Warring State Period (475BC-221BC). The obtained quantitative and qualitative information on protein structure changes was useful to characterize the deterioration of the archaeological leather during ageing in the buried environment. Compared with those in new vegetable-tanned leather, the amide A and amide II bands in the artificially aged and archaeological leather shifted to lower wavenumbers, suggesting hydrogen bonding in the collagen in the artificially and naturally aged leather was weakened. The estimation [&hellip;]
- [Tetraselmis sp. Isolated from a Microalgae Consortium for Tannery Wastewater Treatment](https://sltc.org/product/tetraselmis-sp-isolated-from-a-microalgae-consortium-for-tannery-wastewater-treatment/): Abstract Microalgae have been the subject of several studies in the wastewater treatment field due to their ability for the removal of various nutrients, organic load and to be a clean and economical way to treat pollutants. The effluents from leather finishing processing steps contain chemical pollutants due to the use of dyes, surfactants, toxic metals, emulsifying agents, retanning agents, oils, pigments, resins, among other chemicals added. In this work, the isolated microalgae Tetraselmis sp. was obtained from a microalgae consortium and evaluated for their ability for the treatment effluents collected from a tannery. The growth of microalgae biomass in [&hellip;]
- [The Aggregation Behaviour of Leather Collagen Fibres During Drying](https://sltc.org/product/the-aggregation-behaviour-of-leather-collagen-fibres-during-drying/): Abstract The rule for the changes and mechanism influencing the structure of leather during drying were studied from the point of view of fibre movement, based on the stress state and combination mode of collagen fibres. The effect of capillary pressure difference force (CPDF) and hydrogen bonds on the aggregation behaviour of leatherʼs collagen fibres during drying was investigated. The results showed that, during hang drying, under the action of CPDF, collagen fibres will move towards each other and bond by hydrogen bonds thus making the structure of dried leather stable. During freeze drying, the collagen fibres are not affected [&hellip;]
- [Effects of PAA on the Different Scales of Leather Structure](https://sltc.org/product/effects-of-paa-on-the-different-scales-of-leather-structure/): Abstract In this article, the topology of fibrils and the aggregate structure of leather fibres were characterised by TEM and SEM to reveal the effects of PAA on the different scale of the structure of leather. The results show that PAA has little influence on the collagen molecules array and collagen fibres aggregate structure in the wet state. But, during air-drying PAA observably influences the collagen fibres aggregate structure. After being PAA retanned, the air-dried leather fibres become thinner and the space between fibres increases.
- [Study on Possibility of Oil Migration according to Fatliquoring Agent Characteristics](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-possibility-of-oil-migration-according-to-fatliquoring-agent-characteristics/): Abstract The natural leather used for car interior materials is a traditional and high-quality material that can be applied to diverse purposes such as the steering wheel, knob, seat and internal trim. However, continuous friction and sweat from the driver causes the hydrolysis of high-molecular resins and plasticisation, which facilitates the abrasion of coated layers. During the summer season, in particular, the painted surfaces weakened under the high-temperature conditions of the car interior often lead to slipperiness and increased lustre owing to the migration of the fatliquoring agent. Thus, this study investigated the bonding between the leather and different types [&hellip;]
- [Leather Goods Notified to the Rapex System in the Years 2004-2017 – Notification Analysis for Countries of Manufacture and Notifying Countries](https://sltc.org/product/leather-goods-notified-to-the-rapex-systemi-n-the-years-2004-2017-notification-analysis-for-countries-of-manufacture-and-notifying-countries/): Abstract This paper analyses information pertaining to notifications of unsafe leather goods submitted to the EU Rapid Exchange of Information System (RAPEX) in the years 2004-2017. The number of leather goods reported in the system has been compared to total number of notifications on dangerous products classified in the category ʻClothing, textiles and fashion itemsʼ that includes leather goods. The notifications were analysed for the country of origin of leather goods as well as for the notifying country. This allows identification of countries from which the largest number of dangerous leather goods come, i.e., China, India and Pakistan, as well [&hellip;]
- [Leather Surface Refinement with Application of the TiO2-SiO2-GLYMO Nanocomposite and Lacquer Coating](https://sltc.org/product/leather-surface-refinement-with-application-of-the-tio2-sio2-glymo-nanocomposite-and-lacquer-coating/): Abstract In the present study the effect of TiO2-SiO2-GLYMO nanocomposite on surface properties of leather was investigated. The TiO2-SiO2-GLYMO composite was prepared through the sol-gel route from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and titanium n-butoxide (TBO). 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) was added as coupling agent to provide a stable bond between metal oxides and leather substrate. The prepared composite was applied by spraying on the top coat of leathers in finishing. The surface properties observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an even and homogenous coating obtained on leather by application of the composite in the presence of lacquer. The chemical structure of composite films [&hellip;]
- [The Leather Trades’ Engineers of Massachusetts: Vaughn Morocco Machine Co. 1883-1891 Vaughn Machine Co. 1892-1904 Vaughn-Rood Machine Co. 1903-1905 Part 1](https://sltc.org/product/the-leather-trades-engineers-of-massachusetts-vaughn-morocco-machine-co-1883-1891-vaughn-machine-co-1892-1904-vaughn-rood-machine-co-1903-1905-part-1/): Abstract This paper traces the rise of an internationally important engineering concern developed by the Vaughn family in Salem and Peabody, Massachusetts (MA), United States. Initially established to serve the needs of a specific local industry, the Vaughn Morocco Machine Co. was started in the early 1880s by JosephWarren Vaughn and his three sons. The business name was changed to the Vaughn Machine Co. in 1892, after the company had expanded its sales more generally into leather manufacture. New machinery developments and continuous improvement of the ʻVaughnʼ product range are detailed and illustrated; machinery which would eventually instigate major changes [&hellip;]
- [The Evaluation of DBD Plasma Technique for Removing Carbon Stain from Leather Artifacts](https://sltc.org/product/the-evaluation-of-dbd-plasma-technique-for-removing-carbon-stain-from-leather-artifacts/): Abstract In recent years, plasma technology has been successfully used in the conservation of cultural heritage. The removal of soot from historical bookbinding surfaces through a cold plasma cleaning technique is an important application. This study aims to test the efficiency of using atmospheric pressure cold plasma on cleaning and removing soot from historical leather bookbinding surfaces. Atmospheric pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) cold plasma in an oxygen environment was applied to modern leather samples that were contaminated with carbon and artificially aged. The results have been evaluated using several techniques including visual assessment, digital microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) [&hellip;]
- [Interaction of Enzymes and Hide/Leather Based on Microwave Use](https://sltc.org/product/interaction-of-enzymes-and-hide-leather-based-on-microwave-use/): Abstract With the characteristics of high efficiency, specificity and mild reaction conditions, enzymes are able to catalyse many biochemical reactions. Hence, they are widely used in the soaking, unhairing, degreasing and bating processes in the leather industry. At present, there are a lot of studies on the interaction laws between protease and collagen under conventional water bath heating; however, under microwave irradiation with both thermal and non-thermal effects, corresponding research has not yet been reported. In this work, enzymatic unhairing (EU), bating (EB) and wet-blue leather treating (ET) processes were investigated under microwave irradiation heating compared with water bath heating. [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Characterisation of Sulfonated Calix[4]arene and Its Application in Chrome-free Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-characterisation-of-sulfonated-calix4arene-and-its-application-in-chrome-free-tanning/): Abstract Chrome tanning is the main tanning leather method. However, the absorption of chromium is incomplete and residues are present in waste liquors thus polluting the environment. Moreover, Cr3+ will oxidise into carcinogenic Cr6+ under certain conditions. Here we a present a novel chrome-free tannage. The calix[4]arene was synthesized using tert-butyl phenol and formaldehyde as raw materials. The calix[4]arene was then sulfonated with concentrated sulfuric acid. The structure was characterised by FTIR and 1HNMR. The sulfonated calix[4]arene was applied in goatskin tanning. The results showed that the sulfonated calix[4]arene had a tanning effect. The physical and mechanical properties of the [&hellip;]
- [Utilisation of Phenolsulphonic Acid to Hydrolyse Chrome Shavings in Preparation of Composite Condensates for Leather Retanning](https://sltc.org/product/utilisation-of-phenolsulphonic-acid-to-hydrolyse-chrome-shavings-in-preparation-of-composite-condensates-for-leather-retanning/): Abstract The treatment and utilisation of chromium containing tannery waste has been of increasing concern because of the environmental pressure for safe disposal. The aim of this work is a development of the intermediate acids of the syntan to hydrolyse chrome shavings, then the hydrolysed mixtures were condensed with formaldehyde and urea to obtain a composite condensation retanning agent by the one-pot method. The effects of hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis duration and the amount of chrome shavings were investigated. The molecular weight of the hydrolysate was controlled. The prepared composite condensations were applied for retanning bovine upper leather. The results showed [&hellip;]
- [Leather Retanning Performance of Carboxylated Collagen Fibres Containing Adsorbed Cr(III)](https://sltc.org/product/leather-retanning-performance-of-carboxylated-collagen-fibres-containing-adsorbed-criii/): Abstract Carboxylated collagen fibre (CCF) was prepared using glyoxylic acid modified collagen fibre which was extracted from fresh pigskin, the prepared CCF was used as an adsorbent to treat trivalent chromium ions (Cr(III)) in wastewater (Cr-CCF). Alkali-enzyme hydrolysis was used to extract collagen protein from the CCF after the adsorption of Cr(III) to obtain chromium-containing collagen hydrolyzate (Cr-CCH). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were employed to analyse the structure and relative molecular mass distribution of the collagen in Cr- CCH. The Cr(III) content was determined by diphenylcarbazide spectrophotometry. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were optimised by [&hellip;]
- [The Novel Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydroxyapatite and its Application in Leather Making](https://sltc.org/product/the-novel-synthesis-and-characterisation-of-hydroxyapatite-and-its-application-in-leather-making/): Abstract Hydroxyapatite(HAP) has been extensively used in clinics for such as bone tissue repair because of its outstanding performance. But, whether HAP can be utilized in other fields still remains unknown, for example leather making. In the present work HAP was synthesized using a hydrothermal method with diammonium hydrogen phosphate and calcium nitrate as phosphorus and calcium precursors respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of products shows that HAP can be produced using the wet-chemical method. The condition optimization test results indicated that high purity HAP can be obtained when the reaction was carried out at 80°C and pH11 [&hellip;]
- [Molecular Interactions Between Type I Collagen and Metal Complex: From Computational Modelling to Experimental Characterisation](https://sltc.org/product/molecular-interactions-between-type-i-collagen-and-metal-complex-from-computational-modelling-to-experimental-characterisation/): Abstract Computational modelling was used to construct the models of type I collagen and the Zr-Al-Ti complex, as well as simulating the interactions between them. Hydrogen bond and Van der Waalsʼ forces exist between collagen and the Zr-Al-Ti complex. Furthermore, other bonding regions between central metal ions and O, N, H atoms were calculated. Furthermore, experimental characterisations were carried out to better verify the results of computational modelling, results showed that the spectra of FTIR, UV-DRS and fluorescence were all shifted to some extent. Specifically, UV-DRS and fluorescence detection suggested that the alteration appeared around aromatic residues, tyrosine and phenylalanine. [&hellip;]
- [The Microstructure of Raw Hides of Crocodylus niloticus](https://sltc.org/product/the-microstructure-of-raw-hides-of-crocodylus-niloticus/): Abstract Crocodile leather with its unique pattern and scarcity is regarded as a leader in the high-grade leather products industry. In order to further improve the quality of crocodile leather products, based on the Crocodylus niloticus raw hides, the trichrome-udan IV staining method, aldehyde fuchshin staining method, scanning electron microscope and polarising microscope were used to study the histology characteristics and fibre weaving of the raw hides, which provides a theoretical basis for formulating tanning scientifically and reasonably.
- [Effect of Novel Synthetic Clay on the Property of Waterborne Polyurethane Leather Finishing Agent: Enhanced Thermal, Mechanical and UV-resistant Performance](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-novel-synthetic-clay-on-the-property-of-waterborne-polyurethane-leather-finishing-agent-enhanced-thermal-mechanical-and-uv-resistant-performance/): Abstract Waterborne polyurethane/laponite composites used for leather finishing have been prepared via the solution mixing method. The dispersion stability of laponite and composite emulsions were determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile testing and UV-Vis spectra were used to test the performance of the resulting films. The results indicate that the nano-particles with negative charges can form highly stable aqueous dispersion under alkaline condition and exhibit good compatibility with anionic waterborne polyurethanes. The emulsions possess good storage stability with an average particle diameter of 80~94nm. The uniformly dispersed clay platelets can markedly [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Histological Feature of Leather on Acrylic Resin Retanning](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-histological-feature-of-leather-on-acrylic-resin-retanning/): Abstract The effect of histological features of leather on acrylic resin retanning was investigated by retanning pigskin, cattle hide and sheepskin leathers with fluorescein-labelled poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). A deeper penetration and a higher uptake rate of PAA were observed in the belly area of pigskin leather compared to in its butt area. This led to a greater increase in leather thickness of the belly. As for cattle hide and sheepskin leathers whose structural difference in various parts is not obvious, the differences in penetration and uptake of PAA and increase in leather thickness between their butts and their bellies were [&hellip;]
- [The Hydrolytic Activities of Two Fungal Species Isolated from Historical Quranic Parchment Manuscript](https://sltc.org/product/the-hydrolytic-activities-of-two-fungal-species-isolated-from-historical-quranic-parchment-manuscript/): Abstract Two fungal strains were isolated from a historical parchment manuscript found in Al-Azhar library, Egypt and were identified using the molecular technique 18S rRNA. New parchment samples (see 2.1) were placed on the surface of agar plates and inoculated with the two identified fungi and incubated at 30°C for 10, 20 and 30 days. The parchment samples were checked for degradation by measuring its mechanical properties (elongation and tensile strength), and ATR-FTIR analysis to identify structural changes induced in the collagen triple helix. SEM analysis was also carried out to investigate the change of surface morphology of bio-deteriorated collagen [&hellip;]
- [Viscosity Properties of Collagen Solutions: Influence of pH, Salt Type and Salt Concentration](https://sltc.org/product/viscosity-properties-of-collagen-solutions-influence-of-ph-salt-type-and-salt-concentration/): Abstract In this work, the effects of pH, salt type, and salt concentration on the viscosity behaviour of collagen solutions were investigated by a photoelectric viscometer. The results show that the viscosity behaviour as polyelectrolytes or polyampholytes depended on the charge distribution on the polypeptide chains, which can be tuned by the value of pHof the collagen solution. The intrinsic viscosity of collagen in Na2SO4 solution at pH2.0 first decreases and then increases with increasing salt concentration, while a monotonic decrease of the intrinsic viscosity of collagen is observed in NaCl solution. The intrinsic viscosity of collagen in Cr(OH)SO4 solution [&hellip;]
- [Examination of Catabolic Activities of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Soaked Sheep Skins and Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/examination-of-catabolic-activities-of-enterobacteriaceae-isolated-from-soaked-sheep-skins-and-cattle-hides/): Abstract Detailed examination of the members of family Enterobacteriaceae found on soaked sheepskins and cattle hides offers important information about enteric species on the samples, the efficiency of antibacterial agents used in soaking process against these enteric species and their roles in deterioration of skins or hides during soaking process. Hence, the goal of this study was to examine members of the family Enterobacteriaceae on soaked sheepskins and cattle hides treated with antibacterial agent. In this study, bacterial species belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae on five soaked sheepskins and ten cattle hides were identified using API® 20E test kits and [&hellip;]
- [A Study on Quantifying the Emotional Quality Applied to a Materials Analysis Method for Genuine Automotive Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-on-quantifying-the-emotional-quality-applied-to-a-materials-analysis-method-for-genuine-automotive-leather/): Abstract This study is concerned with the technique of quantifying and digitizing four kinds of emotions felt by customers with products, utilising the material quality control analysis methods to control leather materials for vehicles. Through the measurement of protein quantity and microscopic observation, this study conducted an authentication of natural leather and the discrimination of the grade of leather; customersʼ emotions, sensory characteristics, such as touch sensibility and flexibility were defined through an analysis of the fatliquoring agent contained in leather. As for visual characteristics, the luxury felt when we look at the leather surface composed of a dense structure [&hellip;]
- [Short-term Hide Preservation with Acid and Salt](https://sltc.org/product/short-term-hide-preservation-with-acid-and-salt/): Abstract A hide preservation method based on salt and formic or sulfuric acid has been developed. This method allows 74% salt savings compared to the salt consumption in the conventional salting system. World-wide such savings would involve approximately 3 million tons of salt. This salt is now eliminated as contaminated solid waste or dissolved in residual waters. The change in the preservation system cuts the expenses by at least 48%. Results show that the new method is effective for short-term preservations (1 month) as leathers of equal or superior quality are obtained. This method may also be used in longer [&hellip;]
- [Three-Dimensional Spatial Distribution Analysis of Fibre in Wet-blue Pig Leather](https://sltc.org/product/three-dimensional-spatial-distribution-analysis-of-fibre-in-wet-blue-pig-leather/): Abstract In the paper, the ratio of spatial distribution of fibre in wet-blue leather obtained from the spinal region of adult pigskin is researched in both horizontal and vertical directions. Furthermore, the regularity of spatial distribution of fibre is further analysed by the Hurst exponent H. Such spatial structure analyses are essential to obtain true 3D data, including the shape, size and orientation of fibres. We demonstrate that the data sets can be obtained by serial paraffin sections using a series of improved techniques, such as serial-sectioning, SEM imaging and locating techniques. In the study, stacks of several hundred sections [&hellip;]
- [Effects of Acrylic Syntans on Thermo-mechanical and Swelling Behaviour of Chrome-tanned Bovine Leather – A Comparative Assessment](https://sltc.org/product/effects-of-acrylic-syntans-on-thermo-mechanical-and-swelling-behaviour-of-chrome-tanned-bovine-leather-a-comparative-assessment/): Abstract Four different samples of cow softy leather (designated CSAS0, CSAS1, CSAS2, and CSAS3) were prepared from a chrome-tanned cow wet-blue of Indian origin. CSAS0 was the control sample wherein no polyacrylate based syntan was added. CSAS1, CSAS2, and CSAS3 contain different polyacrylate based syntans (3% w/w), differing in molecular weight, in addition to the other common auxiliaries used in all of the four samples. Other unit operations (physical and chemical) for manufacturing leather were the same in all the samples. Thermal, mechanical, and solvent swelling behaviour of these four samples were studied and we attempted to correlate them with [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Shavings-Based Cationic Flocculant](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-evaluation-of-a-novel-shavings-based-cationic-flocculant/): Abstract A cationic collagen flocculant (PCDAC) was synthesized by graft copolymerization using industrial gelatin extracted from leather shavings as the raw material with acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DAC) as the monomer. The synthesis was initiated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and sodium sulfite. The graft copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of PCDAC dosage, system pH, flocculation temperature and time on PCDAC flocculation were studied and the optimum conditions were as follows: PCDAC dosage 0.03g/mL; system pH7.0; flocculation temperature 40°C; and flocculation time 20 minutes. Under the optimum conditions, [&hellip;]
- [Exploring the Mechanisms of the Interaction between a Specific Bioflocculant and Tannery Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/exploring-the-mechanisms-of-the-interaction-between-a-specific-bioflocculant-and-tannery-wastewater/): Abstract To explore the interaction between a bioflocculant produced using Bacillus cereus and tannery wastewater, four flocculation mechanisms were studied including chemical interaction, charge neutralisation, adsorption and bridging, and sweep-floc coagulation. First, the interaction of the bioflocculant and tannery wastewater was evaluated using the infrared spectrum. It was found that there was no significant difference of spectrum before and after flocculation, indicating no chemical interaction between the bioflocculant and tannery wastewater. Second, it was found that no electric potential change was detected when comparing the samples before and after the addition of the bioflocculant into the tannery wastewater, indicating no [&hellip;]
- [Screening of Natural Dyes from Filamentous Fungi and Leather Dyeing with Monascus purpureus Extract](https://sltc.org/product/screening-of-natural-dyes-from-filamentous-fungi-and-leather-dyeing-with-monascus-purpureus-extract/): Abstract Certain species of filamentous fungi produce coloured substances as secondary metabolites, which can be used as dyes for industrial applications. These natural dyes can be environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes, since they are extracted from sustainable sources with high yields, can be produced independently of seasonal effects, and no hazardous chemicals are used while they are produced. In this study, a screening of natural colourants from filamentous fungi was carried out by cultivation in liquid medium and further the Monascus purpureus extract was applied to leather dyeing. The efficiency of the dyeing was quantified through the remaining dye [&hellip;]
- [JIALTC 1917 to JSLTC 2017](https://sltc.org/product/jialtc-1917-to-jsltc-2017/): Abstract As the First World War raged, relations between the UK and German leather sectors became strained, to the point that in 1917 the UK broke away from the International Association of Leather Trades Chemists and founded its own separate Society. At the same time, the new Society created its own journal, the Journal of the Society of Leather Trades Chemists. Here, we examine that schism and reflect on the content of the new journal, which evolved into the modern Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists.
- [Biodegradation by Filamentous Fungi of Vegetable Tannins Used in the Tanning Industry](https://sltc.org/product/biodegradation-by-filamentous-fungi-of-vegetable-tannins-used-in-the-tanning-industry/): Abstract Tannery waste is complex and may, in some cases, be toxic to plants, animals and micro-organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the biodegradability of vegetable tannins used in the tanning industry by filamentous fungi. We evaluated the influence of the concentration of tannin, the forms of culture and the type of tannin used in the cultivation of Aspergillus niger. No differences were observed between the concentrations and the forms of cultivation. However, the type of tannin used influenced the consumption reaching 15% for a condensed tannin and only 7% for the hydrolysable. The results of the tests carried out [&hellip;]
- [Self-Conversion of Hexavalent Chromium Formed in Chrome-Tanned Leather during Long-term Storage and Perfect Inhibition with a Combination of Inhibitors](https://sltc.org/product/self-conversion-of-hexavalent-chromium-formed-in-chrome-tanned-leather-during-long-term-storage-and-perfect-inhibition-with-a-combination-of-inhibitors/): Abstract Complete inhibition of Cr6+ formation from chrome-tanned leather can be achieved by treatment with a three-component inhibitor containing 1.0mmol 3(2)-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 0.01mmol ascorbic acid, and 0.001mmol collagen peptide. In the present paper, chrome-tanned leather was heat-aged at 80°C for 24 hours and then stored at relative humidity of 33%, 65% or 97% for 12 months to investigate spontaneous conversion of Cr6+ to Cr3+ and to clarify availability of these inhibitors over long-term storage. The amount of Cr6+ decreased as the storage period increased, and was undetectable after 8 months. However, a second reheat-ageing resulted in reformation of Cr6+. This conversion [&hellip;]
- [Development of Nanocomposites with Self-Cleaning Properties for Textile and Leather](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-nanocomposites-with-self-cleaning-properties-for-textile-and-leather/): Abstract The main aim of this study is to develop novel multifunctional nanotechnology systems that are applied in textile and leather industry processes for the upholstery used on seating for public spaces and vehicles. More specifically, the study seeks to achieve a dirt-free effect using nanostructured coatings that can both repel dirt and produce a material with self-cleaning properties. To obtain this property, we use polymers for leather finishing polymers and self-assembling technical textile in several nanophases and microphases with a superhydrophobic effect similar to that of the lotus leaf, but with a greater resistance to abrasion. Additionally, in this [&hellip;]
- [Oxidative Unhairing versus Sulphide Use – A critical comparison](https://sltc.org/product/oxidative-unhairing-versus-sulphide-use-a-critical-comparison/): Abstract The conventional unhairing process is one of the most pollutant steps in the leather tanning process, which usually involves great amounts of sulphides, lime and soda ash, generating high BOD and COD values in the wastewater. In this work, we have investigated different oxidative agents, combined or not with enzymes, as a possible replacement for sulphides in unhairing, focused on the possible industrial application of the method developed. Peroxymonocarbonate anion, persulfate anions (peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate anion) and peroxynitrite anion have been chosen and the dehairing of bovine leather has been performed. The performance has been compared in terms of [&hellip;]
- [Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Leather Processing Industry: A Case Study of Bangladesh](https://sltc.org/product/environmental-life-cycle-assessment-of-leather-processing-industry-a-case-study-of-bangladesh/): Abstract Tanning industries have been vitally important to the economy of Bangladesh, yet they have been proven to be detrimental to the environment mainly due to the discharge of quantities of untreated wastewater containing chromium. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a practical tool used to evaluate and compare the life cycle environmental impacts of a product. Using the IMPACT 2002+ methodology within the SimaPro LCA modelling tool, we have studied and compared the environmental burden of two leather products: full-chrome leather (FCL) and chrome-retanned crust leather (CRL). In the case of both FCL and CRL, it was found that significant [&hellip;]
- [The Microstructure Changes of Collagen Fibres Introduced by a Novel Metal Complex: Zr-Al-Ti](https://sltc.org/product/the-microstructure-changes-of-collagen-fibres-introduced-by-a-novel-metal-complex-zr-al-ti/): Abstract Collagen fibres may be changed by reaction with a Zr-Al-Ti complex both in structure and properties. Specifically the microstructure changes of collagen fibres have been investigated through X-Ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), accompanied by thermal stability analysis carried out with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). Owing to the interactions brought about by the Zr-Al-Ti complex, the D-pattern of collagen fibres has been shortened from 67nm to around 57nm, while the feature triple helices have not been destroyed. Meanwhile, collagen fibres have obviously been wrapped by Zr-Al-Ti complex to form [&hellip;]
- [Impact of Microwave Irradiation on Vegetable Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/impact-of-microwave-irradiation-on-vegetable-tanning/): Abstract As a novel, mild, environmentally friendly and efficient thermal technology, microwave is freely used in many fields. Hence, an attempt has been made to apply the microwave in vegetable tanning to accelerate tanning reaction and improve the performance of the leather. In this work, the bonding properties of tannin extracts under microwave irradiation heating (MIH) were investigated compared with water bath heating (WBH). Thermal performance of the leather treated under MIH was characterized by the shrinkage temperature and differential scanning calorimeter. The composition and properties of tanning liquors were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography and [&hellip;]
- [Chrome-Less Tanning – a Non-Pickling Process Based on Zr-Al-Ti Complex Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-less-tanning-a-non-pickling-process-based-on-zr-al-ti-complex-tanning-agent/): Abstract The non-pickling tanning for cattle hide upper leather was carried out with chrome-less process based on zirconium-aluminum-titanium tanning (DMT-II) in this paper. The best material offers of DMTII and chrome tanning agent were selected through preliminary experiments. The operating parameters in the tanning process, including the pretreatment, the temperature after basification and the final pH, were optimized using the orthogonal testing method. The chrome content of wastewater was chosen as an evaluation index. The evaluation indexes of the optimum scheme were compared with those of the conventional chrome tanning method. The shrinkage temperature of the crust leather (Ts), the [&hellip;]
- [Efficient Removal of Total Nitrogen from Tannery Wastewater by Promoting Denitrification with Sodium Acetate](https://sltc.org/product/efficient-removal-of-total-nitrogen-from-tannery-wastewater-by-promoting-denitrification-with-sodium-acetate/): Abstract Total nitrogen (TN) in tannery wastewater is difficult to remove completely, because the low C/N ratio of the wastewater leads to inadequate denitrification. Sodium acetate was used as an extra carbon source to improve the denitrification efficiency and the TN removal. The appropriate COD/TN ratio for denitrification using sodium acetate was 5.1, at which the TN concentration of tannery wastewater decreased by 95%. A much faster removal of TN was obtained by adding sodium acetate in denitrification than by adding common glucose. These results showed that sodium acetate was a high-quality carbon source for a complete and rapid denitrification [&hellip;]
- [Application of Mn-doped Mesoporous TiO2 in Tannery Wastewater Treatment](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-mn-doped-mesoporous-tio2-in-tannery-wastewater-treatment/): Abstract Treatment of tannery wastewater is a challenging task because of its complex components, deep colour and high concentration of suspended solids. This study aims to develop a treatment system that can effectively reduce the pollutants in tannery wastewater to an environmentally acceptable level. Manganese (Mn)-doped mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) was successfully synthesized via a solgel method using butyl titanate as a precursor and surfactant P123 as a template. When the dosage of Mn in the mesoporous TiO2 was 0.4%, the degradation rate of organic pollutants was nearly 90% after 8 hours of treatment with metal halide. The as-prepared products [&hellip;]
- [Physical Properties of Chrome-Tanned Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) Fish Leather](https://sltc.org/product/physical-properties-of-chrome-tanned-nile-perch-lates-niloticus-fish-leather/): Abstract The aim of this study was to utilise the Nile perch fish skins which are usually a waste from fish filleting companies to make leather and then to determine its physical properties. The skins were processed into leather using chromium(III) sulphate. The physical properties of leathers were determined using standard IUP methods which include: Tensile strength, Tear strength, Flexing endurance, Shrinkage temperature, Grain crack and Grain burst tests. The results demonstrated that the tensile, tear strength and elongation of the leather varied depending on the direction and location of the collagen fibres. The properties of the Nile perch leather [&hellip;]
- [Leather Fatliquor from Hide Fleshings](https://sltc.org/product/leather-fatliquor-from-hide-fleshings/): Abstract The huge amount of fleshings from tanneries around the world creates a negative environmental impact, in addition to disposal costs; these wastes are not well used. This paper presents some innovative processes for reclaiming the fats carried by a large variety of flesh hides or skin wastes, along with the fatty matter separation and modification to obtain a surface active material intended to be used as leather softening agents. The fat was extracted with hot water at a fixed temperature (85 ± 5°C, solid: water 1:1 w/v and 2 hours stirring time). The fat rich phase was then separated [&hellip;]
- [Use of Silk Hydrolysate in Chrome Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/use-of-silk-hydrolysate-in-chrome-tanning/): Abstract This study examined the characteristics and environmental load of sheep skins that had been treated with silk hydrolysate by two different methods: prior to tannage and after tannage. Silk hydrolysate was applied to the leathers before and after tanning in four different proportions. The chrome oxide content and shrinkage temperature, tensile strength and tear load of the leathers increased as the proportion of silk hydrolysate increased, and the highest levels of chrome exhaustion in the tanning effluents were obtained at an application level of 5% on the basis of leather weight. In addition, silk hydrolysate was found to improve [&hellip;]
- [Rapid Determination of 2-Butanone, 2-Pyrrolidone and N-Methyl Pyrrolidone in Leather by UPLC](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-determination-of-2-butanone-2-pyrrolidone-and-n-methyl-pyrrolidone-in-leather-by-uplc/): Abstract A simple method using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with Photo-Diode Array detector (PDA) has been developed for the determination of 2-Butanone, 2-Pyrrolidone and N-Methyl pyrrolidone in leather samples. 0.1% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate aqueous solution was used for the ultrasonic extraction at 40°C. Under optimal conditions, the quantification limits for the desired compounds ranging from 20 to 40μg l-1 were obtained. The recoveries were higher than 91.6%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the target compounds in leather samples with a higher sensitivity and simpler extraction than traditional gas chromatography methods.
- [Hazards, Regulations and Alternatives of Restricted Substances in Leather/Textile Industry: Hexavalent Chromium](https://sltc.org/product/hazards-regulations-and-alternatives-of-restricted-substances-in-leather-textile-industry-hexavalent-chromium/): Abstract Chromium exists in nature in various oxidation states (from -2 valence to +6), of which trivalent chromium Cr(III) and hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) are the common forms. In the leather and textile industry, Cr(III, VI) mainly exists in various auxiliaries used in the processes of tanning, printing and dyeing, and it has often been detected in leather products. Cr(VI) can enter into human body through the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, by skin contact and other ways. Cr(VI) has been identified as one of the 129 priority pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and it has also been [&hellip;]
- [Effects of Polyacrylic Acid on the Structure of Collagen Fibre](https://sltc.org/product/effects-of-polyacrylic-acid-on-the-structure-of-collagen-fibre/): Abstract The effects of polyacrylic acid (PAA) on the hierarchical structure of sheepskin collagen fibres were investigated by using of transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that although the unique axial periodic (d periodicity) structure of collagen fibrils and orderly arrangement of collagen molecule did not change obviously after the introduction of PAA, the aggregation behaviour of collagen fibres was greatly influenced.With increasing concentration of PAA, the order of intermolecular lateral packing decreased, the shrinkage of the leather lessened [from changes in surface morphology observed by SEM] [&hellip;]
- [A Comparison of Low Temperature Softness of Leather Lubricated with Various Types of Fatliquor](https://sltc.org/product/a-comparison-of-low-temperature-softness-of-leather-lubricated-with-various-types-of-fatliquor/): Abstract Fatliquors are some of the most effective chemicals to impart softness and flexibility to leather, and low temperature softness of leather is very important for the application of leather in a low temperature environment. The main objective of the present work is to compare low temperature softness of leather lubricated with various types of fatliquors. In this work, a softness tester and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to investigate the softness variation of leather which was lubricated with different types of fatliquors, such as polyether silicone, sulphonated rapeseed oil, modified soybean lecithin and so on, at temperatures within the [&hellip;]
- [Chrome Adsorption Characteristics of Yue Village Soil Fertilized with Tannery Sludge](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-adsorption-characteristics-of-yue-village-soil-fertilized-with-tannery-sludge/): Abstract Tannery sludge used in agriculture contains much organic matter like a high-quality organic fertilizer. However, the excess chrome in tannery sludge limits its expanding use in agriculture. The absorption of chrome in different forms was studied in soil at different chrome concentrations and pHs. The research indicated that both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were easily fixed by adsorption when they entered the soil. Adsorption of Cr(III) corresponded to Freundlich adsorption isothermal pattern, while that of Cr(VI) accorded with a Langmuir adsorption isothermal pattern. pH was the vital factor which effected the adsorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Most of the chrome [&hellip;]
- [Influence of Sewing Threads on Seam Pucker of Sheep Nappa Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-sewing-threads-on-seam-pucker-of-sheep-nappa-leathers/): Abstract This study reports an experimental investigation on the influence of sewing threads on seam puckering of sheep nappa leathers with variation of stitch density, stitch type and thickness of leathers. The seam pucker of sheep nappa leathers was evaluated using lock and zigzag stitches. Seam pucker was correlated with reversible strain, leather properties, thread properties and stitch density. The results show that core spun thread resulted in lower pucker than spun polyester thread. Also, specimens sewn with reasonably thicker and stronger thread exhibited less pucker. It is also observed that seam pucker decreased as the stitch density increased.
- [Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in Leather by Ion-exchange Chromatography](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-hexavalent-chromium-in-leather-by-ion-exchange-chromatography/): Abstract The determination of traces of hexavalent chromium in leather and in leather consumer goods is carried out by ion-exchange chromatography. Samples are extracted at pH7.5-8 with a phosphate buffer, according to the method of the current ISO 17075 Standard. The extracts are filtered and analysed by HPLC using an ion-exchange stationary phase and a PDA detector, without any clean up process. An ammonium sulphate electrolyte at pH8 is used as mobile phase. The determination of the recovery yields rates from 84 to 108%. The HPLC method is compared with the current ISO 17075 Standard, which is based in the [&hellip;]
- [Socio-historical Approach towards Japanese Leatherworkers: A Cross-cultural Perspective](https://sltc.org/product/socio-historical-approach-towards-japanese-leatherworkers-a-cross-cultural-perspective/): &nbsp;
- [Detecting Dimethyl Fumarate Content in Leather and Textile Products by GC-MS](https://sltc.org/product/detecting-dimethyl-fumarate-content-in-leather-and-textile-products-by-gc-ms/): Abstract According to the EU (2009/251/EC), the presence of DMFm in products should be below the maximum limit of 0.1mg/kg. In this paper, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is used to determine the content of DMFm in leather and textile products. This method is simple, rapid, and highly accurate. An Agilent 6890N-5973 GC-MS instrument and a DB-5MS column are used in this method. By optimizing the extraction process parameters, the best extraction solvent for DMFm with over 90% extracted is ethyl acetate, and the method successfully quantifies DMFm with a good linear relationship (R2=0.9998) within the range 0.1-20mg/kg. The [&hellip;]
- [Fabrication of Highly Hydrophobic Paper by Coating with Modified Collagen Hydrolysate](https://sltc.org/product/fabrication-of-highly-hydrophobic-paper-by-coating-with-modified-collagen-hydrolysate/): Abstract An environmentally friendly biopolymer (CAA) used as a coating material for the preparation of hydrophobic paper has been developed by incorporating alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) into collagen hydrolysate (CH), the base paper was treated with CAA by a dip-coating technique to improve its water resistance. It was found that the acylated CHhas a significantly higher surface hydrophobicity than CHand that coating with CAA is beneficial to improve the hydrophobic property of paper. Experimental results indicated that the contact angle of water droplet on CAA-coated paper surface was about 125° and the C/O ratio of CAA-coated paper was increased to [&hellip;]
- [The Quantitative Calculation Between Chrome Technological Parameters in Leather Making and Chrome Absorptivity](https://sltc.org/product/the-quantitative-calculation-between-chrome-technological-parameters-in-leather-making-and-chrome-absorptivity/): Abstract The relationship between the single technological parameter and chrome absorptivity [percentage of total chrome absorbed] based on laboratory tests and process manual data was studied. Stepwise regression analysis was employed to obtain the quantitative correlation between tanning parameters and chrome absorptivity, on the basis of establishing a relationship between multi-process parameters and comprehensive factors of chromium binding capacity using commercial tanneries actual measurements as contrast. The results showed that, the quantitative calculation of chrome absorptivity through technological parameters could absolutely reflect the actual situation in the tanning process amongst the multiple steps in the heterogeneous and mixed systems contained [&hellip;]
- [A Dehydration Process for Ovine Hide to Obtain a New Collagenous Material](https://sltc.org/product/a-dehydration-process-for-ovine-hide-to-obtain-a-new-collagenous-material/): Abstract The aim of the present work is to develop a dehydration process for ovine hide to obtain a new collagenous material for use in the leather industry.What is obtained through this new process is a dry and very porous collagenous substrate which allows the application of tanning chemicals by immersion in aqueous solutions.When compared to existing, traditional processes, economic and environmental advantages are obtained from the use of this new material. More specifically, the new process results in reductions in water use (18%), chemical use (39%), and process time (11%).
- [Treatment Using Both Direct and Alternating Electric Currents on Hide Bacteria in Brine Curing and Pre-Soaking Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/treatment-using-both-direct-and-alternating-electric-currents-on-hide-bacteria-in-brine-curing-and-pre-soaking-liquors/): Abstract Animal hides support the growth of highly diverse Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial populations. These bacterial populations cause important damage to the hides during brine curing and pre-soaking processes, subsequently reducing the quality of the final leather. It is usually difficult to combat the diverse resistance offered by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in these processes in a short time with conventional antimicrobials. Therefore, the present study examined the inactivation effect of a combined electric current treatment using both 1.5A direct and 2A alternating electric currents on: 1) each test isolate of Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas luteola, Vibrio fluvialis) [&hellip;]
- [Glutaraldehyde Retannage – a Review and Assessment of the Properties](https://sltc.org/product/glutaraldehyde-retannage-a-review-and-assessment-of-the-properties/): Abstract Two different samples of cow softy leather (identified as CSG0 and CSG3) were prepared from a cow wet-blue of Indian origin. CSG0 was the control sample and CSG3 had 3% glutaraldehyde added to the process. Other unit operations (physical and chemical) were the same in both samples. Thermal, mechanical and hydrodynamic swelling behaviour of these samples was studied in order to correlate it with the cross-linking densities of the samples. The hydrodynamic swelling behavior was studied in three different solvents (viz. water, toluene and xylene), assuming definite solvent-bovine collagen interaction parameters, cross-link densities were evaluated by applying the Flory-Rehner [&hellip;]
- [Raw Skin Wastes – Used to Prepare a Collagen Fibre Adsorbent for the Chromatographic Separation of Flavonoids](https://sltc.org/product/raw-skin-wastes-used-to-prepare-a-collagen-fibre-adsorbent-for-the-chromatographic-separation-of-flavonoids/): Abstract To explore the new approach of value-added utilization of tannery skin wastes, a novel column packing material, collagen fibre adsorbent (CFA), was prepared by using skin wastes as raw material. In the present study, the separation application of CFA on flavonoids and its comparison with other current packing materials (silica gel, polyamide, D101 macroporous resin and Sephadex LH-20) were investigated. Rutin and kaempferol were selected as model flavonoids. Static adsorption indicated that the adsorption capacity of CFA to rutin and kaempferol was different, and the extent of adsorption of kaempferol was lower because it has fewer hydroxyl groups/hydrogen-bond reaction [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Mechanical Properties of Polyacrylic Acid Resin Retanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-mechanical-properties-of-polyacrylic-acid-resin-retanning-agent/): Abstract Polyacrylic acid retanning agent (PAA), PAA-1 and PAA-2 with weight average molecular weights (Mw) of 14.4 x 103 and 23.1 x 103g/mol respectively, were prepared by water solution homopolymerization of acrylic acid monomer. The effects of molecular weight and moisture absorbency on glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical properties of PAA were investigated. The results showed that PAA- 1 and PAA-2 have similar capacity for moisture absorbency, namely about 14.5% at 20°C(T=20°C) and 65% relative humidity (RH=65%). After equilibrating for 48 hours at T=20°C, RH=65%, the Tg of PAA- 1 and PAA-2 fell from 86.17°C and 90.71°C to -11.44°C [&hellip;]
- [Potential Applications of Solid Waste Generated in the Leather Industry as a Novel Supporting Matrix for Immobilization of Enzyme](https://sltc.org/product/potential-applications-of-solid-waste-generated-in-the-leather-industry-as-a-novel-supporting-matrix-for-immobilization-of-enzyme/): Abstract A novel method for the immobilization of an enzyme was established by using solid waste from tanneries as the carrier. A series of inorganic and organic carriers with good behaviours were evaluated in this context. The results showed that the enzyme immobilization efficiency was optimal when the enzyme offer, reaction temperature, pH, ionic strength and time were set at 335mg enzyme per g carrier, 25°C, 6.5, 0.1mol/L and 60 minutes, respectively. The optimal temperature and pHof the immobilized enzyme in terms of protease were 55°C and 8.0, respectively, similar to that for the free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme remained [&hellip;]
- [Effects of Fibre Pore Status on Hot-wet Comfort of Sheep Garment Leather](https://sltc.org/product/effects-of-fibre-pore-status-on-hot-wet-comfort-of-sheep-garment-leather/): Abstract Hot-wet comfort, which is very important for clothing, could be measured by several indicators such as air permeability, moisture permeability, water-absorption and heat retention. The photomicrographs of collagen fibre and that of pores in the finish film were first analyzed in this paper. The hot-wet comfortable condition of sheep garment leather was studied by measuring the main indicators listed above and by comparing these indicators of sheep garment leather with those of other materials such as artificial materials and acrylic/cotton fibres. The results showed that the air permeability, moisture permeability, water-absorbing quality of sheep garment leather were much better [&hellip;]
- [Concentration and Re-use of Tannery Dyeing-Fatliquoring Effluent by Ultrafiltration](https://sltc.org/product/concentration-and-re-use-of-tannery-dyeing-fatliquoring-effluent-by-ultrafiltration/): Abstract Spent dyeing-fatliquoring baths contain a large quantity of pollutants including polymers, dyestuffs, emulsified oils and additives. In order to reduce the pollution, the spent dyeing-fatliquoring bath was concentrated and re-used in the dyeing-fatliquoring process. The solutes in the bath were evaluated in terms of COD, total nitrogen, total solid, ash and dyestuff. The effects of the volume reduction factor on permeate flux and solute retentions were investigated during the concentration. The characteristics of concentrate and permeate, as well as membrane regeneration were measured during the re-use. The results show that a steady permeate flux of 41.9L/m2h with retentions of [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Co-combustion of Tannery Sludge and Coal on the Migration of Cr in the Bottom Ash](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-co-combustion-of-tannery-sludge-and-coal-on-the-migration-of-cr-in-the-bottom-ash/): Abstract The feasibility of co-combustion of tannery sludge and coal as well as mono-combustion of the sludge was analyzed by tracking the migration of Cr in the sludge and its bottom ash. Most of the Cr was found to be fixed in the bottom ash during combustion when the temperature was not over 600°C. For further analysis of the migration behaviour of Cr after combustion, speciation of Cr in bottom ash was determined by BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) method. It was found that a great deal of Cr was converted from oxidizable fraction in sludge to exchangeable fraction in [&hellip;]
- [pH as a Parameter for the Exponential Stability of Fatliquor Emulsions](https://sltc.org/product/ph-as-a-parameter-for-the-exponential-stability-of-fatliquor-emulsions/): Abstract The characteristics of emulsions used in a tannery for leather greasing are presented in this study. Emulsions have been prepared from five commercial greasing [fatliquor] products as 10% emulsions which were tested in the pH range from 4 to 8. Mean particle size, fraction number and dispersion coefficients of tested systems are presented. Based on the results obtained it was found that samples with emulsions containing lanolin and samples with emulsions containing mixtures of synthetic and natural oils showed the best stability.
- [Melamine Glyoxal Resin as a Retanning Agent – Preparation and Application](https://sltc.org/product/melamine-glyoxal-resin-as-a-retanning-agent-preparation-and-application/): Abstract Amino resins have played an important role in the manufacture of leather due to their outstanding filling and dyeing properties. However, a traditionally prepared amino resin usually contains free formaldehyde, which is strictly restricted in leather products. With increasing awareness of potential health problems with formaldehyde, there is a growing demand for formaldehyde-free leathers in the global leather market. In this study, a formaldehyde-free amino resin was synthesized by using glyoxal as condensing agent, and its retanning properties were investigated. It was found that the glyoxal can be used to replace formaldehyde to synthesize an amino resin, and the [&hellip;]
- [A New Drying Application for Garment Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-drying-application-for-garment-leather/): Abstract In the present investigation the effect of two drying alternatives is analyzed on a fine garment leather. Natural hang drying is compared to tumble forced convection drying. The project is of interest due to the extended drying time under a high humidity environment which demands a high inventory of skins and a long overall manufacturing process time. The two drying processes deliver leather pieces of different characteristics, consequently, the physical and subjective properties of the products are compared. The forced convection drying process is set up for the conditions that best maintain the quality of the leather compared to [&hellip;]
- [The Role of Fungi Isolated from Historical Vegetable-Tanned Leather on the Degradation of Peptides and Amino Acids](https://sltc.org/product/the-role-of-fungi-isolated-from-historical-vegetable-tanned-leather-on-the-degradation-of-peptides-and-amino-acids/): Abstract Large numbers of leather artefacts are found in many places in Egypt such as libraries, museums, storehouses, mosques and churches. Many aspects of deterioration especially fungal stains are found on the surface of items such as bookbindings due to unfavourable environmental conditions (such as increased temperature, relative humidity, light, air pollutants etc.). This paper aims to isolate and identify fungi from vegetable-tanned leather bookbindings; study the effect of highly proteolytic fungi in the hydrolysis of leather into peptides and free amino acids, and determination of amino acid content of accelerated aged leather produced using fungi. To achieve this, we [&hellip;]
- [Fibre-forming Properties of Collagen and Gelatin Derived from Bovine Limed-Split Waste](https://sltc.org/product/fibre-forming-properties-of-collagen-and-gelatin-derived-from-bovine-limed-split-waste/): Abstract Fibre-forming properties of collagen and gelatin derived from bovine limed-split were investigated. It was found that collagen was capable of assembling into fibres in a salt environment. The morphology of collagen fibres was pH dependent. The collagen fibres formed at pH4-6 were in random state while they were further aggregated into ordered fibre bundles with periodic structures in the pH range of 7- 8 (around the isoelectric point of collagen). Meanwhile, the directional collagen fibre bundles growing along the lattice orientation of underlying inorganic substrate were prepared in the presence of KCl. In contrast, gelatin was not able to [&hellip;]
- [Comparison of Physico-mechanical and Physico-chemical Properties of Leather Tanned Using Different Methods](https://sltc.org/product/comparison-of-physico-mechanical-and-physico-chemical-properties-of-leather-tanned-using-different-methods/): Abstract The aim of this work was to analyse physico-mechanical and physico-chemical properties of chrome leather, chrome-free and no-pickle chrome tanned leather. Leather was tested for tensile and tear strength. In addition, dome plasticity of grain, softness, absorption and permeability of water and water vapour were determined. The properties of no-pickle leathers tanned with chrome and mineral-free tanned were found to exhibit no significant differences from those tanned using traditional methods, even showing a greater tensile strength. Softness was the sole parameter where a poorer performance was observed. It was preliminarily concluded, therefore, that introduction of more environment-friendly technologies requires [&hellip;]
- [Hygienic Properties of Leather Finished with Formulations Containing Collagen Hydrolysate Obtained by Acid Hydrolysis](https://sltc.org/product/hygienic-properties-of-leather-finished-with-formulations-containing-collagen-hydrolysate-obtained-by-acid-hydrolysis/): Abstract Test results of finished leathers are presented in this paper. Varying proportions of acrylic resin and collagen hydrolysate were used as binding agents. The hydrolysate was produced from waste chromium-tanned hide by means of acid hydrolysis. Sorption, desorption and water vapour permeability were assayed and softness of leathers finished with mixes of varying collagen hydrolysate contents was determined. The testing has demonstrated that collagen hydrolysate in the finishing mixes improved the hygienic properties of finished leathers (increasing absorption, desorption and water vapour permeability). On the other hand leather softness declined a little. It has been demonstrated that a new [&hellip;]
- [Measurement of Hexavalent Chromium in Chrome-Tanned Leather: Comparative Study of Acidic Condition Extraction with Alkaline Extraction](https://sltc.org/product/measurement-of-hexavalent-chromium-in-chrome-tanned-leather-comparative-study-of-acidic-condition-extraction-with-alkaline-extraction/): Abstract Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) causes dermatitis and cancer, and is often quantified from chrometanned leather. Analysis for Cr6+ is generally carried out after extraction into 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (P-buffer pH8.0) according to the method of ISO 17075. However, since the pH value of chrometanned leather and sweat due to wear are on the acidic side, the above method for Cr6+ should be validated using acidic extracts. In the present study, acidic extracts from chrome-tanned leather were analyzed for Cr6+ comparing the results with those using alkaline extracts. A sample of commercial chrome-tanned leather was used to investigate the [&hellip;]
- [Dechroming Spent Tanning Liquor Using Filtration Cake from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Chromium Shavings](https://sltc.org/product/dechroming-spent-tanning-liquor-using-filtration-cake-from-enzymatic-hydrolysis-of-chromium-shavings/): Abstract The work presented deals with the treatment of spent tanning liquor using the chromium cake from alkali enzymatic hydrolysis of leather shavings, the scheme is seen as a part of complete recycling of chromium in the leather industry. There is a long-term worldwide effort to keep all chromium under control, ideally in a closed loop, since chromium, especially in its hexavalent form, has a negative impact on the environment and human health. The filtration cake obtained by hydrolysis contains a significant amount of chromium and, due to its alkaline character it could be used for the treatment of spent [&hellip;]
- [Characterization of Raw Wastewater from Tanneries](https://sltc.org/product/characterization-of-raw-wastewater-from-tanneries/): Abstract Due to the constantly increasing requirements and supervisory environmental agencies concerning the release of industrial effluents into receiving waters, industries are looking to properly treat their effluents and to achieve efficient removal of contaminants. The leather industry is responsible for the production of liquid effluents with high concentrations of pollutants since most of the process steps are carried out in an aqueous medium. Due to the changes in leather technologies in recent years, it is necessary to know and analyze how tannery effluents vary according to the processing steps performed in different tanneries. This may be used to plan [&hellip;]
- [Tanning Technique of Crocodylus Niloticus Bag Leather](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-technique-of-crocodylus-niloticus-bag-leather/): Abstract Based on the structural features of Crocodylus niloticus raw hides, the operation points and considerations of each process in beamhouse, tanning and finishing operations are discussed in detail. Methods like multi-step degreasing, strong liming, oxidation-reduction bleaching were used to solve the problems in Crocodylus niloticus tanning, such as high fat content, cuticle cleaning, colour nonuniformity etc. The processing technology which can be applied to practical production of Crocodylus niloticus leather was devised.With the application of this technology, the finished leather was full, soft, and resilient, with high shrinkage temperature, uniform colour, meeting the requirements for bag leather.
- [A Comparative Study of Various Collagen Fibre Wastes as Oil Sorbent Materials](https://sltc.org/product/a-comparative-study-of-various-collagen-fibre-wastes-as-oil-sorbent-materials/): Abstract To compare the potential utilization of various collagen fibre wastes from the leather industry, such as raw hide waste, oil-tanned and chrome-tanned wastes, as oil sorbents, a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) modified collagen fibre was prepared using raw hide waste and an epoxy-terminated silicone oligomer. We fabricated samples by a lyophilization technique utilizing the corresponding hide powder fibre (HPF). The oil sorption capacity, sorption saturation time, and retention capacity of prepared sorbents were studied. The results showed that oil sorption capacity of PDMS-modified HPF for silicone oil and vegetable (rape) oil were 6.98 and 5.58g/g, respectively. This sample exhibited the [&hellip;]
- [The Effect of Enzyme Pre-treatment for Tannery Sludge](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-enzyme-pre-treatment-for-tannery-sludge/): Abstract Some of the basic properties of tannery sludge were examined by using GC-MS, atomic absorption spectrophotometry and other methods. The effect of enzyme pre-treatment for tannery sludge was studied. The results showed that the alkaline protease 2709 and neutral protease As.1398 can effectively promote the soluble chemical oxygen demand of tannery sludge. Alkaline protease 2709 enzymatic pre-treatment can promote anaerobic digestion of tannery sludge. It can increase the rate of decomposition of organic matter by 23.01%, and increase methane gas production by 144.89%. Used together with ultrasound pre-treatment alkaline protease 2709 and can promote anaerobic digestion and increase the [&hellip;]
- [Characterization of Moderately Halophilic Bacteria from Salt–Pack–Cured Hides](https://sltc.org/product/characterization-of-moderately-halophilic-bacteria-from-salt-pack-cured-hides/)
- [Determination of Antioxidant Properties of Commonly Used Vegetable Tannins and Their Effects on Prevention of Cr(VI) Formation](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-antioxidant-properties-of-commonly-used-vegetable-tannins-and-their-effects-on-prevention-of-crvi-formation/): Abstract Even though Cr(VI) is not used in any step of leather making, the presence of Cr(VI) in leather has become a concern in the leather industry. Free radicals usually play an important role in the formation of Cr(VI) in leather. The effectiveness of antioxidant materials in preventing free radical formation is well known. Tannins as phenolic materials are also known to have antioxidant properties. However, the antioxidant effectiveness shows variations regarding to the type and structure of tannins. In the present study, the vegetable tannins which are commonly used in the leather industry (mimosa, quebracho, sumac, tara, valonea and [&hellip;]
- [Antimicrobial Activity of Chrome-tanned Leathers Treated with Chitosan Formate](https://sltc.org/product/antimicrobial-activity-of-chrome-tanned-leathers-treated-with-chitosan-formate/): Abstract The aim of the present study was to develop bio-functional leather materials with antimicrobial activity by using chitosan (C) as a natural biocide. Chitosan formate (CF) solution was prepared and chrome-tanned leathers (TL) were treated with it at six different proportions (0.5-5.0%) to evaluate their physical and antimicrobial properties. The CF solution was examined for antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and fungal inhibition test (%). CF-treated leather samples were also characterized for their antimicrobial activity by the agar diffusion method. The treated TL showed [&hellip;]
- [Immunization Action of Sodium Silicate on Hair: Part 2 Hair-save Process Based on Lime Substitution by Sodium Silicate](https://sltc.org/product/immunization-action-of-sodium-silicate-on-hair-part-2-hair-save-process-based-on-lime-substitution-by-sodium-silicate/): Abstract A major contributor to the pollution from the tanning industry is conventional unhairing using sodium sulphide and lime. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a lime-free unhairing process using sodium silicate as a hair immunization agent. The parameters of the unhairing process have also been optimized evaluating qualitative indexes of the hide during processes and the leather obtained as well. It was established that hair removal quality and chemical and strength properties of the experimental leathers are comparable to those of control leathers. A significant reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand and [&hellip;]
- [Immunization Action of Sodium Silicate on Hair](https://sltc.org/product/immunization-action-of-sodium-silicate-on-hair/): Abstract The ability of such alkalis as calcium, barium, sodium and potassium hydroxides and sodium metasilicate to immunize wool was investigated. Sodium silicate was confirmed as an effective immunization agent whose efficiency increases with increased treatment duration and treatment solution concentration. Sodium silicate lacks a divalent cation and acts at pH13. This allows the assumption that the immunization mechanism is other than that of calcium or barium hydroxide. Differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy analysis results show the differences in hair structure after treatment by various alkalis. Research work is in progress to clarify the mechanism of the hair immunization [&hellip;]
- [Progress of Application and Chemical Modification of Biomass Collagen: A Review](https://sltc.org/product/progress-of-application-and-chemical-modification-of-biomass-collagen-a-review/): Abstract As an animal biomass resource, collagen not only has rich sources, but is also an important component of animal skins. In this study, structure and functional characteristics of collagen are summarized. The latest achievements on molecular assembly modifying methods for collagen crosslinking, groups, and graft copolymerization modifications are reviewed. The applications of modified collagen in the fields of leather, papermaking, cosmetics, biomedical material and food industry etc. are summarized. In addition, the prospect of its application in the leather industry is stated.
- [Properties of Metal and Metal-Gas Hybrid Ion Implanted Chrome-tanned Leather Surfaces](https://sltc.org/product/properties-of-metal-and-metal-gas-hybrid-ion-implanted-chrome-tanned-leather-surfaces/): Abstract Leather samples were modified by Ag and Zn+O ion implantation using a metal vapour vacuum arc (MEVVA) implanter. The ions were implanted at an accelerating voltage of 30kV and with 1 x 1014, 1 x 1015 and 1 x 1016 ions/cm2 fluences, and results were compared with an unimplanted control group. The surface morphologies of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The physical properties (tensile strength and tear load), CIE lab colour analysis, contact angle measurements and FTIR were also examined. The results showed that this technique can fulfill expectations of better quality and, environmentally friendly and [&hellip;]
- [Cleaner Processing of Bovine Wet-white: Synthesis and Application of a Novel Chrome-free Tanning Agent Based on an Amphoteric Organic Compound](https://sltc.org/product/cleaner-processing-of-bovine-wet-white-synthesis-and-application-of-a-novel-chrome-free-tanning-agent-based-on-an-amphoteric-organic-compound/): Abstract Wet-white processing is an effective method to reduce or get rid of chrome pollution. However; the current chrome-free tanning agents can’t meet the needs both of the market and of environmental protection regarding the aspects of shrinkage temperature, the state of wet-white tanned and clean production. A novel chrome-free tanning agent was synthesized through radical polymerization by employing acrolein and diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. Based on this novel chrome-free agent, its characteristics, application and the cleaner processing of bovine wet-white leather were studied in this thesis. The results show that the novel chrome-free agent has the structure of an [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis of Modified Hydrogenated Castor oil/ nano-ZnO Composites and its Application as a Fatliquoring Agent](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-of-modified-hydrogenated-castor-oil-nano-zno-composites-and-its-application-as-a-fatliquoring-agent/): Abstract Modified hydrogenated castor oil/nano-ZnO composites have been successfully prepared via a facile chemical approach. In this method, ZnO nanoparticles were first modified by isopropyl tri(dioctyl pyrophosphate acyloxy) titanate (NDZ201) to obtain NDZ201 modified ZnO, and then the NDZ201 modified ZnO was introduced into hydrogenated castor oil to prepare modified hydrogenated castor oil/nano-ZnO (MHCO/ZnO) composites. The stability and anti-UV susceptability of MHCO/ZnO composites were investigated. The results show that MHCO/ZnO composites have better UV resistance and stability than hydrogenated castor oil. Both MHCO and ZnO have the anti-UV synergistic effect. MHCO/ZnO composites as fatliquoring agents were applied to leather. The [&hellip;]
- [Cross-linking Reaction between Genipin and Porcine Acellular Dermal Matrix](https://sltc.org/product/cross-linking-reaction-between-genipin-and-porcine-acellular-dermal-matrix/): Abstract Genipin(GP) has been used as a sort of perfect natural cross-linking agent for collagenous biomaterials, but the cross-linking mechanism between collagen and GP is not clear. The aldehyde groups can be formed in aqueous solution of Genipin (GP), which can react with Cu(OH)2 and be used in the silver mirror reaction. About 0.2506 mol aldehyde groups were determined by Decolor Fuchsin Spectrophotometry in 1mol GP. In neutral solution, the ultraviolet absorption peak of GP appeared at 242.10nm, whereas in alkaline solution, it GP moved to 271.70nm due to the generation of enolates structure. Compared with the neutral condition, the [&hellip;]
- [Components of a Bioflocculant Prepared with Bacillus Subtilis for the Treatment of Tannery Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/components-of-a-bioflocculant-prepared-with-bacillus-subtilis-for-the-treatment-of-tannery-wastewater/): Abstract A bioflocculant prepared with Bacillus subtilis was used to treat tannery wastewater, followed by component analysis of the bioflocculant. The results demonstrated that the bioflocculant prepared with Bacillus subtilis was able to treat total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour, successfully removing the compounds from tannery wastewater. Component analysis revealed that the bioflocculant contained saccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, osamines, and fats; the bioflocculant did not contain nucleic acid. It is expected that these results will contribute to future research into the application and the mechanism by which bioflocculants remove contaminants from tannery wastewater.
- [Mechanism of the Influence of the Fatliquor on the Bio-decolourization of an Azo Dye](https://sltc.org/product/mechanism-of-the-influence-of-the-fatliquor-on-the-bio-decolourization-of-an-azo-dye/): Abstract In the treatment of tannery wastewater, other chemical agents such as tannins and fatliquors may possibly have an influence on bio-decolourization of dyes, few researchers have addressed that problem. This paper reports how four kinds of commercial fatliquors influence the bio-decolourization of an azo dye (Acid Fuchsin 6B as the experimental object) and expounds the mechanisms of these influence processes. It was obvious that the addition of sulfonated fatliquor and oxidized-sulfited fatliquor have improved the bio-decolourization activity of Acid Fuchsin 6B, by contrary, the biodecolourization of the dye has been stopped virtually by the addition of Lecithin based fatliquor [&hellip;]
- [The Measurement of Water Vapour Permeability of Leather with ISO 14268 and Related Methods](https://sltc.org/product/the-measurement-ofwater-vapour-permeability-of-leather-with-iso-14268-and-related-methods/): Abstract A known technique to measure the water vapour permeability of leather is described by ISO 14268 and similar standards. These methods rely on the adsorption of the water vapour by a solid desiccant inside a closed vessel that is separated from a conditioned atmosphere by the leather piece. The mass increase of the desiccant corresponds to the amount of moisture transmitted by the specimen and is thus used to calculate its water vapour permeability. In this investigation different desiccants are used to measure the permeability of a chrome split and of cellulosic membranes, showing that the results are influenced [&hellip;]
- [Towards the Smart Tannery Enterprise](https://sltc.org/product/towards-the-smart-tannery-enterprise/): &nbsp;
- [Simultaneous Determination of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP) in Leather by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-determination-of-n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-nmp-and-n-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone-nep-in-leather-by-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry/): Abstract N-Alkyl-2-pyrrolidones such as N-methyl- and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP and NEP) are widely used as solvents in leather finishing agents. However, NMP and NEP were identified as reproductive toxicants. Moreover, NMP has been listed in the Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) by European Chemicals Agency. Herein, we have developed a simple and rapid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of NMP and NEP in leather samples. The extraction solvent, methods and time have been comparatively investigated and optimized for enhancing the extraction efficiency of NMP and NEP in samples. Under optimal extraction and GC-MS conditions, [&hellip;]
- [Dechroming of Chromium-containing Leather Waste with Low Hydrolysis Degree of Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/dechroming-of-chromium-containing-leather-waste-with-low-hydrolysis-degree-of-collagen/): Abstract Dechroming is essential for utilization of chromium-containing leather wastes. Strong hydrolysis conditions favour breaking of the Cr and collagen linkage, but lead to a high degree of hydrolysis of the collagen so that the separation of chromium from the gelatinous hydrolysates becomes difficult. In this research, a mild acid-alkali alternate treatment of the waste with hydrolysis assistants was investigated, so as to develop a technology that has high dechroming level and low hydrolysis degree of collagen. A satisfactory dechroming method with four steps was finally obtained and the reaction conditions for each step were optimized as follows. Step 1 [&hellip;]
- [Composition, Structure and Properties of Immunized Hair from Hair-saving Unhairing Process](https://sltc.org/product/composition-structure-and-properties-of-immunized-hair-from-hair-saving-unhairing-process/): Abstract The immunized cattle hair from a hair-saving unhairing process was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and the elements in the cortex were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), while the original hair was used as control. The differences of resistance to acid, alkali, oxidant and enzyme between immunized hair and original hair were also compared. The results showed that the thickness of the immunized hair squama decreased by approximately 30.01%, and the surface morphology was obviously damaged compared with the original hair. Calcium and magnesium were found in the immunized hair, while [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Mixed Metal Pretannage with Zinc and Titanium plus Masking Agents](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-mixed-metal-pretannage-with-zinc-and-titanium-plus-masking-agents/): Abstract This paper focuses on the effect of masking agents and tanning with zinc and zinc-titanium metal complexes. Sodium formate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate and sodium tartrate were used as masking agents. The best masking condition was chosen corresponding to the highest shrinkage temperature. Zinc sulfate and titanium sulfate, in different concentrations, were chosen as tanning agents in mixedtanning experiments. The highest shrinkage temperature of the wet-white was 77°C, and the attendant zinc content in its leather was 3.63%. After retannage with chrome powder, the shrinkage temperature of the resultant leather increased as expected, and reached 96°C. The wet-white was [&hellip;]
- [A Way to Reduce Injury to Skin in Enzymatic Unhairing](https://sltc.org/product/a-way-to-reduce-injury-to-skin-in-enzymatic-unhairing/): Abstract Enzymatic unhairing is a cleaner production method. However, the main difficulty which hinders the utilization of protease in unhairing is the injury to skin caused by the protease. In this article, a collagenase was purified from the protease (2709). The particular collagenase is a metalloprotease which is inhibited by EDTA. On the other hand, 2709 itself is a serine protease which is insensitive to EDTA. A way to reduce the injury to skin was put forward. When 10mM EDTA is added to crude enzyme solutions of 2709, the protease (2709) retains 90.5% of the proteolytic activity, and the unhairing [&hellip;]
- [Preservation of Goatskin Using Tamarindus Indica Leaf Extract – Green Process Approach](https://sltc.org/product/preservation-of-goatskin-using-tamarindus-indica-leaf-extract-green-process-approach/): Abstract Preservation of animal skin using common salt is widely followed globally and has been in vogue since time immemorial. Salt used for preservation is discharged along with the soak liquor and contributes to 70% of TDS load from leather manufacturing. As an attempt to reduce chloride and TDS, plant based preservation with Tamarindus indica was studied. Different concentrations of salt and Tamarind leaf extract were applied on freshly-flayed goatskins based on its green weight and compared with control (40% salt alone/kg of skin wt.). Sensory evaluation of the preserved skin was done every day (till 21st day) for smell, [&hellip;]
- [Recovery of Chromium(III) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Carboxylate Functionalized Wool Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/recovery-of-chromiumiii-ions-from-aqueous-solution-by-carboxylate-functionalized-wool-fibres/): Abstract The application of wool fibres for recovery of heavy metal ions is equivalent to the use of one waste to clean-up of another. A carboxylate functionalized wool fibre (PAA-g-Wool) was prepared by grafting poly(acrylic acid) onto the surface of wool fibre in the presence of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid as a redox initiator system. The graft percentage was 80.2%. The PAA-g-Wool adsorbent was applied to absorb chromium(III) from aqueous solutions in a batchwise manner. The optimum pH for recovery of chromium(III) by PAA-g-Wool was found to be 6.0. Kinetic studies show that the sorption process agrees with the [&hellip;]
- [Stabilization of Collagen by Cross-linking with a Ferrous-gluconic Acid Compound](https://sltc.org/product/stabilization-of-collagen-by-cross-linking-with-a-ferrous-gluconic-acid-compound/): Abstract The stabilization of type Ic ollagen is important to applications of collagen protein. In this paper, the stabilization of type Ic ollagen with Fe-gluconic acid has been studied by various methods such as UVvis and IR spectra, CD and DSC etc. Gluconic acid can form a compound with ferrous sulphate which can improve the thermal stability of type Ic ollagen to an extent greater than that of Fe alone. The reaction molar ratio was 1:3 between Fe and gluconic acid. The increase of thermal stability is owed to cross-link formation between the compound and collagen.
- [Bovine Demodicosis: Leather from the Raw Material to the Finished Product](https://sltc.org/product/bovine-demodicosis-leather-from-the-raw-material-to-the-finished-product/): Abstract Demodex bovis mites and associated bacteria produced lesions ranging from 25 to 3618 per hide. Infected hides were compared to non-infected ones, from the raw material to the finished product. Infected hides showed the following defects: (1) Severely infected hides were green-graded as rejects. (2) The curing time was longer than non-infected ones. (3) The rate of water absorption was reduced by more than 50% (4) Liming resulted in dark blue precipitate on the lesions due to uneven distribution of the sulphide. (5) Scudding was very difficult. (6) Deliming and pickling resulted in circular white blemishes on the grain [&hellip;]
- [Assessment of Carbon Contribution to the East Kolkata Wetland Ecosystem (Ramsar Site: 1208) by Leather Producing Units of the Calcutta Leather Complex: Part II](https://sltc.org/product/assessment-of-carbon-contribution-to-the-east-kolkata-wetland-ecosystem-ramsar-site-1208-by-leather-producing-units-of-the-calcutta-leather-complex-part-ii/): Abstract In the context of addition of carbon to East Kolkata Wetland (EKW) ecosystem, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive computation of carbon input by raw hides-skins and different chemicals; and carbon output by various solid and liquid waste from the leather industry. The calculations are based on the conventional operations of nine tanneries of which three produce bag leather, three gloves and three shoe uppers. The amount of carbon that enters into the leather industry depends upon the selection of raw hides and skins, percentage of chemicals used and purity of chemicals. In case of bag [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Hyaluronic Acid on the Properties of Chrome-Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-hyaluronic-acid-on-the-properties-of-chrome-tanned-leather/): Abstract In conventional beamhouse operations, the elimination of hyaluronic acid from hides takes place in the soaking stage in the presence of a neutral salt. The impact of sodium chloride and sodium silicate (sodium metasilicate salt)-cured hides along with green hides were investigated in terms of removal of hyaluronic acid. Throughout beamhouse operations, the opening up of fibre structure was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The residual hyaluronic acid in hide and pelt samples taken after each beamhouse operation was analysed through bio-chemical analysis assisted by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The interaction of residual hyaluronic acid with chromium (III) was investigated [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Urea-loading of a Novel Biosuperabsorbent Polymer Based on Leather Waste](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-urea-loading-of-a-novel-biosuperabsorbent-polymer-based-on-leather-waste/): Abstract In order to develop an eco-friendly polymer, a novel superabsorbent polymer was synthesized by grafting the alkaline hydrolysis product of leather waste (LW) to a copolymer of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM)(PLW-g-(AA-co-AM))with microwave method assistance. The morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through a single factor experiment, various factors were explored which may affect the water absorption of such a superabsorbent polymer during preparation. The results showed that the optimum technological conditions of synthesizing PLW-g-(AA-co-AM) were: dosage of LW15wt.% of total monomer mass, cross-linking agent 0.06wt.% of monomer mass, neutralization degree 75%, AA: [&hellip;]
- [Adsorption Kinetics of Collagen Fibre Toward Cr(III)](https://sltc.org/product/adsorption-kinetics-of-collagen-fibre-toward-criii/): Abstract Collagen fibre is used to simulate the chrome tanning of pickled hide. The adsorption properties of collagen fibre toward Cr(III) under different conditions were analyzed. The adsorption kinetic of the collagen fibre toward Cr(III) was studied. The Lagrange pseudo-first-order kinetic model, pseudosecond- order kinetic model and intra-particle diffusion model were employed to study the adsorption kinetics behaviour. FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XRD, TGA and Ion distributor analysis were employed to characterize the difference between collagen fibre and Cr(III) loaded collagen fibre.
- [Effect of Chrome Content in the Chrome Tanning Liquid of the Leather Tanning Machine on the Properties of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-chrome-content-in-the-chrome-tanning-liquid-of-the-leather-tanning-machine-on-the-properties-of-leather/): Abstract The effect of chrome content in chrome tanning liquid on the physical and mechanical properties of leather when using the specially designed leather tanning machine were studied and the leather was characterized by EDS and SEM. The results showed that, considering the chrome content in leather and the physical and mechanical properties of leather, the best chrome content in the chrome tanning liquid was 16g/L. The EDS results showed that the distribution of chrome in leather was relatively uniform. The SEM results showed that the collagen fibre dispersion of leather tanned with the leather tanning machine was better than [&hellip;]
- [Air Permeability and Moisture Penetration Performance of Leather from a Microscopic View](https://sltc.org/product/air-permeability-and-moisture-penetration-performance-of-leather-from-a-microscopic-view/): Abstract In this paper, the microscopic spatial structure change of natural leather collagen III (i.e. 1bkv collagen) was simulated using Tinker software. The dynamics of the process for 1bkv [amino acid sequence number of Type III collagen] collagen was simulated at 300K, 320K, 340K and 360K, Through a series of analyses we find that Rg (radius of gyration) of all of the atoms of 1bkv collagen molecules increases with the increase of chosen temperature, and its average value decreases from 24.9Å to 21.0Å. Considering this along with the simulation trajectory of dynamics at different temperatures, people can find that the [&hellip;]
- [Characterization of Goat Leather Structure Using a Metallographic Technique](https://sltc.org/product/characterization-of-goat-leather-structure-using-a-metallographic-technique/): Abstract A series of cross sections of the goat bluestock using a metallographic technique were first examined with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the back-scattered electrons (BSE) mode and an optical microscope with oblique illumination. Through analyzing and comparing the images obtained in different modes, the different patterns of leather structure were illustrated in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of various examination methods were explained.
- [Analysis of Pore-Size and Related Parameters for Leather Matrix Through Capillary Flow Porosimetry Technique](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-pore-size-and-related-parameters-for-leather-matrix-through-capillary-flow-porosimetry-technique/): Abstract Leather processing involves diffusion of various chemicals through the pores of skin/leather matrix. Pore-size of the matrix has significant impact on the diffusion rates of the substances involved. The determination of pore-sizes and related parameters is necessary for an understanding of the diffusion phenomena in leather processing and related techniques. There are some limitations in existing poresize measurement techniques for natural fibrous materials like leather; hence there is a need for development of novel techniques with non-influencing character on structure of materials like leather. In this regard, a capillary flow porosimetry technique for pore-size measurement has been applied to [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Application of Eco-Friendly Amino Resins for Retanning of Leather under Different Conditions](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-eco-friendly-amino-resins-for-retanning-of-leather-under-different-conditions/): Abstract Synthetic tanning agents are indispensable for making any type of leather article. There is a challenge for syntans to be processed without formaldehyde to meet strict regulations in the leather goods and chemicals arena. In the present study, formaldehyde-free melamine-based retanning has been developed using glyoxal as a condensing agent and sodium sulfamate as a sulfonating agent. Sulfonated glyoxylated melamine-based resins were prepared using different mole ratios of melamine, sodium sulfamate and glyoxal. The sodium sulfamate to melamine mole ratio (SS/M) was varied from 0.5 to 3.0 and glyoxal to melamine mole ratio (G/M) was varied from 2 to [&hellip;]
- [Assessment of Carbon Contribution to the East Kolkata Wetland Ecosystem (Ramsar Site: 1208) by Leather Producing Units of the Calcutta Leather Complex: Part I](https://sltc.org/product/assessment-of-carbon-contribution-to-the-east-kolkata-wetland-ecosystem-ramsar-site-1208-by-leather-producing-units-of-the-calcutta-leather-complex-part-i/): Abstract In the context of addition of carbon to East Kolkata Wetland (EKW) ecosystem, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive computation of carbon input by raw hides-skins and different chemicals; and carbon output by various solid and liquid waste from the leather industry. The calculations are based on the conventional operations of nine tanneries of which three produce bag leather, three gloves and three shoe uppers. The amount of carbon that enters into the leather industry depends upon the selection of raw hides and skins, percentage of chemicals used and purity of chemicals. In case of bag [&hellip;]
- [The Bioindicator Method for Assessing Safety in Use of Leathers, Part II: The Study of the Response of Tetrahymena to Leather Extracts by Using a Microscope and the Clark Electrode](https://sltc.org/product/the-bioindicator-method-for-assessing-safety-in-use-of-leathers-part-ii-the-study-of-the-response-of-tetrahymena-to-leather-extracts-by-using-a-microscope-and-the-clark-electrode/): Abstract It has been assumed that the results of calorimetric measurements of heat emissions from the bioindicator cells in extracts taken from leathers (Part I) are to be confirmed by microscopic studies and measurements of oxygen concentrations related to cellular respiration of Tetrahymena pyriformis. It has been observed that the exposure of the bioindicator in the calorimeter to a harmful extract caused behavioural, morphological and cytophysiological changes in cells. A reduced proliferation rate was also found. The kinetics of the oxygen concentration changes in samples containing the bioindicator and an extract was different from that of samples containing the bioindicator [&hellip;]
- [UV Protection Against Photoageing of Garment Leathers by ZnO Nanoparticles: Application of Nano ZnO in Finishing Process as Photocatalyst](https://sltc.org/product/uv-protection-against-photoageing-of-garment-leathers-by-zno-nanoparticles-application-of-nano-zno-in-finishing-process-as-photocatalyst/): Abstract In this study, zinc oxide nano-particles, known to have photocatalytic and high UV protection properties, were used in the finishing process to prevent chromium(VI) formation as a result of photoageing in the garment leather products. The researches were carried out on the chrome-tanned garment leather. Nano zinc oxide at the proportions of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% on nitrocellulose (N/C) emulsion amount were used in the finishing process of leathers. The finished garment leathers were exposed to an artificially accelerated ageing process at 80°C for 24 hours and 80°C/UV for 24 hours. Cr(VI) amounts in each leather sample were evaluated [&hellip;]
- [Temperature Sensitive Colour Changing Leathers with Thermochromic Pigments](https://sltc.org/product/temperature-sensitive-colour-changing-leathers-with-thermochromic-pigments/): Abstract Thermochromic dyes and pigments offer significant potential for functional and aesthetic design of smart textile materials and in the area of the leather industry potential application of thermochromic pigment dispersions opens up a new issue. In this study, thermochromic pigments were applied in the leather finishing process in order to obtain leathers changing colour with temperature and their potential for innovative design concepts accompanied with an evaluation of technical features of the materials is presented. Two thermochromic pigments, providing colour change at 15°C and 31°C were applied at different proportions in the base coat of the finishing process. The [&hellip;]
- [The Effects of Alternating and Direct Electric Currents on Moderately Halophilic Bacteria in Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/the-effects-of-alternating-and-direct-electric-currents-on-moderately-halophilic-bacteria-in-leather-industry/): Abstract Proteolytic and lipolytic moderately halophilic bacteria, originate from salt, may be found on salted sheep skins. Microbial spoilage of sheepskin usually results from the failure to inactivate proteolytic and lipolytic micro-organisms during skin preservation. To solve this problem, an effective inactivation method to be used in the leather industry was examined in this study. Protease and lipase activities of moderately halophilic Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus (TR5), Bacillus pumilus (DB5), Bacillus licheniformis (DBA2), Gracilibacillus dipsosauri (EK2) and Idiomarina loihiensis (GA3), isolated from salted sheepskins, were examined. Protease activity of each test isolate was determined by both gelatin agar medium and [&hellip;]
- [Identification of Fur Species by DNA Barcoding Based on 16S rRNA Gene](https://sltc.org/product/identification-of-fur-species-by-dna-barcoding-based-on-16s-rrna-gene/): Abstract Traditional identification of fur species is a problem; without unified standards it depends significantly on the experience of the tester. In this study, we developed a method of identification of fur species by DNA barcoding based on 16S rRNA gene. 18 usual fur species sequences of 16S rRNA gene were obtained from Genebank and primers for PCR were designed in the conserved regions. By the optimization of experimental procedure, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be successfully performed with DNA isolated from fur. Sequence analyses of the ~240bp production of PCR could help us to authenticate the fur species accurately.
- [Collaborative Study for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Measurement of theWater Vapour Permeability of Leather with Method ISO 14268](https://sltc.org/product/collaborative-study-for-the-determination-of-repeatability-and-reproducibility-of-the-measurement-of-thewater-vapour-permeability-of-leather-with-method-iso-14268/): Abstract The standard method ISO 14268 describes a technique for the measurement of water vapour permeability (WVP) of leather which is based on the mass surge of a desiccant contained in a vessel sealed with the specimen under test. The water vapour that seeps inside the container through the leather specimen is absorbed by the desiccant, the mass of which increases proportionally; fresh water vapour is provided onto the external side by a constant flow of air conditioned at 23°C and 50% relative humidity that is perpendicularly conveyed onto the specimen surface by a rotating fan. Since the inner side [&hellip;]
- [Application of Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MTDSC) on Leather](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-modulated-temperature-differential-scanning-calorimetry-mtdsc-on-leather/): Abstract Measurement of collagen denaturation by differential scanning calorimetry is commonly used for the study of the shrinkage reaction in leather. In this work, the shrinkage reaction of leather was examined for the first time using modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC). The shrinkage reaction was first measured using conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the parameters for leather shrinkage used to develop the parameters for the application of MTDSC to leather samples. Trials with leather confirm the irreversible nature of the shrinkage reaction within the experimental protocol used.
- [Mass Reduction of Tannery Solid Wastes by Biodegradation](https://sltc.org/product/mass-reduction-of-tannery-solid-wastes-by-biodegradation/): Abstract Tanneries’ solid waste is usually disposed of in landfills where uncontrolled conditions that cause environmental problems such as gas emissions and leachate leak to groundwater. This study aimed to evaluate the mass reduction of tanneries solid waste treated by biodegradation. The essays were prepared in bench bioreactors where the two main tannery solid wastes were added: sludge from tannery wastewater treatment plant and wet-blue leather shaving. Biogas production was monitored. The solid waste mass was measured along biodegradation through destructive testing. As results, the mass reduction increased with the degradation time. The maximum mass reduction was practically already reached [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Sulphited Castor Maleic Adduct as an Effective Leather Fatliquor](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-characterization-and-application-of-sulphited-castor-maleic-adduct-as-an-effective-leather-fatliquor/): Abstract Fatliquors are involved in leather making process to separate fibres of leather from each other and impart soft hand feeling. Fatliquors are chemically modifications of vegetable and animal oils. Castor oil is suitable as a basic raw material for the preparation of fatliquor due to hydroxyl functionality on ricinoleic acid. In this paper, castor oil based synthetic fatliquors were synthesised by two step processes. In a first step castor oil is condensed with maleic anhydride at varying mole ratio from 1 to 3. In the second step castor maleic adduct was sulphited with sodium metabisulphite at varying mole ratios [&hellip;]
- [Characterization and Evaluation of Fungal Enzymatic Pool with Unhairing Activity](https://sltc.org/product/characterization-and-evaluation-of-fungal-enzymatic-pool-with-unhairing-activity/): Abstract The use of enzymes in the leather industry in the beamhouse area to partially replace sulfide, can reduce to almost 50% the H2S emission. In this enzyme treatment proteolysis needs to be controlled to prevent the extension of its activity to collagen. Collagen must keep its optimal conditions for the tannage process and to give high quality leather. In this sense it is necessary to characterize the enzyme from the physicochemical point of view and to study the morphological changes produced in bovine skin to control its action. An enzymatic pool of geophilic strain Trichophyton ajelloi cultured in solid [&hellip;]
- [Dynamics of Removal of Nitrogen from Tannery Wastewater Using a Bioflocculant](https://sltc.org/product/dynamics-of-removal-of-nitrogen-from-tannery-wastewater-using-a-bioflocculant/): Abstract In this paper, a single bioflocculant was used to treat nitrogen in tannery wastewater. At different processing time points, the nitrogen concentrations for the total nitrogen, ammonia, Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate, and nitrite were determined. Furthermore, a computer simulation was performed to derive the experience dynamic equations as follows: The established dynamic equations can be used to predict the removal capacity of the total nitrogen, ammonia, Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate, and nitrite in the tannery wastewater treated with the bioflocculant, calculate the optimum processing time, and cut costs. In addition, these equations establish a foundation for studying the mechanism underlying this [&hellip;]
- [The Bioindicator Method for Assessing Safety in Use of Leathers, Part I: Calorimetric Measurements of Bioindicator Response to Extracts From Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/the-bioindicator-method-for-assessing-safety-in-use-of-leathers-part-i-calorimetric-measurements-of-bioindicator-response-to-extracts-from-leathers/): Abstract A method for assessing safety in use of leathers by using a living organism – bioindicator is proposed. It has been assumed that extracts obtained from leathers containing harmful chemical substances cause disturbances in vital functions of the bioindicator that transforms into changes in heat emission from cells. An effect of extracts on the bioindicator was observed by using an isothermal calorimeter. The activity of Tetrahymena pyriformis was illustrated with heat power curves. It has been found that power curves were specific to individual extracts used and different from the curves determined from investigation of bioindicator activity in water. [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Characterization of Immobilized Panus Conchatus Bio-Balls for Fur Dye Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-characterization-of-immobilized-panus-conchatus-bio-balls-for-fur-dye-wastewater/): Abstract Using four carriers, Panus conchatus with the highly effective decoloration producing laccase was immobilized by the embedding method. By comparing their balling performance and the mechanical strength, the optimal immobilized carrier was determined. The feasibility of the immobilized Panus conchatus for decoloration of fur dye industrial wastewater was studied. The results show that the immobilized bio-balls have the higher dye decoloring speed and rate than those of the free Panus conchatus. The immobilized bio-balls prepared by PVA complex embedding method have the better comprehensive performances so as to shorten the decoloring time and increase the decoloring rate. The decoloring [&hellip;]
- [Test Chamber-based VOC Quantification Results of Upholstery Leathers Focused on Statistical Frequency Scales for TVOC and Single Compound Concentrations](https://sltc.org/product/test-chamber-based-voc-quantification-results-of-upholstery-leathers-focused-on-statistical-frequency-scales-for-tvoc-and-single-compound-concentrations/): Abstract In the scope of upholstery leather emission evaluation various test specifications on the basis of test chamber examinations are implemented requiring an ambient air concentration hygienic assessment after 3 and 28 days conditioning periods. The quantified VOCtes t chamber concentrations are compared with defined target values.With increasing frequency, tanneries and the leather processing industry force test institutes into the approach to generate valid ratings of potential contaminant loads by applying short-term evaluations. Both the arrangement of an expressive pool of measured data on upholstery leathers and proficiency of measuring time-point related VOCfrequenc y scales and their reciprocal dependences (interdependency) [&hellip;]
- [Dye Incorporated Nanopolymers and their Application to LeatherWastewater: A Study of Removal of Cr(III) Ions](https://sltc.org/product/download-dye-incorporated-nanopolymers-and-their-application-to-leatherwastewater-a-study-of-removal-of-criii-ions/): Abstract In this presented work, Alkali Blue 6B-attached poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) nanopolymers (nano-PHEMA-AB) were synthesized as an adsorbent for the removal of the heavy metal Cr(III) from leather wastewater. For this purpose, first PHEMA nanopolymers were prepared by surfactant free emulsion polymerization. Alkali Blue 6B was then covalently attached to the PHEMA nanopolymers. Characterization of the nano-PHEMA-ABs was carried out by elemental analysis, SEM, FT-IR and Zeta Size analysis. The specific surface area of nano-PHEMA-AB was calculated to be 1131.2m2/g. The optimum adsorption conditions (i.e. adsorption capacity, medium pH, adsorption rate) were studied and reusability of nano-PHEMA-AB was also determined. The [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis, Characterization and Application on Leather of Chromium (III), Iron (II) and Copper (II) Complexes of Novel Pyrazole Naphthol Acid Dyes](https://sltc.org/product/download-synthesis-characterization-and-application-on-leather-of-chromium-iii-iron-ii-and-copper-ii-complexes-of-novel-pyrazole-naphthol-acid-dyes/): Abstract A novel series of 4-amino-1-phenyl-3methyl-5-pyrazolone based metal complex azo acid dyes (1a- 5d) has been prepared from p- Sulphophenyl methyl pyrazolone (1). The synthetic route included the nitrosation of the p-sulphophenyl methyl pyrazolone followed by the reduction to 4-amino-1-(psulphophenyl)- 3-methyl-4-amino-5-pyrazolone (II). Diazotization of intermediate (II) and then coupling was done with Naphthol derivatives (1a-5d), in alkaline medium to produce different acid dyes. These dyes were further processed for metallization with 3d transition metals like iron; chromium and copper. The structures of the novel dyes were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized dyes were applied on leather to evaluate their [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Chromium(III) and Chromium(VI) in Water by Low Pressure Ion Chromatography Coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry](https://sltc.org/product/download-determination-of-chromiumiii-and-chromiumvi-in-water-by-low-pressure-ion-chromatography-coupled-with-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry/): Abstract A novel method using low pressure ion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (LPLC-ICP-MS) has been developed for the determination of water-soluble chromium(III) and chromium(VI) in waste water. The low pressure anion exchange column used in this system contained quaternary ammonium groups, which could separate the Cr(III) from Cr(VI). The ICP-MS was used as the detector in this coupled system to detect the concentration of chromium. The linear range of this method was 10.0ng•L-1~1.0mg•L-1; the detection limit of Cr(III) was 3.5ng•L-1, Cr(VI) was 9.8ng•L-1(pH=7); the precision of Cr(III) was 2.1%, Cr(VI) was 4.6% (n=6). Compared with National Standard [&hellip;]
- [Lipid Nanoparticles and Spontaneous Precipitation of a Fatliquoring Agent](https://sltc.org/product/lipid-nanoparticles-and-spontaneous-precipitation-of-a-fatliquoring-agent/): Abstract The high temperature emulsifying lipid complex, hydrogenated and sulfonated fatty acid methyl ester – alkyl alcohol amine (HSF-AM), was prepared. As a fatliquoring agent, HSF-AM can be emulsified and dispersed by adding HSF-AM into water above 40°C. The emulsion was stable when HSF-AM was mixed respectively with 1% H2SO4 and 5% plant-based tannins. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity in the fatliquoring spent liquors after the fatliquoring process of goatskin shoe upper leather was reduced when HSF-AM spontaneously precipitated at room temperature for the four mixtures of sulfonated rapeseed oil (SRO) and HSF-AM. The leather samples presented excellent [&hellip;]
- [Determination of N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) in Waterborne Polyurethane by High Performance Liquid Chromatography](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-chromiumiii-andch-romiumvi-in-water-by-low-pressure-ion-chromatography-coupled-with-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry/): Abstract A simple and sensitive method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for the determination of DMF in waterborne polyurethane (WPU) which is used in leather processing. Extraction of DMF is carried out by mechanical oscillation at room temperature for 10 minutes with water as the extraction solvent. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection is 0.25mg L-1 and the recoveries are 95.2%~102.1%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of DMF in different WPU samples.
- [Development of a Reagent Kit for Rapid Determination of Chromium (VI)](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-a-reagent-kit-for-rapid-determination-of-chromium-vi/): Abstract This paper uses diphenyl carbazide (DPC) dissolved in water with NaCl, which solves the problem that DPC must be dissolved in organic solvents. At the same time, instead of the phosphoric acid medium used normally in the Chinese National Standard Method (GB7467-87), sulfamic acid was made into a solid mixed chromogenic agent. A standard colourimetric board was made and photographed after the screening for chromium (VI) concentration. The standard colourimetric board and the solid mixed chromogenic reagents and other instruments were assembled into the reagent bottles as the reagent kit for rapid determination of chromium (VI).This article examined the [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Formaldehyde Content in Leather: Standard EN ISO 17226 (Parts 1 and 2), Revision and Possible Improvements](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-formaldehyde-content-in-leather-standard-en-iso-17226-parts-1-and-2-revision-and-possible-improvements/): Abstract The retanning process is the main application of formaldehyde in the tanning industry since formaldehyde participates in two groups of synthetic organic tanning agents: syntans and resins. Resins can be hydrolysed with the result that formaldehyde is released. Thus, formaldehyde in leather can be free or from hydrolysis of resins. Due to the carcinogenic character of formaldehyde, its presence in leather should be avoided or should be below allowable limits. The EN ISO 17226 Standard is the Official Standard for the determination of formaldehyde content in leather, which, in the authors’ opinion, presents certain ambiguities in the wording of [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Characterization of Modified Protein Retanning Agent Based on Leather Waste](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-characterization-of-modified-protein-retanning-agent-based-on-leather-waste/): Abstract Collagen extracted from leather wastes was used as the main raw material, a modified protein retanning agent was prepared by free radical polymerization reaction with butyl acrylate and styrene. The product was characterized by FT-IR, TEM, particle size analysis and other methods. The retanning properties were studied on goat garment leather. The results showed that grafting took place between collagen and the non-ionic monomers. The grafting rate was about 65%. The latex particles of the modified collagen cross-linking emulsion were spherical and uniform, the average particle size was about 117nm. The resistances of the product to electrolyte, acid and [&hellip;]
- [The Impact of Acid Rain on Vegetable Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-impact-of-acid-rain-on-vegetable-tanned-leather/): Abstract Artificial acid rain was chosen to simulate the influences of gaseous pollutants on vegetable-tanned leather. The vegetable-tanned leather samples were soaked in the artificial acid rain for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days, at 50°C and 100% relative humidity conditions. Then, these samples were evaluated by various analytical methods. Micro hot table (MHT), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) were used to evaluate the influences of acid rain on thermal behaviours. Damage to mechanical properties were also analyzed by a standard method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy were used to investigate the changes [&hellip;]
- [Application of Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) to Evaluate the Sensory Properties of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-texture-profile-analysis-tpa-to-evaluate-the-sensory-properties-of-leather/): Abstract The studies assessed grain leather texture profile to objectively and precisely define their organoleptic characteristics two groups of rabbitskin hybrids, 12 pieces each: Group I: Belgian Giant Gray x Burgundy (BOS x BU), Group II: Belgian Giant Gray xWhite New Zealand (BOS x BNZ). Hides subjected to a dressing for gloves. The research have shown a significant correlation between features, assessed sensory and instrumental. In the case of investigational leathers elasticity were significantly correlated with fullness in touch. It also showed the relationship between the hardness measured instrumentally, and softness and toughness evaluated organoleptically. The measurement results of texture [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Active Ingredients in Bioflocculants for Treatment of Tannery Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-active-ingredients-in-bioflocculants-for-treatment-of-tannery-wastewater/): Abstract In the present study, three bioflocculants were extracted from Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus fusiformis, and their active components, including saccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, osamines, and fats, were analyzed. The results showed that saccharides were associated with flocculation. However, proteins had a weak effect on flocculation, and fats, osamines and glycoproteins had no effect. The findings elucidated the role of each ingredient in the removal of contaminants from tannery wastewater, providing a basis for understanding the mechanism of action of bioflocculants in the treatment of tannery wastewater.
- [Optimising Conditions for Preparing Collagen-type Hydrolysates](https://sltc.org/product/optimising-conditions-for-preparing-collagen-type-hydrolysates/): Abstract Tendons of slaughterhouse cattle are by-products in animal processing and contain a substantial proportion of collagen and also elastin. This contribution deals with preparing collagen-type hydrolysates from cattle tendons (long tendons, hind tendons, Achilles tendons, fore tendons) in a 3- stage process. Factors under investigation are effects of added enzyme and extraction temperature on efficiency of hydrolysis. The character of starting raw materials and technological conditions in hydrolysate preparation markedly affect hydrolysis efficiency. Lower efficiency of hydrolysis (percentage of starting material converted into hydrolysate), max. 30%, is achieved when processing long tendons containing a higher elastin proportion. On the [&hellip;]
- [Leather Solid Waste: A Review A Low Cost Adsorption Material Based on Collagen Fibre](https://sltc.org/product/leather-solidwaste-a-review-a-low-cost-adsorption-material-based-on-collagen-fibre/): Abstract Nowadays, collagen fibre attracts more and more domestic and foreign interest because of its unique structure and biological properties. Collagen fibre is the main component of leather solid waste and it has unique physical and chemical properties. It is a potential biomass adsorption material with a wide range of applications. As an adsorption material, the cost of collagen fibre is low, it also has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the studies have shown that the direct use of collagen fibre as an adsorbent material has disadvantages, such as low adsorption capacity, poor selectivity and inability to resist high temperatures. [&hellip;]
- [The Methods and Mechanism of Unhairing](https://sltc.org/product/the-methods-and-mechanism-of-unhairing/)
- [Effect of Finishing Density on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-finishing-density-on-the-physico-mechanical-properties-of-leather/): Abstract Finishing is the process in which a polymeric coating is applied in order to improve the appearance and resistance of leather products. The applications at this stage greatly affect the use and appeal of the final product. In this study, the effect of different coating compositions on the physico-mechanical properties of leather was investigated. For this purpose, three different types of finishing formulations including semi-aniline, lightly pigmented and opaque finishes having different covering powers rated from light to heavy, respectively, were applied to the leathers and results were compared with uncoated counterparts. The findings of the study revealed that [&hellip;]
- [Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/moisture-sorption-isotherms-of-leather/): Abstract Leather is produced by an industry with high economic and industrial importance and is one of the most expensive products in the world. Owing to its important production, moisture characterization of leather has become a topic of extended and varied research works. The goal of this work is to determine sorption isotherms of leather as the impact of climate-controlled sorption isotherms of the leather moisture is still not clear, this property is absolutely necessary, especially in regard to leather drying and storage in order to guarantee its quality prior to its industrial use. The sorption isotherms were determined at [&hellip;]
- [Tannin Analysis of Selected Plants from Laikipia County, Kenya](https://sltc.org/product/tannin-analysis-of-selected-plants-from-laikipia-county-kenya/): Abstract Due to stringent environmental regulation concerning the disposal of tannery waste products there is continuous research on discovering eco-friendly tanning reagents. Vegetable tannins are less polluting to the environment than chromium. A study has been conducted to evaluate the tannin content and tanning strength of selected vegetable tanning materials found in Laikipia County and their suitability for tanning hides and skins. The hide powder method was used in determining the amounts of tannins. Acacia nilotica, Acacia xanthophloea and Hagenia abyssinica had percentage tannins of 16.8%, 23.8%, 11.73% respectively and all of them had a tanning strength of more than [&hellip;]
- [Influence of Hydrophobic Side Chain Structure on the Performance of Amphiphilic Acrylate Copolymers in Leather-making](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-hydrophobic-side-chain-structure-on-the-performance-of-amphiphilic-acrylate-copolymers-in-leather-making/): Abstract A series of amphiphilic copolymers with different hydrophobic side chain structures were prepared through radical copolymerization of acrylic acid and varying hydrophobic acrylate monomers which were then applied to the retanning and fatliquoring processes of chrome-tanned leather. The main properties of the processed leathers were evaluated. The results showed that this kind of copolymer could give to leather, good filling effects, softness, waterproofness and mechanical strength. The application performances of the copolymers in leather-making were obviously affected by the hydrophobic side chain structure, especially the hydrophobic side chain length of copolymers. Compared to copolymers with branched side chains, the [&hellip;]
- [Rapid Determination of Sulphide in Tannery Wastewater by Spectrophotometry](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-determination-of-sulphide-in-tannery-wastewater-by-spectrophotometry/): Abstract A simple and rapid spectrophotometric flow injection analysis method for the determination of sulphide has been developed. The proposed method was based on the reducibility of sulphide ion by silicon-molybdenum heteropoly acid, resulting in an intense blue complex with absorption at 630nm. The absorbance value of this compound is directly proportional to the concentration. Optimum conditions for determining sulphide were investigated by a univariate method. Under the optimum conditions, a linear calibration graph was obtained over the range 0–200mg l-1, the detection limit was 32.8μg l-1, the relative standard deviation was 1.86% (n=12) and the standard addition recovery was [&hellip;]
- [Biodegradation of Wet-White Leather](https://sltc.org/product/biodegradation-of-wet-white-leather/): Abstract This paper deals with the study of the physical, chemical and biological processes associated with the deterioration of wet-white leather. The samples of leather were exposed for eight months to outdoor weathering and then their properties were subsequently evaluated. The results indicate that resistance and dimensional stability of wet-white (THPS-syntan) leather is higher than that of chrometanned leather. The comparative work with chrome leather was described earlier.
- [Comparison of the Effect of the Tropical Test on Both Chrome-tanned and Wet-white Upholstery Leather](https://sltc.org/product/comparison-of-the-effect-of-the-tropical-test-on-both-chrome-tanned-and-wet-white-upholstery-leather/): Abstract Automotive upholstery leather can undergo extreme environmental conditions that may cause premature ageing. Leather is strongly affected by three main environmental parameters: temperature, relative humidity and UV radiation. UV radiation causes colour change, fading, surface erosion, loss of gloss, etc. Increasing the levels of UV radiation represents a primary accelerating factor for leather ageing. Temperature produces thermal oxidation degradations, subsequent reaction rates and acceleration of other weathering reactions. Relative humidity acts as a chemical reagent in many hydrolytic weathering reactions and as a physical stressor of leather. Additionally, when relative humidity is over 65% leather is susceptible to mould [&hellip;]
- [Effect of Carboxyl Group Content of Collagen on Chromium Absorption](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-carboxyl-group-content-of-collagen-on-chromium-absorption/): Abstract Gelatin is used as a model for collagen, chloroacetic acid is a good candidate as a modification agent to introduce additional carboxyl groups with methanol being used as a termination agent to block carboxyl groups – using these parameters, we investigated the effect of the carboxyl group content of collagen on the chromium(III) absorption. When Gelatin is modified with chloroacetic acid or methanol, the Zeta potential decreases from 4.8 to 2.8 for the former and increases from 4.8 to 6.2 for the latter also, the total organic carbon (TOC) contents increase by 9% and 12%, respectively. Studies on chromium(III) [&hellip;]
- [Examination of Efficiency and Sufficiency of Salt-Pack Curing Method](https://sltc.org/product/examination-of-efficiency-and-sufficiency-of-salt-pack-curing-method/): Abstract Conservation defects affect leather quality adversely and cause important economic losses. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate hide quality by comparing important parameters of salt-pack cured hides and determine efficiency and sufficiency of the curing method in the areas both with and without salt crystals present on the hides. The areas with and without salt crystals on the saltpack cured hide samples, (collected from different tanneries in the Leather Organized Tannery Region, Tuzla-Istanbul-Turkey), were examined in terms of pH values, moisture and ash contents, brine saturations, total mesophile, proteolytic and lipolytic mesophile bacterial numbers. The pH [&hellip;]
- [Wet-White Leather Processing: A New Complex Combination Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/wet-white-leather-processing-a-new-complex-combination-tannage/): Abstract A new complex combination tannage based on combination tannages of veg-Al and veg-Oxa has been developed as a chrome-free tannage. The veg-Al-Oxa tannage was applied to hide powder and pickled goatskin. The shrinkage temperature of the finished leather obtained by veg-Al-Oxa complex combination tanning is 112°C, which is much higher than that of binary combination tannages. The fibre weave is better separated in ternary combination tannage than in a single tannage or binary combination tannage as judged from SEM images. Based on Ts, length contraction rate, tensile strength and tear strength of the leather on heat-ageing, a good ternary [&hellip;]
- [Design of Dehydration and Stabilization Process for Biopelt](https://sltc.org/product/design-of-dehydration-and-stabilization-process-for-biopelt/): Abstract The aim of the present work is to generate at laboratory scale a biomaterial developed by in-vitro technology with similar characteristics to genuine leather. The generation of an in-vitro tissue from bovine fibroblasts is carried out using a scaffold to generate a three-dimensional extra-cellular matrix (3D ECM). The development of a biopelt is by an in-vitro production at lab scale in a bioreactor with specific culturing conditions.1 New methodologies to stabilize the biomaterial generated were investigated. In particular, the biomaterial was stabilized by immersion in solutions of vegetable tannins and cross-linking agents in an aqueous-solvent medium.
- [Biodegradation of Leather Tanned with Inorganic Salts](https://sltc.org/product/biodegradation-of-leather-tanned-with-inorganic-salts/): Abstract This paper aims to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological processes associated with the deterioration of leather tanned with inorganic salts. The samples of leather were exposed during eight months to outdoor weathering, and then their properties were evaluated. The results indicate that biodegration starts with dehydration, a partial scission of the protein chain of the collagen, detanning and a loss of oils due to volatilization and/or decomposition.
- [Recycling in Goat Skin Lime Unhairing](https://sltc.org/product/recycling-in-goat-skin-lime-unhairing/): Abstract The environment is a factor of concern in our lives that forces society to search for and implement technologies that enable cleaner processes in industry. The leather industry is known to be a polluting activity that needs large amounts of water and, at the same time, produces a large flow of alkaline effluents rich in sulphide. The work in this study aims to minimize water and chemical consumption by recycling the liming bath used in goat skin unhairing. Two systems were tested for recycling of the liming bath from a hair-burning process (centrifugation and ultrafiltration) but for recycling the [&hellip;]
- [Analysis and Conservation of an Eighteenth/Nineteenth Century Vegetable-tanned Parchment Manuscript](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-and-conservation-of-an-eighteenth-nineteenth-century-vegetable-tanned-parchment-manuscript/): Abstract This paper describes the use of analytical techniques to examine an 18th/19th century vegetabletanned Hebrew parchment manuscript which had been discovered during excavations in Tanta City, Egypt. The manuscript was assessed, moisture content was determined, its pH, amino acid content and shrinkage temperature were measured. The ink was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption. The binding medium of the ink and tannin material of the manuscript studied were identified. Biological deterioration was also assessed. The solubility of the ink used on the manuscript was tested. The manuscript was surface cleaned, consolidated, humidified, flattened and lined, disinfection was also [&hellip;]
- [Contamination of Used Soak/Unhairing Baths by Nitrogen in Comparison with Carbon and Soluble Protein Contents](https://sltc.org/product/contamination-of-used-soak-unhairing-baths-by-nitrogen-in-comparison-with-carbon-and-soluble-protein-contents/): Abstract The leather industry generates highly contaminating liquid effluents with current process methods. In this work, the contamination by nitrogen in wastewater was evaluated for two of the most nitrogen generating steps of beamhouse processing, the soaking and the unhairing/liming steps. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), total organic carbon (TOC) and soluble protein analyses were realized from bath samples collected at varying times. It was observed that in long duration soaking, nitrogen liberation to the bath eventually levels out whilst, in unhairing/liming, the nitrogen content did not stabilize even with 27 hours processing. It was possible to observe [&hellip;]
- [Investigation Techniques and Conservation Methods for a Historical Parchment Document](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-techniques-and-conservation-methods-for-a-historical-parchment-document/): Abstract The historical document studied dates back to the Mamluk period (807-848 AH). It consists of seven pieces and is preserved in the Egyptian National Archives stores. The document suffers from serious damage. Many aspects of deterioration were recorded such as discoloration, warping, stains from different sources, missing parts and gaps. This study aims to document aspects of the deterioration, explain the deterioration mechanism and apply conservation methods. Non-destructive methods of investigation such as isolation and identification of fungi, shrinkage temperature by using a microscope with a hot table technique and Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) were used [&hellip;]
- [Influence of Mechanical Properties of Sheep Nappa Leathers on Seam Efficiency](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-sheep-nappa-leathers-on-seam-efficiency/): Abstract Sewability is one of the essential parameters influencing the garment making process as well as the quality of the final product. In this work, sewability of sheep nappa leathers was measured in terms of seam efficiency and was correlated with related mechanical properties. Seam efficiency was found to be between 44 and 99% for the sheep nappa leathers employed in this study. Among the various mechanical properties studied, elongation at break seems to influence the seam efficiency significantly as evidenced from the correlation coefficient value of 0.99. While tensile strength and seam strength also had fairly good relation with [&hellip;]
- [Chrome Tanning in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-tanning-in-supercritical-carbon-dioxide/): Abstract The leather industry is facing a serious problem with water pollution. To eliminate pollution by tanneries’ wastewater, carbon dioxide supercritical fluid (SCF-CO2) was put forward to substitute for water as leather making medium. The results showed that chrome tanning in SCF-CO2 medium is an effective new clean method for leather making. In order to achieve a leather with good qualities, the parameters of chrome tanning in SCF-CO2 medium should be controlled so that the chrome tanning temperature is up to 31°C, the initial pHv alue of the sample was 3.0-3.5 and it was tanned for 2 hours. The tanning [&hellip;]
- [A New Antifungal Agent for the Leather Industry: S-Hexyl-S’-Chloromethyl-cyanodithiocarbimate (CHED)](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-antifungal-agent-for-the-leather-industry-s-hexyl-s-chloromethyl-cyanodithiocarbimate-ched/): Abstract Raw hides are a rich source of fats and proteins that may serve as metabolic substrates for microorganisms, especially bacteria and fungi. These micro-organisms that are capable of invading the hide for its nutrients are present on the fresh hide during harvest as well as from the surrounding environment during and after processing at the tannery. Fungal attack on tanned collagen changes the chemical composition of the pelt in the area of growth. These changes along with fungal pigmentation will usually cause discolouration or spots of various colours depending on the infesting organism. This fungal discolouration is difficult to [&hellip;]
- [Cricket, Leather and Balls](https://sltc.org/product/cricket-leather-and-balls/): Abstract If you are still with me, I will explain that what follows is a small attempt to tell a story of the possible history of the game as an introduction to the leathers used in the construction of the ball, and a little of today’s ball manufacturers. (Thus, the author explains the construction of the ball and the leathers used by relating them to the properties required as a result of the development of the game.)
- [On-line Determination of Sulphide in Tannery Effluent by Flow Injection Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/on-line-determination-of-sulphide-in-tannery-effluent-by-flow-injection-analysis/): Abstract A simple and rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of sulphide has been developed using flow injection analysis. The proposed method is based on the reducibility of sulphide ion towards Alizarin red S resulting in an intense red complex with a suitable absorption peak at 515nm. The absorbance value of this compound is directly proportional to the concentration. Optimum conditions for determining sulphide were investigated by a univariate method. Under the optimum conditions, a linear calibration graph was obtained over the range 0.01-4.0mg l-1, the detection limit was 4.0μg l-1, the relative standard deviation was 1.04% (n=13) and the [&hellip;]
- [Modification of Collagen Fibre and Clean Chrome Tanning Technology Using Low Temperature Plasma](https://sltc.org/product/modification-of-collagen-fibre-and-clean-chrome-tanningtechnology-using-low-temperature-plasma/): Abstract Chrome is a serious pollutant in the environment due to its toxicity and the low utilization in chrome tanning. To study the effect of Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) on the absorption of chrome in tanning process, oxygen plasma was used to modify pickled skin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology changes of wet-blue leather due to LTP treatment. The analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the oxygen content of the pickled skin and the chromium content of the tanned leather increased remarkably. White hide powder (collagen fibre mimic) was modified by LTP [&hellip;]
- [Combination Tanning System for Manufacture of Shoe Upper Leathers: Cleaner Tanning Process](https://sltc.org/product/combination-tanning-system-for-manufacture-of-shoe-upper-leathers-cleaner-tanning-process/): Abstract Nowadays people are seeking natural products, and advocating the preparation of leather products from green chemicals. Therefore, it becomes an important task of chemists in leather manufacture to research and develop clean and green tanning agents to replace chromium-containing tanning agents. In this study, a combination tanning process based on garad powder (Acacia nilotica sub. sp. nilotica) and tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS) for the production of upper leathers is presented as a cleaner alternative. Two tanning methods, garad followed by THPS (garad-THPS) and THPS followed by garad (THPS-garad), have been tried. The combination tannage, employing 20% garad powder [&hellip;]
- [Network Structure and Thermotropic Property of Type I Collagen Fibrils](https://sltc.org/product/network-structure-and-thermotropic-property-of-type-i-collagen-fibrils/): Abstract IThe collagen fibril (CF) is a hot topic in biomedical materials and tissue engineering research because of its physicochemical properties and biological performance. In this paper, Type I CF was successfully prepared by the acid-enzyme hydrolysis method. The samples prepared were subjected to atomic force microscope examination (AFM), infrared spectroscopic analysis (FTIR) and histological staining. AFM and histological staining results showed that CF had uniform thickness with a diameter of 135nm ± 5.00nm, and enjoyed the D cycle horizontally banded structure that is typical in Type I CF. At 45°C, significant changes occur to the secondary structure of collagen, [&hellip;]
- [Alternative Fungicides for the Leather Industry: Application in Various Processes](https://sltc.org/product/alternative-fungicides-for-the-leather-industry-application-in-various-processes/): Abstract Increasingly stringent environmental legislation and indispensable use of fungicides in the tanning industry obliges tanners to adapt their processes to alternative technologies with lower environmental impact, including the search for new fungicide systems that comply with those rules. The fungicidal capacities of alternative compounds diiodomethyl p-tolylsulfone (DIMPTS), 3-iodo- 2-propynyl N-butylcarbamate (IPBC) and thiabendazole / 2-thiazol-4-yl-1H-benzo imidazole(TBZ) were compared to those of conventional fungicides, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)-1,3-benzothiazole (TCMTB) and the mixture of phenolic compounds). This fungicidal capacity was evaluated against different strains of fungi in different processes. Fungicides were applied in the chrome tanning process, fatliquoring of hides tanned with vegetable extracts [&hellip;]
- [Rapid Determination of Nitrate in Tannery Effluent by Reverse Flow Injection Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-determination-of-nitrate-in-tannery-effluent-by-reverse-flow-injection-analysis/): Abstract In order to control the pollution by nitrate, a simple, accurate and sensitive reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) spectrophotometric method for determination of nitrate in tannery effluent is proposed in this paper. Firstly, in alkaline medium and with copper ion as catalyst, nitrate is reduced to nitrite by hydrazine sulfate. Then in acid condition, nitrate and sulfanilamide are diazotized. The diazo material is then coupled with N-1-naphthyl ethylenediamine hydrochloride (NEH) to form a red product. The absorbance of the complex compounds is measured at 540nm. Chemical factors and rFIA variables affecting the system are also discussed. Under the optimal [&hellip;]
- [In Situ Spectroscopic Study on the Effect of UV Radiation on Stabilized Collagen Fibre: Role of Plant Tannin](https://sltc.org/product/in-situ-spectroscopic-study-on-the-effect-of-uv-radiation-on-stabilized-collagen-fibre-role-of-plant-tannin/): Abstract Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflection (UV-Vis DR) spectroscopy and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy were employed to investigate the influence of deleterious UV radiation on the pure collagen fibre and plant tannin crosslinked collagen fibre. After exposure to UV radiation, the UV-Vis absorption intensity of the pure collagen fibre is found to be dramatically increased at the peak of 280nm, which should be attributed to the increase of photoproducts of free tyrosine and phenylalanine formed by UV radiation damage. However, the damage effect on collagen fibre is significantly hindered in the presence of barberry tannin. On the [&hellip;]
- [Using a Mobile Chiller for Hides: A Green Method to Resolve the TDS Problem](https://sltc.org/product/using-a-mobile-chiller-for-hides-a-green-method-to-resolve-the-tds-problem/): Abstract A mobile chiller suitable for salt-free preservation and storage of 2 tons of raw hides and skins has been designed and fabricated. Experiments conducted with the mobile chiller to preserve hides indicates that it is possible to chill the hides to 4°C in less than 1 hour. Studies on degradation of hides during thawing show that the safe duration of transportation of the chilled hides in insulated containers might be about 15 hours. The results also confirm that a considerable reduction in TDS (total dissolved solids) and chloride pollution loads can be achieved, without any adverse effect on the [&hellip;]
- [On-line Determination of Nitrite in Tannery Effluent by Flow Injection Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/on-line-determination-of-nitrite-in-tannery-effluent-by-flow-injection-analysis/): Abstract In order to control the pollution by nitrite, a direct spectrophotometric flow injection method for the determination of nitrite in tannery effluents has been developed. The method is based on the diazotized intramolecular coupling of a 4-Amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid monosodium salt hydrate (AHNDMS) by the addition of nitrite in a phosphate buffer solution of pH7.5 and the increase in absorbance of the purple complex is monitored at 550nm. Chemical factors and FIA variables affecting the system are also discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was 20-1500μg l-1; the detection limit was 0.15μg l-1; the relative [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of Denatured Starches](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-denatured-starches/): Abstract Denatured Starches I and II were obtained by single-oxidation and double-oxidation of acidic hydrolysing starch. Denatured Starch II possessed more carboxyl groups and a smaller particle size than Denatured Starch I. The two denatured starches developed in this research and several typical fillers were applied to chrome-tanned crust leather. The contrasting results of filling showed that Denatured Starch II has some characteristics with obvious differences from other fillings. The leather sample filled with Denatured Starch II showed obvious thickening, excellent tensile strength, tear strength, and moderate softness. The leather sample filled with Denatured Starch I showed significant softness, large [&hellip;]
- [Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Proteins in Tannery Effluents](https://sltc.org/product/flow-injection-spectrophotometric-determination-of-proteins-in-tannery-effluents/): Abstract A rapid and sensitive flow injection spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of proteins based on the principle thatAluminum-Alizarin Red S-bovine serum albumin (BSA)-Triton X-100 complex reacts rapidly with proteins to form complexes in pH4.0 weak acid medium, which causes the change of absorption spectra, the maximum absorption peak of the system is located at 500nm. The absorbance difference is linearly related with the concentration of BSA over the range of 5-120mg l-1. The detection limit of the method was 1.42mg l-1. The method was successfully used to determine protein content in leather wastewater samples and the determined [&hellip;]
- [The Changing Role of the UK Tannery Manager](https://sltc.org/product/the-changing-role-of-the-uk-tannery-manager/)
- [Release of Chrome in Chrome Tanning and Post Tanning Processes](https://sltc.org/product/release-of-chrome-in-chrome-tanning-and-post-tanning-processes/): Abstract The distribution of chrome in the wastewaters from chrome tanning and post tanning processes was investigated. The results indicate that the residual chrome in chrome tanning and rechroming wastewaters is the main origin of chrome in effluent. Meanwhile, a considerable amount of chrome is released from leather in almost all the post tanning processes, including washing, neutralizing, retanning with various retanning agents, dyeing, fatliquoring and acid fixation. As a result, more than 60% of the chrome added is discharged into wastewater. It is interesting that the shrinkage temperature of leather does not decrease along with the release of chrome. [&hellip;]
- [Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium(VI) Extracted from Dyed Leather with On-line Decolouring](https://sltc.org/product/flow-injection-spectrophotometric-determination-of-chromiumvi-extracted-from-dyed-leather-with-on-line-decolouring/): Abstract The on-line decolouring reverse reference flow injection analysis (r-FIA) was proposed to determine Chromium(VI) extracted from dyed leather by phosphate buffer. A decolouring column and time switch controller was introduced in r-FIA. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was 2- 50μg/l; the detection limit was 0.94μg/l; the relative standard deviation (n = 11) for 20μg/l Chromium(VI) was 0.88%. Using a dyed leather sample, the corresponding linear range of this method was 0.5- 12.5mg/kg. The method not only effectively removes the colour interference but also is also rapid, reliable, saves time and effort and is convenient. [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Dimethyl Fumarate in Leather: Purge-Assisted Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-dimethyl-fumarate-in-leather-purge-assisted-headspace-solid-phase-microextraction-coupled-with-gc-ms/): Abstract Purge-assisted headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (PA/HS-SPME) was proposed for the determination of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) extracted from finished leather. Samples were extracted from solvent by Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE), concentrated and purified with PA/HS-SPME, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), and quantified against external standards. The parameters of PA/HS-SPME, such as temperature and time, were studied. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity for DMF was over the concentration range of 5-1000ng/ml; the detection limit was 1ng/ml; the relative standard deviation (n=6) was 9.94% at 100ng/ml. The recoveries were in the range of 66.8-91.5%. This eco-friendly method was applied to the determination [&hellip;]
- [Chromium in the Tanning Industry: An Odyssey from Cradle to Grave](https://sltc.org/product/chromium-in-the-tanning-industry-an-odyssey-from-cradle-to-grave/): Abstract The authors present a review of chromium in the industry together with detailed reports of the remediation of chromium pollution by wetlands. Chromium is the buzzword of both tanners and environmental scientists. Because it has several advantageous properties over other tanning agents, 80-90% of leather today is tanned with chromium salts (Basic Chrome Sulphate). In pre-tanning processes hides and skins are soaked; hair and keratinous debris in the epidermis are removed and bated. The pelts are then acid pickled to prepare for addition of BCS salts. After full penetration of BCS in the pelts, pHi s raised slightly by [&hellip;]
- [Epidermis Morphology: Investigation of Cattle Hide During Unhairing by Transmission Electron Microscope](https://sltc.org/product/epidermis-morphology-investigation-of-cattle-hide-during-unhairing-by-transmission-electron-microscope/): Abstract Cattle hide was depilated by sodium sulphide and enzyme respectively. The histological structures during the unhairing stages were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that for sodium sulphide unhairing, the depilation began with the hydrolyzation of cytoplasm. The epidermis was damaged severely in the first 20 minutes and the epidermis could be dissolved completely in 60 minutes. The Basement Membrane (BM) and desmosome maintained integrity during the whole process. In enzymatic unhairing, the non-keratinised cells were seriously destroyed. The lamina lucida of BM was not noticeable after 30 minutes enzymatic treatment, while the lamina densa did [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Penetration and Fixation Curves of Leather Using Humic Derivatives](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-penetration-and-fixation-curves-of-leather-using-humic-derivatives/): Abstract This study examines the behavior of three different types of humic acids (natural humic acids, regenerated humic acids, and sulphited humic acids) with regard to their penetration and fixation to the leather. More specifically, through the tests carried out the curves of penetration and fixation were drawn, and from these the optimum pH intervals of penetration and fixation to the leather were determined. The data obtained is essential in view of the subsequent application of humic acids as tanning agents and/or retanning agents.
- [Biodegradable PVA/Gelatin Blends Prepared by Reactive Extrusion](https://sltc.org/product/biodegradable-pva-gelatin-blends-prepared-by-reactive-extrusion/): Abstract Reactive extrusion was adopted to prepare poly (vinyl alcohol)/gelatin (PVA/gelatin) blends using PVA and collagen fibres derived from cattle hide limed split wastes as raw materials. The experimental results showed that during the reactive extrusion process, all the collagen fibres were degraded in-situ into gelatin under the thermal/physico-chemical effects of the extruder and thus exposed the reactive groups in gelatin and induced the esterification reaction between PVA and gelatin. Ascribing the effects to the plasticization of gelatin with low molecular weight, the crystallinity and the melting point of PVA were depressed and the thermal processing window for PVA was [&hellip;]
- [The Impact of Proteases on Elastin in Leather Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/the-impact-of-proteases-on-elastin-in-leather-manufacture/): Abstract In recent years, tanners have payed more attention to biotechnology in leather-making, so proteases are more generally used to reduce pollution in various process stages, such as soaking, unhairing and bating, instead of traditional chemicals. But excessive enzyme treatment will cause loose grain and even damaged grain, especially in enzyme-unhairing. One of the keys to successfully carry out bioprocesses of leather-making is in the control of the balance between the desirable effect and the degree of proteolytic effect of enzymes on structural proteins in skins and hides. Elastin is an important fibrous protein, especially for the grain layer, and [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Properties of a Cationic Acrylic Resin Leather Finish with a Core-Shell Structure](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-properties-of-a-cationic-acrylic-resin-leather-finish-with-a-core-shell-structure/): Abstract The studies carried out have shown that chitosan possesses high cross-linking properties enabling it to be used for intensifying the process of chrome tanning thus decreasing the consumption of chromium salts and, at the same time, increasing the shrinkage temperature of the leather. IRspectroscopy has shown that interaction between chitosan and collagen is likely to involve oxygen from the C–O–C groups, hydroxyl groups and amine groups of chitosan and the functional groups of collagen, which form bonds of different types. On increasing the consumption of chitosan in treating hides there is rise in the maximum destruction rate temperature for [&hellip;]
- [Chrome Tanning Improvement by Chitosan Application](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-tanning-improvement-by-chitosan-application/): Abstract The studies carried out have shown that chitosan possesses high cross-linking properties enabling it to be used for intensifying the process of chrome tanning thus decreasing the consumption of chromium salts and, at the same time, increasing the shrinkage temperature of the leather. IRspectroscopy has shown that interaction between chitosan and collagen is likely to involve oxygen from the C–O–C groups, hydroxyl groups and amine groups of chitosan and the functional groups of collagen, which form bonds of different types. On increasing the consumption of chitosan in treating hides there is rise in the maximum destruction rate temperature for [&hellip;]
- [Microbiological Aspects of Hide and Skin Preservation by Chilling](https://sltc.org/product/microbiological-aspects-of-hide-and-skin-preservation-by-chilling/): Abstract Though chilling has been adopted as a short term preservation method for hides and skins in many western countries, no systematic attempt has been made to study the microbiological aspects related to the method. Hence, an attempt has been made in the present investigation to study the cold activity of the major skin-borne bacteria at different temperatures and their collagenolytic activity. Among the 5 bacterial isolates studied in this investigation, Macrococcus caseolyticus was found to be the most cold tolerant bacterium exhibiting growth even at 2°C. Another bacterium, Bacillus sphaericus exhibited tolerance at 4°C. These two bacteria need to [&hellip;]
- [Effect of the Removal Method of Hide Powder on the Porous Properties of Nanoporous Silica](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-the-removal-method-of-hide-powder-on-the-porous-properties-of-nanoporous-silica/): Abstract Nanoporous silica has been successfully synthesized using hide powder as a template. We investigated the optimum conditions for the extraction of hide powder with acidic solutions and the effect of the removal method of hide powder from hide powder/silica composite on the porous properties of nanoporous silica. It was found from thermogravimetric (TG) measurements that hide powder could be removed from hide powder/silica composite by extraction with 10vol% HCl aqueous solution at 333K for 24 hours. It was also found from N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements that nanoporous silica synthesized by acid extraction possessed a large specific surface area over [&hellip;]
- [Humic Acid Derivatives as Tanning and Retanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/humic-acid-derivatives-as-tanning-and-retanning-agents/): Abstract This study examines the behaviour of three types of humic acids (natural humic acids, regenerated humic acids, and sulphited humic acids) with regard to their capacity to be used as tans and retans. The study makes use of conditions set out in a previous study (See Determination of penetration and fixation curves of leather using humic derivatives). Additionally, subsequent complementary tests were carried out using other retans that are commonly used in the tanning industry in order to compare and improve on the physical properties assessed here.
- [Achieving Constant Pressure and Delay in Leather Thickness Measurement](https://sltc.org/product/achieving-constant-pressure-and-delay-in-leather-thickness-measurement/): Abstract The International standard defines leather thickness to be the value recorded 5 seconds after the start of the measurement under a constant pressure of 500g/cm2. We have developed specialized computer software to achieve the 5-second delay and constant pressure thus avoiding human errors in practice. Our software can accurately determine the starting time of the measurement and lock the valid data point automatically. By using the software in our digital leather thickness measuring device with independent intellectual property rights, we are able to measure the leather thickness in a completely automatic fashion for the first time.We report satisfactory experiment [&hellip;]
- [Biodegradation of Chrome-Free Goat Garment Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/biodegradation-of-chrome-free-goat-garment-leathers/): Abstract The biodegradability of chrome tanned , vegetable tanned, organic phosphonium-tanned, organic phosphonium-zirconium combination-tanned leathers and organic phosphonium-aluminum combination-tanned leather was studied by outdoor soil burial. When these leathers were buried outdoor in summer for 150 days, their biodegradation rate reached 6.87%, 27.50%, 19.92%, 34.83% and 80.88%, respectively. DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of leathers with good biodegradability were lower than for those with poor biodegradability. The results of SEM observations showed that the surface of leathers became obviously rough after biodegradation. The biodegradability of organic phosphonium-zirconium combination-tanned leather and organic phosphonium-aluminum combination-tanned leather were much [&hellip;]
- [The Influence of Solvents on Hydrothermal Stability and Microstructure of Combination Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-solvents-on-hydrothermal-stability-and-microstructure-of-combination-tannage/): Abstract The influence of solvents on combination tanned leather was established with observation of thermal stability, and the microstructure of the leather sample before and after shrinkage. Thermal stability of leather tanned with MI (mimosa), GA (glutaraldehyde), OZ (oxazolidine) and Al (aluminum sulphate) were reported using the shrinkage temperature for helix and random coil transition after soaking in 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mol/L urea solution, (pH4.0, 6.0 and 10.0) water, colza oil, glycerin and engine oil. The shrinkage temperature(Ts) of all leather samples was decreased by soaking in these solvents. The concentration of urea solution had a very obvious effect [&hellip;]
- [Mechanical Properties of Leather from Crossbreed Kid from White Goats Upgraded by Bucks of Boer and Nubian Breeds](https://sltc.org/product/mechanical-properties-of-leather-from-crossbreed-kid-from-white-goats-upgraded-by-bucks-of-boer-and-nubian-breeds/): Abstract The studies assessed the strength of leathers in terms of their use for the production of selected grades of soft leather made from 21 F1 crossbreeds kid: a local breed of White goats (PB) upgraded by bucks of Boer breed (B) – (PB x B), (PB) goats upgraded by Nubian bucks (N) – (PB x N) and a control group of upgraded White breed. Ten-month old kid leather crossbreeds from crossing White goats up graded by bucks of Boer and Nubian breeds have the required values of strength and sensory characteristics desirable for the production of gloves and clothing. [&hellip;]
- [Dynamic Light Scattering and Zeta Potential of a Leather Finishing System](https://sltc.org/product/dynamic-light-scattering-and-zeta-potential-of-a-leather-finishing-system/): Abstract Finishing is one of the significant steps in the process by which the tanning industry transforms leather into an end-product. Therefore, a deep study of the finishing system is necessary to help the control of this step and bring innovation to the finishing process. Based on principles of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential, the stability of a leather finishing system was investigated. Polyurethane and acrylic resin were used to prepare a single finishing system and wax emulsion, silicone oil and pigment paste were added to the single finishing system to make three binary finishing systems, then a [&hellip;]
- [Upgrading of Rural Garad-Tanned Crust Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/upgrading-of-rural-garad-tanned-crust-leathers/): Abstract The present work was carried out to improve Sudanese rural garad tanned crust leathers for production of semi-alum shoe upper leathers. The usual process sequence consists of stripping, bleaching, retannage with aluminium sulphate prepared solution, neutralization, dyeing, fatliquoring, drying and finishing. The physical and chemical characteristics of the leathers produced are compared with control leathers and standard physical properties and showed good agreement. The leathers produced are full, soft, flexible with high tensile strength. The stripped rural garad-tanned leathers were retanned with 2% Al2O3; giving a high shrinkage temperature of 101°C. The leathers produced are full, soft, flexible with [&hellip;]
- [Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Skin Shavings for Preparation of Collagen Hydrolysates with Specified Molecular Weight Distribution](https://sltc.org/product/enzymatic-hydrolysis-of-skin-shavings-for-preparation-of-collagen-hydrolysates-with-specified-molecular-weight-distribution/): Abstract Collagen hydrolysates were extracted from tannery skin shavings through enzymatic hydrolysis by using protease 1398, protease 2709, Alcalase, papain, pepsin, protease 537 and trypsin, respectively. The hydrolytic degree and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the hydrolysates were evaluated by the formaldehyde titration method, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Tricine-SDS-PAGE and centrifugal ultrafiltration. It was found that the MWD of the as prepared collagen hydrolysates has a close correlation with the hydrolytic degree, and greatly depends on the enzyme employed. The low molecular weight (MW) collagen hydrolysates, with relatively high hydrolytic degree, were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using protease [&hellip;]
- [Comparison of Weathering Variables on Chrome-Tanned and Wet-White Leather Ageing](https://sltc.org/product/comparison-of-weathering-variables-on-chrome-tanned-and-wet-white-leather-ageing/): Abstract Leather is a natural material that can be used in different environments and often under aggressive environmental conditions that may cause premature ageing. The most important factors influencing the degradation of leather are temperature, relative humidity and UV radiation. Leathers with chrome tannage and wet-white leathers were exposed to weathering effects using a climatic chamber in order to identify the most important variables affecting this weathering process and to check for interactions. Both a multilevel centralized factorial experimental design and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) have been employed as statistical tools for estimating the effects of the parameters.
- [The Synthesis and Application of a High Performance Amino Resin Nanocomposite as Leather Flame Retardant](https://sltc.org/product/the-synthesis-and-application-of-a-high-performance-amino-resin-nanocomposite-as-leather-flame-retardant/): Abstract A new type of amino resin nanocomposite (THPS-OMMT-MDFP) was synthesized from an amino resin (MDFP), tetra-hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS) and modified montmorillonite (OMMT) by an intercalation compounding method. It was characterized by FT-IR, XRD and TG/DTG and applied to the preparation of flame-retardant hide powder and leather. The results of DSC, vertical burning test and the Oxygen Index (OI) showed that the flame-retardant hide powder showed a higher activation energy compared with hide powder and that the flame retardancy and thermostability of the flame-retardant leather had been remarkably improved. As a whole, the results demonstrated that this nanocomposite had [&hellip;]
- [Area Measurement of Leather and its Use in Commerce](https://sltc.org/product/area-measurement-of-leather-and-its-use-in-commerce/): Abstract Area measurement is the basis on which leather is traded. The tanner bases his costing on the cost of the raw material, chemicals used, labour, effluent costs and overheads and profits or losses are determined by the area yield of the particular batch of leather. The customer buys the leather on the basis of the area measurement but the real value to him is the area he incorporates in the articles he sells plus the value (if any) of the off-cuts or unused leather. This paper considers the actual measurement of the surface area, the pre-conditioning and the influence [&hellip;]
- [Microscopic Characterisation and Analysis of Waterproof and Oil-proof Properties of Cow and Sheep Leather and their Polyurethane Coatings](https://sltc.org/product/microscopic-characterisation-and-analysis-of-waterproof-and-oil-proof-properties-of-cow-and-sheep-leather-and-their-polyurethane-coatings/): Abstract This paper experimentally tests the waterproof and oil-proof properties of natural cow and sheep leather and their polyurethane coating. Based on experimental phenomena and contact angle data, a microcosmic analysis of the waterproof and oil-proof properties of leather is conducted in conjunction with SEM images of different leather surfaces. The study found that: natural cow leather exhibits better oil resistance than natural sheep leather, while natural sheep leather has better waterproofing than natural cow leather. After coating with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) for 1, 2, and 3 layers, both cow and sheep leather are not penetrated by water or oil [&hellip;]
- [Metal-Free Tanning Technology Enabled by Self-Catalysed Triglycidylamine: A Sustainable Alternative to Chromium-Based Processes](https://sltc.org/product/metal-free-tanning-technology-enabled-by-self-catalysed-triglycidylamine-a-sustainable-alternative-to-chromium-based-processes/): Abstract The leather industry faces mounting regulatory and environmental challenges due to the ecological risks of chromium-based tanning, particularly the generation of carcinogenic hexavalent chromium. To address this issue, we developed a novel metal-free tanning technology using triglycidylamine (TGA), a self-catalysed epoxy compound synthesized from ammonia and epichlorohydrin. TGA exhibits a high epoxy value of 1.54mol/100g, as confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR characterisation, enabling efficient cross-linking with collagen. The optimal process conditions for TGA tanning were systematically investigated using pickled sheepskin as the raw material, and the mechanical properties of the tanned leather were analysed. The results demonstrated that [&hellip;]
- [Bibliometrics-Based Visualisation of Research Trends in Leather Products (2015-2024)](https://sltc.org/product/bibliometrics-based-visualisation-of-research-trends-in-leather-products-2015-2024/): Abstract Based on the literature in the field of leather products research in the two major databases of CNKI and Web of Science, the closely related literature on leather products research in the last 10 years (2015-2024) was used as the research object, and the information visualisation software CiteSpace 6.4.R1 was used to target its annual publication volume, source journals, co-authors, research institutions, research hotspots, and emergent words to carry out measurement analysis. This study shows that: 1) research related to leather products has shown a fluctuating increase in the number of domestic and international publications since 2015; 2) domestic [&hellip;]
- [Analytical Techniques for Evaluating an Eco-friendly Approach Using Ultrasonic-assisted Cleaning for Iron Rust Stain Removal from Vegetable-tanned Leather Artifacts](https://sltc.org/product/analytical-techniques-for-evaluating-an-eco-friendly-approach-using-ultrasonic-assisted-cleaning-for-iron-rust-stain-removal-from-vegetable-tanned-leather-artifacts/): Abstract Leather artifacts from excavation sites, museums, storehouses, and libraries suffer from the impact of inappropriate preservation or storage conditions, leading to various forms of damage. Stains are among the common aspects of deterioration to vegetable-tanned leather in these places. Iron rust stains are particularly damaging and can lead to complete deterioration of the leather artifact, especially in the presence of air pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide, along with fluctuations in relative humidity in the environment as both of these factors accelerate chemical reactions. There is limited research on removing iron rust stains from vegetable-tanned leather artifacts. This study seeks to [&hellip;]
- [An Efficient Wet Processing Technology for Organic Chrome-free Leather Based on a New Amphoteric Acrylic Polymer Retanning and Fatliquoring Agent](https://sltc.org/product/an-efficient-wet-processing-technology-for-organic-chrome-free-leather-based-on-a-new-amphoteric-acrylic-polymer-retanning-and-fatliquoring-agent/): Abstract In recent years, organic chrome-free tanning has emerged as an environmentally benign alternative in leather production. However, the high electronegativity of organic chrome-free tanned leather leads to poor binding affinity for anionic dyes and fatliquoring agents, significantly reducing their uptake efficiency. Amphoteric polymer-based retanning agents present an effective solution for chrome-free leather processing by dynamically modulating the surface charge of the substrate, thereby enhancing the uptake and binding affinity of anionic leather chemicals. In this study, two new betaine-containing polymeric retanning-fatliquoring agents were synthesised. First, the intermediate P(LA-co-DM) was prepared by free radical copolymerisation of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) and [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of Denatured Starch-Gelatine Complex](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-denatured-starch-gelatine-complex/): Abstract Denatured starch-gelatine complex (GS) and denatured starch (OS) were produced by oxidising acid hydrolysing starch with sodium hypochlorite. The results clearly showed that acid degradation and oxidative degradation significantly reduced both the molecular and particle size of native starch. The Maillard reaction occurred during the preparation of GS. The two kinds of denatured starch and several typical fillers were applied to chrome-tanned crust leather. The contrasting results of filling showed that GS had some obvious characteristics different from those of other fillers. The leather sample filled with denatured starch-gelatine complex GS showed obvious thickening, excellent tensile strength and tear [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Leather](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-free-fatty-acids-in-leather/): Abstract The content of free fatty acids was investigated by qualitative and quantitative methods. The cableextraction method was used to test six different types of leather sample in which the dichloromethane was as extraction agent. After the extract was methyl esterified it was again extracted by petroleum ether. Then the colour and titration method were used to quantitatively analyse the extract. Meantime, the effect of different decolourisation ways on the quantitative analysis was studied. The properties of extraction products were characterized by GC-MS. The results show that the main components of free fatty acids in leather are oleic acid, palmitic [&hellip;]
- [Design of a Prototype to Produce a New Collagen Material by Dehydration](https://sltc.org/product/design-of-a-prototype-to-produce-a-new-collagen-material-by-dehydration/): Abstract The aim of the present work is to develop a prototype to produce a new collagenous material by dehydration for use in the leather industry.What is obtained through this new process is a dry and very porous collagenous substrate which allows the application of tanning and retanning chemicals by immersion in aqueous solutions. When compared to existing traditional processes, economic and environmental advantages are obtained from the use of this new material.
- [Polyurethane/Polyacrylate/Silica Nanocomposite Prepared by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization and the Properties of Finished Leather](https://sltc.org/product/polyurethane-polyacrylate-silica-nanocomposite-prepared-by-seeded-emulsion-polymerization-and-the-properties-of-finished-leather/): Abstract A polyurethane/polyacrylate/silica nanocomposite was prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization using polyurethane as a seed emulsion and potassium persulphate (KPS) as a free radical initiator, in which silica was synthesized via the sol-gel method of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and was modified by vinyl triethoxy silane (A-151). The influence of synthesis conditions such as the polyurethane and SiO2 content on the physical-mechanical properties and water resistance of polyurethane/polyacrylate/silica nanocomposite was investigated in detail. The tensile strength and elongation at break of nanocomposite films, at first, increases and then decreases with the increasing content of polyurethane. The incorporation of silica leads to improved [&hellip;]
- [Adsorption, Biosorption and Bioaccumulation Used to Remove Chromium(III) from Tanning Wastewaters: A Critical Review](https://sltc.org/product/adsorption-biosorption-and-bioaccumulation-used-to-remove-chromiumiii-from-tanning-wastewaters-a-critical-review/): Abstract Processes of adsorption, biosorption and bioaccumulation were analyzed considering their ability to remove chromium(III). Already published studies that represent the actual state of knowledge were taken into account for this purpose. The review includes a detailed description of principal physicochemical properties of adsorbents, biosorbents and micro-organisms, pointing out those features that explain the mechanism by which the separation occurs. We noted an inadequate evaluation of the bearing species of the tanning agent with respect to treated solutions and that, not always the most adequate species was selected. In order to elucidate both aspects, the way in which the electrical [&hellip;]
- [Molecular Weights and Tanning Properties of Tannin Fractions from Acacia mangium Bark](https://sltc.org/product/molecular-weights-and-tanning-properties-of-tannin-fractions-from-acacia-mangium-bark/): Abstract The comminuted bark of Acacia mangium was extracted with acetone solution, and the extract was then degreased with petroleum ether. The degreased solution was extracted by diethyl ether and ethyl acetate successively. In this way, the tannin of Acacia mangium was divided into the diethyl ether fraction, the ethyl acetate fraction, and the water fraction, respectively. The tannin molecular weight of these fractions was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and the particle sizes of tannin were examined by a Zetasizer ZS instrument. The results showed that the ether fraction consisted of the smallest molecules with an average molecular [&hellip;]
- [Viscosity and Retanning Properties of Isophthalic Dihydrazide Based Amino Resins under Different Reactant Conditions](https://sltc.org/product/viscosity-and-retanning-properties-of-isophthalic-dihydrazide-based-amino-resins-under-different-reactant-conditions/): Abstract Sulfonated amino resins like urea and melamine formaldehyde resins are widely used in retanning of leather. Both urea and melamine formaldehyde resins show free formaldehyde contents in the retanned leather greater than permissible limits (≤10ppm). In this research sulfonated isophthalic dihydrazide formaldehyde condensates have been prepared through controlled reaction of isophthalic dihydrazide with formaldehyde and sodium metabisulfite under different reactant conditions to optimize the free formaldehyde content in retanned leather within permissible limits. The retanning behaviours of these resin have been investigated. Tear strength, tensile strength, elongation at break and morphology of grain and cross section of fibre through [&hellip;]
- [On-line Determination of Formaldehyde in Tannery Effluent by Reverse Reference Flow Injection Analysis with Phenol Reagent](https://sltc.org/product/on-line-determination-of-formaldehyde-in-tannery-effluent-by-reverse-reference-flow-injection-analysis-with-phenol-reagent/): Abstract A novel reverse reference flow injection analysis (rrFIA) method coupled with spectrophotometric detection is described for the determination of formaldehyde in tannery effluent. The absorbance of the complex is measured at 630nm. Chemical factors and rrFIA variables affecting the system are also discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of this method is 0.005-1.0mg•L-1; the detection limit is 4.01μg•L-1; the precision is 0.583%. Comparing the method with the National Standard Method of China, the error is within ± 5% which meets the requirements. The proposed method is simple and convenient for the determination of formaldehyde in tannery effluent.
- [Protective Effect of Calcium Hydroxide in Hair-saving Unhairing Process](https://sltc.org/product/protective-effect-of-calcium-hydroxide-in-hair-saving-unhairing-process/): Abstract To better understand the mechanism of alkali-induced hair immunization, in this work native bovine hair was selected as the direct research subject rather than fresh salted bovine hide. The state of hair was evaluated, both before and after having undergone the procedure of immunization by measuring the changes of active groups, thermal stability, surface morphology, strength, calcium content and cystine content. The result indicates that the immunization is indeed caused by the interaction between calcium hydroxide and the cystine active center. Meanwhile, the optimum condition for immunization was: calcium hydroxide 15g/l and treatment time 90 minutes. This work may, [&hellip;]
- [Rheological Behaviour of Alkali Solubilized Collagen from Limed Bovine Split Wastes](https://sltc.org/product/rheological-behaviour-of-alkali-solubilized-collagen-from-limed-bovine-split-wastes/): Abstract The rheological behaviour of alkali solubilized collagen solutions (ASCS) from calf limed splits was modeled to investigate the effects of temperatures (25, 27.5, 30 and 32.5°C) and concentration (8, 10 and 15mg/ml) on its fluid type using viscometrical rheometry. ASCS were reconstructed by using a power-law model and exhibited the typical pseudoplastic behaviour with flow behaviour index values, n&lt;1. n increased with increasing concentration but decreased with increasing temperature. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of ASCS were determined by means of oscillatory rheometry at different pH, concentrations and temperatures in the ranges 2.5 to 8, 5-15mg/ml and 25-35°C, respectively. The [&hellip;]
- [Resistance of Bullfrog Leather and Skin Composition During Beamhouse Operations](https://sltc.org/product/resistance-of-bullfrog-leather-and-skin-composition-during-beamhouse-operations/): Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of bullfrog skin, Lithobates catesbeianus, tanned with chromium salts and vegetable tannin. We also checked the influence of chemicals on the skin during the beamhouse operations.We adopted a completely randomized design for the resistance test, in a 22 factorial arrangement: two tanning agents (vegetable tannins and chromium) and two cutting directions (longitudinal and transverse). Skin samples were collected during the beamhouse operations (soaking, liming, deliming, bating and degreasing) and analyzed for moisture, crude protein, ether extract and mineral matter. The tensile strength and elongation test, the results revealed that [&hellip;]
- [Quantitative Estimation of Hair Follicle Patterns for Leather Surface Using K-function (L-function) Method (2): Influence of Individual and Location Differences for Sheepskins on Estimation of L-function](https://sltc.org/product/quantitative-estimation-of-hair-follicle-patterns-for-leather-surface-using-k-function-l-function-method-2-influence-of-individual-and-location-differences-for-sheepskins-on-estimation-of-l-funct/): Abstract The purpose of this study was to estimate sheepskin hair follicle patterns quantitatively using the Kfunction (L-function) method. Especially, the influence of individual and location differences on the estimation of L-function was investigated. Five pieces of chrome-tanned sheepskins were used in this study. Hair follicle patterns of butt, shoulder and belly locations for sheepskins were observed by a digital microscope and were quantitatively estimated using K-function (L-function) method. As a result, it was found that the hair follicle patterns of sheepskins are defined as random distributions for all distances from the chosen sampling point, although they seemed to be [&hellip;]
- [Sheepskin in Ulcer Prevention: A Pressure Relieving Assessment](https://sltc.org/product/sheepskin-in-ulcer-prevention-a-pressure-relieving-assessment/): Abstract Although the sheepskin has been used in clinical care for ulcer prevention, no assessment has been reported on its effect on pressure relieving. Thereby this study aimed at quantitatively evaluating the effectiveness of sheepskin (SSM) in pressure relief. The pressure distributions of 18 students lying in supine posture on the standard hospital mattress (SHM) with and without the sheepskin mattress were measured by the mFLEX system. Variables of peak pressure (mmHg) (PP), average pressure (AP) and contact area (cm2) (CA) at total, back, sacrum and heel region were provided for comparisons. A paired-T test with a significance level of [&hellip;]
- [Minimal Bactericidal Concentration for a Quaternary Ammonium Compound used in Soak Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/antimicrobial-leather-preparation-characterization-and-application/): Abstract The soaking process is an ideal environment for bacterial growth and bacterial activity during this process causes severe damages on hides. The use of an effective bactericidal agent during soaking is very important to prevent the detrimental effect of bacteria on hides. A quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) containing 12.5% didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and 12.5% benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride which is used in soaking liquors in Turkiye was examined for its effect on Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Pseudomonas luteola, Enterobacter cloacae, Vibrio fluvialis and Enterococcus faecium. Staphylococcus intermedius, Pseudomonas luteola, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterococcus faecium were isolated [&hellip;]
- [Rapid Determination of Six Aldehydes in Leathers by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-determination-of-six-aldehydes-in-leathers-by-ultra-performance-liquid-chromatography/): Abstract A simple pre-column derivatization method using (2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, DNPH) as pre-column labeling reagent followed by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a Photo-Diode Array detector (PDA) has been developed for the determination of six aldehydes: glyoxal, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, glutaraldehyde in leather samples. Acetonitrile and 0.1% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate aqueous solution (1:1, V/V) was used for the ultrasonic extraction at 40°C. A derivatizing parameter – temperature was investigated in detail. Under optimal conditions, the quantification limits were obtained for the desired compounds ranging from 25 to 45μg l-1. The recoveries were higher than 90.6%. The proposed method was [&hellip;]
- [Quantitative Estimation of Hair Follicle Patterns for Leather Surface Using K-function (L-function) Method (1): Influence of Individual and Location Differences for Goatskins on Estimation of L-function](https://sltc.org/product/quantitative-estimation-of-hair-follicle-patterns-for-leather-surface-using-k-function-l-function-method-1-influence-of-individual-and-location-differences-for-goatskins-on-estimation-of-l-functi/): Abstract The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of individual and location differences on the quantitative estimation of hair follicle patterns for goatskins using the K-function (L-function) method. Five pieces of chrome-tanned goatskins were used in this study. Hair follicle patterns of butt, shoulder and belly locations for goatskins were observed by a digital microscope and were quantitatively estimated using K-function (L-function) method. As a result, a characteristic L-function for goatskin was observed. No individual differences in hair follicle patterns of goatskins were observed for both observation images and quantitative estimation. On the other hand, since the [&hellip;]
- [Mathematical Modelling of a Vegetable Tanning Process](https://sltc.org/product/mathematical-modelling-of-a-vegetable-tanning-process/): Abstract In this work a mathematical model of the vegetable tanning process under different operating conditions has been developed and validated. The mathematical model describes the tanning process as a series process involving tannin diffusion into the leather and subsequent reaction with collagen. The external diffusion has been assumed to be very fast because of the high rotation rate of the drum. The change of hide thickness was also considered by analyzing the experimental data. The mathematical model well describes tanning processes for most of the operating conditions examined.
- [Thermal Stability of Leather from a Microscopic View](https://sltc.org/product/thermal-stability-of-leather-from-a-microscopic-view/): Abstract In this article molecular dynamics simulations were adopted to establish the molecular model of 1cgd type I collagen at different temperatures with TINKER software. Through the diagrams of the RMSD value variation curve and corresponding time trajectory sampling of the molecular model, we could see that type I collagen’s stability decreased and its structure changed with the temperature rising and it is found that the higher the temperature was, the more apparent the structure changed. For example, RMSD value reached 5Å at 380K, conformational space turned to an intermediate folded bending condition which is different from its natural state. [&hellip;]
- [Flame Resistance of Leather Tanned with Zr-Al-Ti Complex Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/flame-resistance-of-leather-tanned-with-zr-al-ti-complex-tanning-agent/): Abstract Cattle pelts were tanned using both a chrome tanning agent and the Zr-Al-Ti complex tanning agent respectively. The flame resistance of crust leather and pelts were tested. The results showed that: The greatest flame resistance of the crust was for that tanned by Zr-Al-Ti complex tanning agent, second was chrome tanning and pelts were the worst. SEM and histological section observation revealed that: the fibre bundles of crust leather tanned by Zr-Al-Ti agent were the tightest, those of the chrome crust were placed second and the fibre bundles of pelts were very loose with many interstices.
- [Novel Approach for the Removal of Organic Contaminants in Wastewaters: Adsolubilization of 2-Naphthol onto Collagen Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/novel-approach-for-the-removal-of-organic-contaminants-in-wastewaters-adsolubilization-of-2-naphthol-onto-collagen-fibres/): Abstract Research on adsolubilization to fibrous proteins, such as collagen, has received little attention despite its academic relevance and potential industrial applications. The aim of this work was to study the influence of different parameters on adsolubilization onto collagen fibres using 2-naphthol as a model substance in order to verify the feasibility of this process in removing organic contaminants from wastewaters. The collagen fibres were previously or simultaneously treated with an anionic surfactant under mild acidic aqueous conditions to form the admicelles. The following parameters were considered: shaking time, surfactant type (sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate); influence of [&hellip;]
- [Short Term Preservation of Skins with Acids](https://sltc.org/product/short-term-preservation-of-skins-with-acids/): Abstract The wet salting method, which is mostly used for hide or skin curing employs approximately 40- 50% sodium chloride on raw material weight, this salt is subsequently removed during soaking thus significantly increasing pollution in tannery wastewaters. The application of alternative short term preservation methods can lead to a substantial decrease in materials consumption. Treatment with a mixture of acetic and benzoic acids is proposed as a short term preservation method for pigskins. Preservation for 16 days at 22 ± 1°C was achieved. The changes in the preserved skin structure during treatment and storage have no influence on the [&hellip;]
- [Application of Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR and NIR) in Vegetable Tanning Process Control](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-infrared-spectroscopy-ftir-and-nir-in-vegetable-tanning-process-control/): Abstract The tanning industry is currently influenced by the globalization of international markets. Competitiveness among industries has increased substantially. This therefore results in the need to further control the tanning processes in order to adjust each process thus preventing potential manufacturing errors. To avoid compromising production, controls must be performed in the least possible time. In the case of vegetable-tanned leather the official method for determining the ‘degree of tannage’ or ‘combined tannins’ parameters is not directly from a single standardized test method. The procedure to obtain these parameters involves performing several independent analyses and these present several drawbacks. The [&hellip;]
- [Separation and Analysis of Zr-Al-Ti Complex Tanning Agent Components](https://sltc.org/product/separation-and-analysis-of-zr-al-ti-complex-tanning-agent-components/): Abstract A Zr-Al-Ti complex tanning agent solution was separated by gel column chromatography. The structure, composition and metal ion content of components separated from the solution were detected and analyzed by UV spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The results showed that the precipitation pHof the Zr-Al-Ti complex tanning agent solution rose at first and then fell with increased addition of alkali. At pH2.5, precipitation pHw as the highest i.e. 4.15. Seven components were separated from the Zr-Al-Ti complex tanning agent solution by gel column chromatography. In the Zr-Al-Ti complex tanning agent solution of such [&hellip;]
- [Reconstituted Leather Made Using a Core-Shell Polyacrylate Adhesive](https://sltc.org/product/reconstituted-leather-made-using-a-core-shell-polyacrylate-adhesive/): Abstract The work described here concerns the synthesis of a special purpose adhesive and its use to bond chrome leather fibre in the preparation of reconstituted leather. Initially, two types of polyacrylate adhesives (core-shell and core) were synthesized and the properties of the adhesives were characterized. The measurements of particle size and zeta potential indicate that core-shell polyacrylate adhesive has higher zeta potentials, larger average particle size and higher poly-dispersity index (PDI) than the core adhesive. The thermal stability of a gelatin containing polyacrylate adhesive is improved. Measurements of atomic force microscopy(AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic contact angles (DCA) [&hellip;]
- [Analysis of Structure and Properties of Hydrophobic and Non-Hydrophobic Fatliquored Leather](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-structure-and-properties-of-hydrophobic-and-non-hydrophobic-fatliquored-leather/): Abstract During processing leather retains the important properties due to the fibrous structure of the collagen of the hide, which is the main reason why the manufactured product has individual and unique properties as a material of wide application and high value. In this work, comparisons were made of leather treated with fatliquoring formulations both with and without hydrophobic properties, for automotive upholstery in order to verify their influence on the properties of such leather by analysis at the stages of wet-blue, semi-finished and finished. The influence of local withdrawal of the samples was investigated for three regions of leather [&hellip;]
- [Resistance of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Tanned with Vegetable Tannin](https://sltc.org/product/resistance-of-the-nile-tilapia-oreochromis-niloticus-tanned-with-vegetable-tannin/): Abstract The objective of the present study was to determine the physical properties of Nile tilapia skin (Oreochromis niloticus), tanned with vegetable tannin, with 23 factorial experiments. After the tanning process, nine samples obtained from different treatments were used for tests of tensile strength, elongation and progressive tearing tests. The resistance analysis of Nile tilapia leather was carried out with a complete factorial experimental design with three independent variables (% tannin, tanning duration and tannin type), evaluated at two levels (+ and -), totalling eight treatments. Tannin type was the most important variable that explained the resistance of Nile tilapia [&hellip;]
- [Corporate Social Responsibility and the Carbon Footprint of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/corporate-social-responsibility-and-the-carbon-footprint-of-leather/): Abstract From an environmental standpoint the leather industry is an easy target for the thoughtless or prejudiced observer. With the terminology of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and in particular of carbon footprinting frequently abused and rarely clearly defined it is hard for the impartial observer to get a clear understanding of the scientific facts. This paper looks at carbon footprinting in particular and CSR in general and relates them to the specifics of the leather industry. Based on a study of current literature and knowledge it demonstrates that leather can be proud of its credentials and the attacks made on [&hellip;]
- [Analysis and Characterization of Chromium Sludge Treated by Acid Leaching](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-and-characterization-of-chromium-sludge-treated-by-acid-leaching/): Abstract Acid leaching has been developed for the extraction of chromium, iron, magnesium and other metals from industrial solid wastes. Leather industries which promote hide stabilization by chrome tanning are a major source of chromium sludge. In the method, sulphuric acid was used to extract chromium and the leach liquor was analyzed. Different influences, such as dosage, volume ratio, temperature, reaction time and mode of action were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum extraction rate was up to 70%. The samples (before and after acid leaching) were compared by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the content of each element [&hellip;]
- [Bangladeshi Leather Industry: An Overview of Recent Sustainable Developments](https://sltc.org/product/bangladeshi-leather-industry-an-overview-of-recent-sustainable-developments/): Abstract The Government of Bangladesh has indentified the leather sector as one with considerable growth and investment potential ranked fifth in the export earning sector. Currently Bangladesh produces and exports quality bovine and ovine, caprine (buffalo and cow; sheep and goat) leathers that have a good international reputation for fine textured skins. However, the entire leather sector meets only 0.5% of the world’s leather trade worth US$75 billion. There are about 113 tanneries in Bangladesh that produce 180 million square feet of hides and skins per year. In addition there are about 30 modern shoe manufacturing plants engaged in the [&hellip;]
- [Online Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in TanneryWastewater by LPIC-FIA](https://sltc.org/product/online-spectrophotometric-determination-of-criii-and-crvi-in-tannerywastewater-by-lpic-fia/): Abstract A highly selective, low-cost and easily operated method has been developed for on-line separation and simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) by using low pressure ion chromatography combined with flow injection spectrophotometric analysis(LPIC-FIA). Based on the selective adsorption of a low pressure ion chromatographic column (LPICC) on Cr(III), a new online separation system of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) was proposed. Thus, the separated Cr(VI) and Cr(III) are successively reacted with salicylfluorone (SAF) to form an amaranthine complex in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB), respectively. The complex gave maximum absorbance at 570nm. All the variables were studied in order to [&hellip;]
- [Dissolution Characteristics of Protein in an Ionic Liquid](https://sltc.org/product/dissolution-characteristics-of-protein-in-an-ionic-liquid/): Abstract A new and highly efficient direct solvent, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) was synthesized and used to dissolve three kinds of protein, gelatin, casein and skin collagen. The difference in solubility of three kinds of protein in [BMIM]Cl was investigated. The result indicates that all proteins can be dissolved in the [BMIM]Cl and the solubility is related to the temperature, high temperature is beneficial for improving the solubility. With the increase of concentration, the viscosity tends to increase. FTIR, XRD, TG were employed to characterize the structure and property changes of protein before and after dissolution, the results reveal that the [&hellip;]
- [Applying Electric Current to Inactivate Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Salt-Packed-Cured Hides](https://sltc.org/product/applying-electric-current-to-inactivate-gram-negative-bacteria-isolated-from-salt-packed-cured-hides/): Abstract Proteolytic and lipolytic bacteria on salt-pack cured hides may reduce leather quality by causing grain damage, looseness, chrome soaps, fatty spues, uneven dyeing, weakness and holes in leathers. To prevent bacterial damage on salt-pack cured hides during storage and other processes, the antibacterial effects of 1.5A alternating electric current on Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas luteola and Vibrio fluvialis, as well as a mixed population of these micro-organisms isolated from the hides, were separately examined in brine solution containing 25% NaCl. Fifteen minutes exposure to 1.5A alternating current inactivated all of the test bacteria in the brine solution. Additionally, 1.5A alternating [&hellip;]
- [Development of Quantitative Estimation of Hair Follicle Patterns for Leather Surface by Point Pattern Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-quantitative-estimation-of-hair-follicle-patterns-for-leather-surface-by-point-pattern-analysis/): Abstract The quantitative estimation of hair follicle patterns for a leather surface was investigated by point pattern analysis for use as a possible method for correct identification of leather materials. The Lfunction was used as a point pattern analysis. In the case of goatskins, the L-function correctly indicated the distribution patterns of guard hair follicles. Moreover, it was found that the density of hair follicles and the microscope magnification affect the estimation of the L-function. It was demonstrated that hair follicle patterns of leather surface could be estimated quantitatively by point pattern analysis with optimum conditions. This result suggested that [&hellip;]
- [Application and Properties of Modified Wool Keratin Composites as Film-forming Agent for Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/application-and-properties-of-modified-wool-keratin-composites-as-film-forming-agent-for-leather-finishing/): Abstract A series of wool keratin/hydroxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMCNa)/glyoxal composite membranes were prepared via solution blending and cross linking modification technology. The optimization of composite films preparation was critically investigated via orthogonal experimental design. Experimental results indicated that the cross-linking agent had a greater effect on the mechanical properties of films. Under the optimal condition (keratin/CMCNa weight ratio: 5.5, 0.3% glyoxal, reaction time: 1h, reaction temperature: 37°C), the composite membrane showed good tensile strength and maximum elongation, which can be used as film-forming agent in leather finishing. Moreover, in contrast to casein, the application properties of the leather finished by [&hellip;]
- [Application of N-(2-Hydroxy) Propyl-3-Trimethyl Ammonium Chitosan Chloride as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent in Wet-blue Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-n-2-hydroxy-propyl-3-trimethyl-ammonium-chitosan-chloride-as-an-antibacterial-and-antifungal-agent-in-wet-blue-cattle-hides/): Abstract N-(2-Hydroxy) Propyl-3-Trimethyl Ammonium Chitosan Chloride (HTCC) has better water-solubility than Chitosan (CS), and its solubility no longer depends on the change of solvent pH. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of HTCC to Escherichia (E. coli) is 6g/L whereas the MBC for CS is 9g/L, and the value for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is 3g/L for HTCC and for CS it is 6g/L. The optimal pH of HTCC to E. coli is 8.0 whereas the optimal pH for CS is 6.0, and the pH value for S. aureus is 7.0 for HTCC whereas that for CS is 6.0. So HTCC [&hellip;]
- [The Relationship Between Water Vapour Permeability and Softness for Leathers Produced in Poland](https://sltc.org/product/the-relationship-between-water-vapour-permeability-and-softness-for-leathers-produced-in-poland/): Abstract The study concerns testing of selected properties of leather produced in Poland particularly properties which are important for comfort. Shoe leathers were tested mainly for water vapour permeability and softness. Water vapour permeability tests were performed according to the new method which uses equipment made by the Radwag company (the idea was invented by the University of Technology and Humanities (UTH) in Radom, Poland), and which enables fast measurement in conditions similar to those under which the leather is used. In total, a range made by 8 Polish tanneries were tested. The results of the study showed that the [&hellip;]
- [Dyeing Properties of Natural Leather Using Red Natural Dyes](https://sltc.org/product/dyeing-properties-of-natural-leather-using-red-natural-dyes/): Abstract An environment-friendly, non-toxic, red-dyed leather was developed using four natural dyes – cochineal, lac, beet red, and monascus. The effects of the dye concentration, dyeing time, and temperature on the light fastness, rubbing fastness, colour difference, and K/S values (i.e., each dyed sample’s apparent depth value) were investigated to find the best natural dye for eco-dyeing the leather.When dyeing the leather red, the K/S value generally increased as concentrations of cochineal, monascus, lac, or beet red dyes were increased. However, the increase in the K/S value was substantially lowered when more than 5.0% o.w.l. (on the weight of leather) [&hellip;]
- [Salt Determination in Salted Bovine Hide](https://sltc.org/product/salt-determination-in-salted-bovine-hide/): Abstract In this work, a simple and inexpensive method has been developed to determine the amount of salt contained in a salted raw hide. Two different systems of analysis have been tested. In both methods, salt is removed by stirring the hide with deionized water and analysing the resulting salt bath. The first method is based on the measurement of the chloride amount in the salt bath by the Mohr method. The second method is based on measuring the density of the salt bath. The second method has yielded very good results. Also, it does not require the use of [&hellip;]
- [Some Bygone Leathers and Their Reincarnations](https://sltc.org/product/some-bygone-leathers-and-their-reincarnations/): &nbsp;
- [Tanning Technique of Sturgeon Skin](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-technique-of-sturgeon-skin/): Abstract Using artificially bred sturgeon skin as the raw material, the character of the skin’s organizational structure was researched. In order to keep the integrity of its natural and special scale structure and also to enhance the removal of melanin on the grain surface as well as the fat inside the skin, various techniques like mechanical strength reduction, oxidation-reduction bleach, multi-procedure degreasing and manual fleshing etc. were adopted during the tanning procedure. A set of mature and feasible tanning process for sturgeon skin was obtained. The softness and fullness as well as the physical mechanical performance of the finished leather [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of an Amphiphilic Acrylic Copolymer as a Retanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-an-amphiphilic-acrylic-copolymer-as-a-retanning-agent/): Abstract An amphiphilic acrylic copolymer of lauryl acrylate and acrylic acid has been synthesized to be used as a retanning agent for chromed-tanned leather. The structure of the resulting product is characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and particle size is measured with a dynamic light scattering instrument (DLS). The correlation between the co-monomers ratio of the prepared copolymer and its application properties has been investigated by measuring such physical/mechanical indexes of the retanned leather as thickness increment ratio, tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength. The retanning mechanism of the polymeric syntan is also explored by scanning electron [&hellip;]
- [The Treatment of Collagen Fibre and Cattle Hide with Transglutaminase in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide](https://sltc.org/product/the-treatment-of-collagen-fibre-and-cattle-hide-with-transglutaminase-in-supercritical-carbon-dioxide/): Abstract It was reported that supercritical fluids could increase the reaction rates and stability of enzymes. The transglutaminase (TGase) was used as a cross-linking agent for collagen fibre and cattle hide in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCF-CO2) medium. The denaturation temperature (Td) and shrinkage temperature (Ts) of the cross-linked samples were determined. SCF-CO2 could improve the crosslinking reaction of the TGase with the collagen fibre and cattle hide according to the denaturation temperature determination. For collagen fibre, the Td of TG-SCF-Collagen is about 20°C higher than that of TG-Collagen in water medium. While the Td of cattle hide treated with TGase [&hellip;]
- [Rapid Determination of Glutaraldehyde in Leather by UV Spectrophotometry Reverse Flow Injection System](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-determination-of-glutaraldehyde-in-leather-by-uv-spectrophotometry-reverse-flow-injection-system/): Abstract In order to control pollution by glutaraldehyde, a simple, accurate and sensitive reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) UV-spectrophotometric method for determination of glutaraldehyde in leathers is proposed in this paper. Glutaraldehyde and hydroxylamine hydrochloride undergo a condensation reaction at 40°C. The absorbance of the complex compounds is measured by a UV detector at 236nm. rFIA variables affecting the system are also discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was 0.5-200mg l-1; the detection limit was 0.03mg l-1; the relative standard deviation was 0.784%. This method was suitable for automatic and continuous analysis, and successfully applied [&hellip;]
- [Sulfitation of Animal Bone Fat for use as a Fatliquor](https://sltc.org/product/sulfitation-of-animal-bone-fat-for-use-as-a-fatliquor/): Abstract Local animal bone fat was chemically treated with sodium sulfite via epoxidation in presence of an heterogeneous catalyst, Dowex 50wx2-200. This approach was to avoid fatty matter degradation when using direct oxidation. A high stability fatliquoring agent was produced. The fatliquor enhanced the mechanical properties of leather, including tensile strength, elongation at break %, and also exhibited better appearance.
- [Confirmation of the Recessive Mode of Inheritance of the Vertical Fibre Hide Structure in Hereford Cattle](https://sltc.org/product/confirmation-of-the-recessive-mode-of-inheritance-of-the-vertical-fibre-hide-structure-in-hereford-cattle/): &nbsp;
- [Methods for the Treatment and Preservation of Raw Hides and Skins: A Review](https://sltc.org/product/methods-for-the-treatment-and-preservation-of-raw-hides-and-skins-a-review/): &nbsp;
- [The Simultaneous Transfer of Heat and Moisture in Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-simultaneous-transfer-of-heat-and-moisture-in-leather/): Abstract This paper deals with the transfer of heat and moisture in a pile of leathers with impermeable boundaries, which is caused by a jump in temperature at the boundaries. It is proved mathematically that changes in temperature take place in two “waves”, with diffusion coefficients derived using the Henry theory of the simultaneous diffusion in porous sorbing materials, although the resulting relationships may be obtained only by use of a more common procedure under even more common assumptions than Henry’s method. The results are compared with the experimental and theoretical data of Mitton and Dowsett obtained by use of [&hellip;]
- [Bactericides for Pre-treatment in Suspension Drying of Hides and Skins: A Review](https://sltc.org/product/bactericides-for-pre-treatment-in-suspension-drying-of-hides-and-skins-a-review/): Abstract In the tropical wet season, for example in West Africa, putrefaction of hides and skins during suspension drying is significant but may be reduced by pre-treatment of the raw stock with a bactericide. A suitable chemical must be cost-effective, have no adverse effects on leather-making qualities and acceptable with respect to health, safety and the environment. For application in less developed countries and small throughputs. A simple method of application with minimum expertise in process control is required. The chemical must remain effective during drying. The purpose of this paper is to review chemicals which have been used previously [&hellip;]
- [Microscopy of Grain Defects of Bovine Leather](https://sltc.org/product/microscopy-of-grain-defects-of-bovine-leather/): Abstract At the present time the need to produce full grain and aniline leathers has brought about a greater awareness of grain blemishes and faults. Such faults can originate during the life of the animal, or during cure, or during tannery processing. This paper describes how the microscope, and in particular the scanning electron microscope, is used at BLMRA to identify the cause of grain fault. The illustrations cover a wide variety of faults. &nbsp;
- [Improved Chrome Utilisation in Chrome Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/improved-chrome-utilisation-in-chrome-tanning/): &nbsp;
- [The Conservation of Leather Artifacts Recovered from the "Mary Rose"](https://sltc.org/product/the-conservation-of-leather-artifacts-recovered-from-the-mary-rose/): &nbsp;
- [Newer Developments in the Chemistry and Structure of Collagenous Connective Tissues and Their Impact on Leather Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/newer-developments-in-the-chemistry-and-structure-of-collagenous-connective-tissues-and-their-impact-on-leather-manufacture/): Abstract The formation of the unique structure of leather and its reactive ability are explained on the basis of a series of experimental results. The topics discussed include, among other things, phenomena like alterations in the molecular and fibrous structure on heat denaturation (hydrothermal shrinkage), mechanisms of crosslinking with chrome tanning agents, the changes in the fibrous structure caused by the deposition or infiltration of tanning materials and fatty substances and finally, the physical changes and modifications of the fibres on drying. These modifications have an immediate bearing on the evaluation of area yield of leather. &nbsp;
- [The Effect of Some Variables in the Toggling of Softy Garment Sides](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-some-variables-in-the-toggling-of-softy-garment-sides/): Abstract In this work, based on an MSc project, it was found that various conditions of temperature, time of toggling, and and extra subsequent Slocomb staking caused significant differences in area changes, and some subjectively assessed properties of softy garment cow sides. Increasing time and temperature of toggling gave area gains up to 0.8 ft²/side. Extra Slocomb staking after toggling increased area gain by approximately 0.75 ft²/side, compared with unstaked sides. &nbsp;
- [Tannage with Aluminium Salts Part Ill Preliminary Investigations of the Interactions with Polycarboxylic Compounds](https://sltc.org/product/tannage-with-aluminium-salts-part-ill-preliminary-investigations-of-the-interactions-with-polycarboxylic-compounds/): Abstract The system acrylic resin+ aluminium (III)+ chromium (Ill) has been investigated, as the basis of a novel tanning system. In particular, tannages containing very low or zero chromium (III) offers were investigated with a view to finding an alternative to full chrome tannage. High shrinkage temperature was the main aim of these experiments but other parameters were not ignored. The colour of the leathers were essentially white, even when &gt; 1% chromium (III) was present. There was no loss in thermal stability on soaking for 42 h in water at 30-35°C. Tear strength of fellmongered sheepskin leather was in [&hellip;]
- [Tannage with Aluminium Salts Part II Chemical Basis of the Reactions with Polyphenols](https://sltc.org/product/tannage-with-aluminium-salts-part-ii-chemical-basis-of-the-reactions-with-polyphenols/): Abstract To obtain aluminium tannages with shrinkage temperatures in excess of 100°C by the use of phenolic masking agents it has been found necessary to use trihydroxy diaryl compounds. The location of the hydroxy groups in the aryl ring is important in determining hydrothermal stability of the resultant leather. The mechanism of the reaction has been studied by means of chromatography, ionophoresis, JR spectroscopy &#8211; some involving deuterium exchange, and potentiometry. From these a speculative mode of reaction involving multipoint coordination and hydrogen-bonding between the basic polyphenol aluminium complex and collagen has been put forward. &nbsp;
- [Tannage with Aluminium Salts Part I Reactions Involving Simple Polyphenolic Compounds](https://sltc.org/product/tannage-with-aluminium-salts-part-i-reactions-involving-simple-polyphenolic-compounds/): Abstract The literature of aluminium tanning has been reviewed particularly that relating to the production of leathers with shrinkage temperatures greater than those found in alum tawed leathers. Reactions between aluminium salts masked with polyphenolics, both simple and those found in the natural organic tannins, have been investigated. It has been established that at least two trihydroxyaryl units per molecule are required to obtain shrinkage temperatures in excess of 100°C. The preferred method of application is to use the phenolic compound as a pre-tannage, which is followed by application of the aluminium salt.
- [Foam Base Coats in Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/foam-base-coats-in-leather-finishing/): &nbsp;
- [Unhairing Technology Involving Hair Protection Adaptation of a Recirculation Technique](https://sltc.org/product/unhairing-technology-involving-hair-protection-adaptation-of-a-recirculation-technique/): Abstract The application of the hair-saving process has mainly resulted in a reduction of the organic content and suspended-settleable solids in the beamhouse effluent. Aiming at decreasing the volume of effluents from unhairing and at optimizing the amount of products used in such a process in a tannery producing upholstery leather, a study concerning recycling was made of the effluents from a hair-saving “chemical unhairing” process that is in current use. By means of trials both at laboratory scale and on a pilot plant, the recirculation of an effluent (“mixed liquor”) &#8211; including unhairing liquid wastes and waste water from [&hellip;]
- [Tannin Analysis by Near Infrared Spectroscopy](https://sltc.org/product/tannin-analysis-by-near-infrared-spectroscopy/): Abstract The use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is demonstrated to be an important alternative to the empirical and laborious traditional methods for tannin analysis of the bark of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.), particularly when large numbers of samples have to be processed rapidly. A set of 98 ground wattle bark samples was used to calibrate the output from a NIRS instrument, taking absorption readings every 2 nm between 1100 nm and 2498 nm. The spectral data from this calibration set was then statistically manipulated using multivariate techniques to generate calibration models. These calibrations were then applied to [&hellip;]
- [Dye Selection - Problems and Opportunities](https://sltc.org/product/dye-selection-problems-and-opportunities/): &nbsp;
- [Age and Chemical-Related Changes in Red Deer Skin Part 2: Role of Oxygen](https://sltc.org/product/age-and-chemical-related-changes-in-red-deer-skin-part-2-role-of-oxygen/): Abstract Changes in the properties of preserved mammal skin with age is a major factor in the deterioration and possible failure of museum specimens. We have investigated the changes in red deer skin due to ageing and oxygen by isothermal isometric tension analysis. Red deer skin was incubated for periods of up to 12 months in the presence of varying oxygen concentration (0.2 to 42%). Hydrothermal isometric tension analysis indicated that changes in the properties of red deer skin with age were more significant than those that could be attributed to oxygen. While high oxygen concentration appeared to influence tissue [&hellip;]
- [Bating of Furrier Sheepskins in Recycled Liquors After Analytical Standardisation of Proteolytic Activity](https://sltc.org/product/bating-of-furrier-sheepskins-in-recycled-liquors-after-analytical-standardisation-of-proteolytic-activity/): Abstract The bating of fur sheep skins in recycled enzyme-pickle liquors was the subject of intensive investigation. The method for analytical standardisation of proteolytic activity in spent liquors was developed in order to allow us to control standard bating conditions. The technology has been applied on a commercial scale in the industry since 1990 and gives good results being an effective process giving good quality and a high area yield of leather. &nbsp;
- [Sulpho-Syntan Tannage Technology on Line: Basic Liquor-Acid Liquor](https://sltc.org/product/sulpho-syntan-tannage-technology-on-line-basic-liquor-acid-liquor/): Abstract In this study the new technology of an ultra-rapid sulpho-syntan tannage consisting of the successive action of a basic and then an acid liquor without pre-tanning, has been experimentally investigated. Results obtained on laboratory models have shown that this technology leads to a significant reduction in the total tanning time needed for properly tanned leathers having a satisfactory hydrothermal stability and a smooth grain. The tanning liquors (both basic and acid) are recycled after simple adjustment of parameters, this is taken as being necessary because of ecological pressures. &nbsp;
- [The Effect of Environmental Legislation on the Selection of Dyestuffs](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-environmental-legislation-on-the-selection-of-dyestuffs/): &nbsp;
- [Clean Technology for Tannage with Chromium Salts Part 1: Development of a New Process in Hydrophobic Organic Solvent Media](https://sltc.org/product/clean-technology-for-tannage-with-chromium-salts-part-1-development-of-a-new-process-in-hydrophobic-organic-solvent-media/): Abstract We describe a new non-polluting tanning process using chromium salts. The various factors involved in the process were also investigated. The new process considerably reduces the level of pollutants in the effluent, and is suitable for large-scale operation. Complete exhaustion of the tanning baths, together with much higher chromium binding was observed with the organic medium than with the traditional processes carried out in aqueous media. &nbsp;
- [Chitosan in Leather Production Part 6: The Enhancement of Uptake of Anionic Dyes on Crusted and Dyed-Through Leather](https://sltc.org/product/chitosan-in-leather-production-part-6-the-enhancement-of-uptake-of-anionic-dyes-on-crusted-and-dyed-through-leather/): Abstract Pretreatment with chitosan formate intensified the depth of shade of C.I. Acid Brown 167 and C.I. Acid Yellow 83 on dyed-through leather; optical microscopy demonstrated that intensification of shade was evenly distributed within the leather which suggests that the large molecular size, cationic polymer penetrated, and was also evenly distributed within, the substrate. Treatment of crusted sheep skin and retanned goat skin crust with chitosan using a two instalment, sandwich dyeing method, enhanced the uptake of C.I. Direct Black 155; the extent of this intensification of shade was similar to that obtained using two commercial, cationic agents. Pretreatment with [&hellip;]
- [Studies on Pesticides Used for the Protection of Skins During Storage and Transportation. Part 2: Analytical Studies and Environmental Impact](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-pesticides-used-for-the-protection-of-skins-during-storage-and-transportation-part-2-analytical-studies-and-environmental-impact/): Abstract In this report insecticides, which have been shown to protect dried skins from attack by Dermestes maculatus, and most of which are classed as safe for use in stored food grains by FAO, have been evaluated for persistence during tannery processing. In these trials key parameters are considered to be the quantity of insecticide remaining in the spent process liquors (including suspended solids) and the amount remaining in the pickled pelt. These results are summarised in tabular form below. The amounts of active insecticide on the skins when put into work were not constant and are not to be [&hellip;]
- [How to Test for Benzidine Dyes in Dye Mixtures](https://sltc.org/product/how-to-test-for-benzidine-dyes-in-dye-mixtures/): Abstract Over the years questions have been raised by tanners concerning dyes which are based on benzidine and benzidine derivatives and also whether such dyes are present in various dye mixtures. It has now become accepted that benzidine itself has a positive cancer response in humans. While dyes based on benzidine are themselves not so critical, these dyes can undergo degradation by light or chemicals to form benzidine. Additionally in the production stage it is possible to have small quantities of benzidine present. Consequently it is very clear why these dyes based on benzidine have a high toxicity potential and [&hellip;]
- [Environmental & Safety Issues - Clean Technology and Environmental Auditing](https://sltc.org/product/environmental-safety-issues-clean-technology-and-environmental-auditing/): Abstract Leather production yields emissions to water, land and air &#8211; all of which are increasingly subjected to legislative control. Furthermore, safety for employees within the work place has to be ensured. Compliance with this increasingly complex regulatory system precludes single objective approaches. Environmental auditing is a systematised approach to identifying the problems within a particular sector or production unit. To ensure that the leather industry can effectively reduce its environmental impact, BLC is co-ordinating two international projects to provide reliable information on the real, as distinct from claimed, status of Clean Technologies applicable to this sector. Monitoring of the [&hellip;]
- [Chitosan in Leather Production Part 2: Further Studies of the Dyeing Behaviour of Chitosan Treated Leather](https://sltc.org/product/chitosan-in-leather-production-part-2-further-studies-of-the-dyeing-behaviour-of-chitosan-treated-leather/): Abstract The rate and extent of uptake of C.I. Acid Yellow 83 onto chrome grain leather were enhanced by means of pretreatment with chitosan, the extent of this enhancement being greater for chitosan formate than for chitosan acetate. The pH of application of the polyaminosaccharide had a marked effect upon adsorption of C.I. Acid Yellow 83 with pH 4 yielding maximum dye uptake; pretreatment also improved the dry cleaning fastness of the dye on chrome grain leather. Optical micrographs of the grain side of chrome grain leather which had been pretreated with chitosan and dyed using C.I. Acid Yellow 83 [&hellip;]
- [Precision Measurements in the Determination of Chrome and Substances Soluble in Dichloromethane](https://sltc.org/product/precision-measurements-in-the-determination-of-chrome-and-substances-soluble-in-dichloromethane/): Abstract In conjunction with the Chemical Analysis committee of the SLTC, Interlaboratory trials were organised for the testing of Chrome as Cr203 and substances soluble in Dichloromethane using BS 1309. Initial results indicated problems with specific laboratories who could not provide results to an adequate level of precision. These problems have been resolved on an individual basis and highlighted errors in equipment, methodology and calculation. The results from all laboratories indicate more general problems in using BS 1309. &nbsp;
- [Vegetable Tannins and Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/vegetable-tannins-and-tanning/): Abstract The paper presents a necessarily brief review of tannins and tanning, covering the following topics. Tannins: Occurrence of tannins in nature, reason for existence and relationship to plant metabolism. Chemical types- classification into condensed tannins, ellagitannins and gallotannins. Tanning: Tannin/protein interaction &#8211; electrovalent and hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction. Equilibrium between tannin and protein &#8211; tanning as a polar absorption. Principles of vegetable tanning. Importance of acids, salts and other osmotic considerations. &nbsp;
- [Polyurethane Based Interpenetrating Networks as Top Coats for Leather](https://sltc.org/product/polyurethane-based-interpenetrating-networks-as-top-coats-for-leather/): Abstract Castor oil based polyurethanes, PVC and nitrocellulose semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) were prepared. The mechanical and Limiting Oxygen Index (LOl) properties of the films were evaluated. These semi TPNs were tested as top coats for leather. &nbsp;
- [Instrumental Techniques for Evaluation of Residual Retanning Baths](https://sltc.org/product/instrumental-techniques-for-evaluation-of-residual-retanning-baths/): Abstract A method is described for the fractionation and ‘fingerprint’ analysis of syntans either alone or in process liquors and whether chromium is present or not. The quantitative technique uses a combination of ultrafiltration and UV spectroscopy, results are presented for typical types of syntans. &nbsp;
- [Utilization of Leather Waste - Animal Feedstuff from Chrome Shavings Part 1, Pilot Plant Study](https://sltc.org/product/utilization-of-leather-waste-animal-feedstuff-from-chrome-shavings-part-1-pilot-plant-study/): Abstract In this paper we present experimental results on the hydrolysis of chrome tanned shavings. It was observed that it is possible to remove chromium down to negligible values (less than 0.1 ppm) when hydrolysis is performed by heating the shavings at 80°C in calcium oxide liquors using the following weight proportions: 0.08 to 0.1 parts CaO, 1 part dried chrome shavings (equivalent to 2 parts wet shavings), 10 parts water. A protein concentrate containing about 80% crude protein and 25% essential amino acids was obtained. An animal nutrition program to study the possible uses of this product was initiated. [&hellip;]
- [Application of Information Entropy to Defect Characterisation in Leather](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-information-entropy-to-defect-characterisation-in-leather/): Abstract The difficult task of producing automatic machines to identify defects in leather needs new concepts to ensure an easy and reproducible way of making decisions about the type and extent of the defects in leather. This paper suggests a possible approach for the characterisation and location of defects based on a new concept which could be a candidate as a one parameter decision maker. This parameter is informational entropy. &nbsp;
- [Grain Strain in Sheepskins Produced during Flaying: Part 2](https://sltc.org/product/grain-strain-in-sheepskins-produced-during-flaying-part-2/): Abstract Following on from the extensive bibliographical data survey and the section on traction and ball burst tests in Part 1, Part 2 deals with more intensive testing. Data on wool pulling and tensile testing are followed by the comprehensive section on industrial slaughterhouse investigations. Part 2 concludes with Final Recommendations. &nbsp;
- [Synthesis of Reactive Silicones and their Application to Leather](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-of-reactive-silicones-and-their-application-to-leather/): Abstract This paper deals with the synthesis of epoxy poly(dimethyl siloxane) from dimethyl dichlorosilane via the intermediate polymer, hydroxyl terminated linear poly(dimethyl siloxane), by reacting it with epichlorohydrin. These polymers have been characterised by FT-JR and FT-NMR techniques. This reactive silicone has been applied as a top coat on full chrome grain garment leather. The results were compared with non reactive silicone treated leathers. Various properties such as coefficient of friction, contact angle, gloss, water absorption (both static and dynamic) were determined. &nbsp;
- [Aqueous Dispersions of Polyurethane lonomers as Leather Impregnants](https://sltc.org/product/aqueous-dispersions-of-polyurethane-lonomers-as-leather-impregnants/): Abstract This investigation concerns the impregnation of chrome tanned pig skin with aqueous anionic polyurethane dispersions of different compositions and of different particle sizes. It was found that the penetration and the amount of the polyurethane precipitated into leather depends on the concentration, the quantity of the impregnation float, the pH value of the leather substrate, the pH value and the particle size of the polyurethane impregnant. &nbsp;
- [Polyurethane Dispersions in Leather Production](https://sltc.org/product/polyurethane-dispersions-in-leather-production/): Abstract Legislation is to become effective in the Federal Republic of Germany which will restrict or almost entirely prohibit the emission of solvents in leather production. This will affect the finishing of leather, and top coats in particular. The demands of consumers, who expect the quality of leather to rise continuously, with uninterrupted improvement of physical fastness properties, would appear to be in conflict with this development. The opportunities offered by polyurethane chemistry for solving this dilemma are described. &nbsp;
- [Pigments in Modern Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/pigments-in-modern-leather-finishing/): Abstract Pigments are one of the main constituents of a leather finishing mixture, yet we are all inclined to take them for granted. Just something that colours the leather, perhaps covering up some defects or mistakes before the tanner can sell his leather. The purpose of my paper then is to shed some light on pigments, their purpose, type, properties and dispersion. &nbsp;
- [Technical Note: Investigation into Consistency of Lastometer Testing Between Laboratories](https://sltc.org/product/technical-note-investigation-into-consistency-of-lastometer-testing-between-laboratories/): Abstract The representatives of SATRA, BLC, Pittard-Garner, K. Shoemakers and Nene College, who serve on the SLTC Physical Tests Committee, agreed to their laboratories participation in this lastometer testing programme. SATRA arranged distribution of the samples to those involved, together with detailed instructions as to evaluation of end-point, which is slightly different to that observed when testing leather. Six batches (randomly coded α, β, γ, δ, ε and ξ) each of 24 lastometer test pieces were cut from known lines of warp and weft yarns of a quality PU-coated fabric, and four of these dispatched to the various laboratories. The [&hellip;]
- [Goat Liveweight and Its Effect on Skin Area, Primary Follicle Density and Leather Grain Appearance](https://sltc.org/product/goat-liveweight-and-its-effect-on-skin-area-primary-follicle-density-and-leather-grain-appearance/): Abstract Goats were slaughtered over the liveweight range from 3 kg to 28 kg, the skins tanned and the leather appraised. Grain appearance deteriorated with increases in liveweight and skin surface area and it was concluded that good grain appearance was associated with a high density of primary follicles producing relatively fine medullated fibres and having few coarse fibres. &nbsp;
- [Early Leather Trades Engineers of Leeds Part 1. Thomas Haley & Co](https://sltc.org/product/early-leather-trades-engineers-of-leeds-part-1-thomas-haley-co/): Abstract The first of a short series of articles dealing with the previously unrecorded history of the development of the Leather Trades’ Machinery industry in Leeds. The interrelationships between the various engineering companies and their close links with local tanners are discussed. This first article deals with 60 years of Thomas Haley and Co. from 1861 until their amalgamation with Turner Tanning Machinery Co. Ltd. &nbsp;
- [Mechanistic Studies of Mineral Tanning-Part I: Solid State Aluminium-27 NMR Studies and the Thermodynamics of Shrinking](https://sltc.org/product/mechanistic-studies-of-mineral-tanning-part-i-solid-state-aluminium-27-nmr-studies-and-the-thermodynamics-of-shrinking/): Abstract Aluminium-27 solid state NMR spectroscopy has been applied to investigate the interaction at the molecular level of various aluminium based tanning salts with leather. High resolution and variable temperature 27Al-solid state NMR studies, combined with differential scanning calorimetry and kinetic studies of the shrinking of Al-tanned hide powder and sheepskin samples have clearly shown that shrinking is a kinetically controlled process, during which the synthetic crosslinks remain intact. The shrinkage temperature is determined by the size of the formed crosslinked macromolecular moieties which in turn depends on the kinetic stability of the interactions of the tanning agent with collagen. [&hellip;]
- [Technical Note: An Explanation of an Hydrothermal Stability Anomaly in Some Chrome Tanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/technical-note-an-explanation-of-an-hydrothermal-stability-anomaly-in-some-chrome-tanned-leathers/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Phenolic Constitutents of Parkia Clappertoniana Fruit Husk](https://sltc.org/product/phenolic-constitutents-of-parkia-clappertoniana-fruit-husk/): Abstract Aqueous acetone extract of the fruit husk of Parkia clappertoniana from Nigeria was successively extracted with diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. Catechin and ellagic acid were identified from the etheral extract, while rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside) came from the phenolic fraction of ethyl acetate extract and both gallic and ellagic acids from its carboxylic fraction. Identification in each case was accomplished by means of colour reactions, paper chromatography and co-chromatography, using authentic samples and standard spectrophotometric techniques. &nbsp;
- [Studies on 1,3-Oxazolidine and 3-Hydroxyethyl-1,3-Oxazolidine as Tanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-13-oxazolidine-and-3-hydroxyethyl-13-oxazolidine-as-tanning-agents/): Abstract Oxazolidines are a new class of tanning agents which has been developed in recent years. The leathers obtained after treatment by oxazolidines are soft and light in colour. Oxazolidines, in combination with chrome, lead to a higher uptake of chromium than by treatment with chrome alone. A detailed study has been made in this field by preparing several oxazolidines and studying their tanning action using pickled sheepskin. Two of these, 1,3-oxazolidine and 3-hydroxyethyl-1,3-oxazolidine gave encouraging results. Studies were made with these oxazolidines to determine optimum concentration, pH of the bath and time required to obtain an improved result on [&hellip;]
- [An Analytical Method for Determining Formates in Chrome Recycling Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/an-analytical-method-for-determining-formates-in-chrome-recycling-liquors/): Abstract Recycled chrome tanning liquors containing formate as masking agent have to be accurately fortified between cycles to ensure consistent results. Up to now, residual formate concentrations have been guessed at because there has been no easy, quantitative assay for formate in such recycle liquors. This work derives a suitable gas chromatographic method which measures formate directly using thermal conductivity detection. Temperature and pH are shown to affect the elution profile and it was found best to separate formate on a Poropak N column from a filtered (0.45/µm) solution at a pH&lt;2 and oven temperature of 160oC. Unknown formate concentrations [&hellip;]
- [A Non-Stationary, Non-Isothermal Model of the Microclimate Inside the Shoe: Comparison of Leather and Synthetics](https://sltc.org/product/a-non-stationary-non-isothermal-model-of-the-microclimate-inside-the-shoe-comparison-of-leather-and-synthetics/): Abstract A mathematical model of the non-stationary non-isothermal microclimate inside the worn shoe was developed on the basis of the balance of moisture and heat transport in the system foot—shoe—surroundings. The solution of the model formed by a set of two partial differential equations and pertinent boundary and initial conditions was performed by use of the Laplace transformation. On the basis of the knowledge of a number of material and process parameters, the time dependences of humidity and temperature inside the shoe were calculated. The theoretical predictions agree well with experimental data. The natural material (side leather) has proved to [&hellip;]
- [Preparation for the Twenty-First Century: Research and Development Needs](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-for-the-twenty-first-century-research-and-development-needs/): Abstract Views put forward by 15 Research Directors based in OECD, Centrally Planned and Developing Countries have been collated to form the present review. Priorities in research objectives differed for each group, e.g. OECD Directors emphasising cost reduction, in Centrally Planned countries improved performance was top priority and in Developing Countries the introduction of clean technology was considered most important. When routes to achieving these goals are considered, there is considerable overlap and differences between groups that are insignificant compared to differences within groups. Key targets are perceived as: 1 Increasing the supply of full grain aniline leathers 2 Improving [&hellip;]
- [Utilisation Of Hide Wastes for the Production of High-Protein Feed Meals on the Basis of a “Collagen Amino-Acid Index”](https://sltc.org/product/utilisation-of-hide-wastes-for-the-production-of-high-protein-feed-meals-on-the-basis-of-a-collagen-amino-acid-index/)
- [Modern Leather Requirements](https://sltc.org/product/modern-leather-requirements/)
- [A Simple Method for the Combined Determination of Both Zirconium and Aluminium in Leather and Tanning Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-method-for-the-combined-determination-of-both-zirconium-and-aluminium-in-leather-and-tanning-solutions/)
- [The Structural Features of Processed Sheepskin Splits, As Viewed in Conjunction with Various Histological and Microscopical Techniques](https://sltc.org/product/the-structural-features-of-processed-sheepskin-splits-as-viewed-in-conjunction-with-various-histological-and-microscopical-techniques/): Abstract The morphology of sheepskin splits was studied at the completion of the beamhouse processes and after a tanning procedure with glutaraldehyde had been effected. A selection of histological and microscopical methods was applied. The combination of Masson’s trichrome stain and differential-interference contrast microscopy resulted in an optical relief effect on the dermal fibre system. Using reflected light microscopy, the fibrous structure of the tanned splits could be examined directly, without requiring any form of histological processing. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated most appropriately, fibre bundle separation and splitting. The unit-fibre was defined, measuring 5 tm and being composed of numerous [&hellip;]
- [The Better Utilisation of the Buffalo](https://sltc.org/product/the-better-utilisation-of-the-buffalo/): &nbsp;
- [The Effect Of Antiseptics And Fungicides Used In The Leather Industry On Domestic Sewage Purified By Activated Sludge Treatment](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-antiseptics-and-fungicides-used-in-the-leather-industry-on-domestic-sewage-purified-by-activated-sludge-treatment/): &nbsp;
- [Direct Recycling of Tannery Wastewater Purified by the Silflo Air Flotation System](https://sltc.org/product/direct-recycling-of-tannery-wastewater-purified-by-the-silflo-air-flotation-system/): Abstract The patented Silflo air flotation process has been operated successfully at several tanneries to purify tannery wastewater (mainly to remove suspended solids) but it does not remove dissolved inorganic salts. The next obvious step was to see whether this treated wastewater could be recycled back into all or some of the tanning operations in the interests of water conservation. Trials in the LIRI experimental tannery have shown that the crust leather produced with the Silflo liquor from two tanneries &#8211; where this was used in all operations from the pre-soak to retanning &#8211; was as good as the crust [&hellip;]
- [Studies On Enzymatic Dehairing: Part IV. Methods Of Preparing Calfskins For Enzymatic Depilation](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-enzymatic-dehairing-part-iv-methods-of-preparing-calfskins-for-enzymatic-depilation/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Studies On Enzymatic Dehairing: Part III. Enzymatic Depilation Of Pigskins Modified By Alkalisation](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-enzymatic-dehairing-part-iii-enzymatic-depilation-of-pigskins-modified-by-alkalisation/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Environmental Aspects of Tanning with Chromium](https://sltc.org/product/environmental-aspects-of-tanning-with-chromium/): Abstract Methods of preventing the discharge of chromium from tanneries to the environment and their effectiveness and practicability are discussed, viz, complete uptake and fixation at tanning, direct recycling of spent chrome liquors and precipitation of spent chrome liquors, including reconstitution of new chrome tanning material. However, the chromium cannot be prevented completely from dissipating into the environment. The naturally occurring chromium in soils and the uptake of chromium by plants is discussed. Effects of chromium on wastewater treatment plants, soils, plants and animals including Man are considered, distinguishing between hexavalent and trivalent chromium. &nbsp;
- [Twenty-First Procter Memorial Lecture Procter’s Textbook of Tanning - 1885: A Retrospective Review in The Centennial Year](https://sltc.org/product/twenty-first-procter-memorial-lecture-procters-textbook-of-tanning-1885-a-retrospective-review-in-the-centennial-year/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Studies On The Chemistry Of Syntans - Part II: Chemistry Of Mixed Condensation Products](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-the-chemistry-of-syntans-part-ii-chemistry-of-mixed-condensation-products/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [A Simple Approach To Leather Process Investigation Part 5 - The Correction Of Defects In Paste Dried Leather By Variants In Retannage And Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-approach-to-leather-process-investigation-part-5-the-correction-of-defects-in-paste-dried-leather-by-variants-in-retannage-and-fatliquoring/): Abstract In Part 4 (J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem., 1984, 68, 159) the effect of the main techniques of leather drying, free hanging, toggling, paste drying and vacuum drying, on the properties of side upper leather was studied. The leather was prepared by the Modified Standard Process (MSP) as described in Part 3 (J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem., 1984, 68, 125), except for the drying variants. The leathers that had been dried by processes involving stretching (especially toggling and paste drying) were adversely affected as regards break and were also modified in temper. They showed substantially reduced distension to grain [&hellip;]
- [Basic Titanium Sulphate - A Versatile Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/basic-titanium-sulphate-a-versatile-tanning-agent/): &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Investigation of the Structure of Leathers Tanned with Chrome-Zirconium Complex Tanning Material](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-the-structure-of-leathers-tanned-with-chrome-zirconium-complex-tanning-material/): &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Assessment of the Thermal Resistance of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/assessment-of-the-thermal-resistance-of-leather/): &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Efficient Utilisation of Steam](https://sltc.org/product/efficient-utilisation-of-steam/): &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [A Practical Chrome Recovery System Using Magnesium Oxide](https://sltc.org/product/a-practical-chrome-recovery-system-using-magnesium-oxide/): Abstract A practical method of recovering chrome from tannery waste liquors for re-use has been developed. Spent chrome bearing liquor is collected, treated with magnesium oxide and allowed to settle. After discarding the supernatant solution the chrome precipitate is solubilised with sulphuric acid. The recovered chrome can be recycled to tannage; a prolonged trial showed that no deleterious effect accumulated in the leather produced. The system minimises both capital and labour costs; model calculations indicate a payback period (at 1981 prices) of 14-22 months, with considerable savings thereafter. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Colorimetric Assessment Of Wool Fabric Staining As A Model For Studying Reduction Of Chromium Staining During Tanning Of Woolly Sheepskins](https://sltc.org/product/colorimetric-assessment-of-wool-fabric-staining-as-a-model-for-studying-reduction-of-chromium-staining-during-tanning-of-woolly-sheepskins/): Abstract A technique of colour measurement has been used on standard wool fabric to evaluate the colour differences between various treatments in the chrome tanning system and to enable the best system to be chosen for tanning trials. The variability of wool color between and within skins is eliminated in this evaluation procedure. Of the additives tested, this work has shown aluminium sulphate to be the most effective in the tanning bath to reduce chromium staining of the wool. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Yield of Chrome Tanned Side Leather](https://sltc.org/product/yield-of-chrome-tanned-side-leather/): &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [An Analysis of Dehydration Processes and Its Application to Leather Drying](https://sltc.org/product/an-analysis-of-dehydration-processes-and-its-application-to-leather-drying/): &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Water Insoluble Compounds for Chrome Tannage Basification](https://sltc.org/product/water-insoluble-compounds-for-chrome-tannage-basification/): Abstract Three commercial grades of calcium carbonate and two commercial grades of magnesium oxide have been compared as basifying agents in chrome tannage. Either compound is a suitable reagent, but magnesia of reduced reactivity gives a smoother pH profile. Rates of reaction depend on the physical characteristics of the compound and grades must be selected for reaction rate with respect to the allowed tanning period. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [The Influence of Shoe Linings on Foot Comfort](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-shoe-linings-on-foot-comfort/): Abstract Wear trials have been carried out to investigate the role which vegetable tanned leather linings have in determining the comfort of footwear. The work has demonstrated that leather linings ameliorate the discomfort of footwear made with synthetic uppers and conversely that foam-backed nylon linings detract from the comfort of shoes with leather uppers. A probable reason for this is the inability of the synthetic lining to absorb liquid water once the water vapour absorption capacity has been saturated. It is concluded that labelling regulations for footwear such as those incorporated in BS 583:13980 should be amended to include a [&hellip;]
- [Studies in Chrome Utilisation in UK Tanneries Part II](https://sltc.org/product/studies-in-chrome-utilisation-in-uk-tanneries-part-ii/): Abstract Six practical approaches to the recycling of chrome tanning liquors are described. The economics of recycling for main tannage and blue retannage are discussed in brief. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Studies in Chrome Utilisation in UK Tanneries Part I](https://sltc.org/product/studies-in-chrome-utilisation-in-uk-tanneries-part-i/): Abstract Twelve UK tanneries (bovine, ovine and semi-chrome dressers) participated in a survey of chromium utilisation. Chrome balances were constructed for 72 packs from 33 processes. The results are discussed with respect to the effect of various chrome-bearing liquors on the chrome levels in mixed tannery effluent. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Some Thoughts on Standardisation of Synthetic Tanning Materials](https://sltc.org/product/some-thoughts-on-standardisation-of-synthetic-tanning-materials/): &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Hide And Leather Characteristics of Young Afrikaner-Type Steers Slaughtered at Four Different Live Masses](https://sltc.org/product/hide-and-leather-characteristics-of-young-afrikaner-type-steers-slaughtered-at-four-different-live-masses/): Abstract Hide characteristics and leather properties have been examined in hides obtained from young, crossbred Afrikaner type steers of varying carcase mass. For this purpose, certain animals were fed ad lib. on a concentrate ration while the feed intake of others was restricted, in order to attain various prescribed masses. The experimental animals included three breed types and four carcase-mass groups in which resulting hide and leather qualities could be examined and compared. Green hide mass in relation to carcase mass decreased sharply after weaning in animals maintained on a low nutritional plane in contrast with animals growing rapidly where [&hellip;]
- [Low-Salt Antiseptic Curing Studies](https://sltc.org/product/low-salt-antiseptic-curing-studies/)
- [Alternative Technologies For Adding Value To Bovine Hair Waste](https://sltc.org/product/alternative-technologies-for-adding-value-to-bovine-hair-waste/)
- [Biodiesel From Fleshings](https://sltc.org/product/biodiesel-from-fleshings/): Abstract Tanneries generate a large amount of solid wastes. Lime fleshings, one of those solid wastes, are a very important fat source although normally they are not used and are disposed off representing a high cost for tanners. A process to recover fat from such fleshings was developed, introducing a new value-adding route through the use of fat for biodiesel production. Biodiesel obtained from this fat material was characterized by parameters according to EN 14214 standard, showing good accordance in almost all of the evaluated specifications. However, we still needed to adjust the process in order to improve parameters, like [&hellip;]
- [Antioxidant Effects Of Phenolic Compounds On Unsaturated Lipids Preventing The Oxidation Of Chrome(III)](https://sltc.org/product/antioxidant-effects-of-phenolic-compounds-on-unsaturated-lipids-preventing-the-oxidation-of-chromeiii/): Abstract It is known that the oxidation of Cr(III) into Cr(VI) in leather is caused by the oxidation process of unsaturated oil. Breaking down the oxidation of unsaturated oil with hydroxybenzene [phenol] so as to prevent Cr(III) from oxidizing into Cr(VI) has been investigated. In our previous work PVC sponge was used as a reactant carrier, taking advantage of the sponge’s porous character similarly to that of leather. The oleic acid, chrome liquid and various phenols such as pyrocatechin, hydroquinone, gallic acid and pyrogallic-oleic acid were absorbed on to the sponge and then placed in a container at constant temperature [&hellip;]
- [Removal Of Chromium(VI) From Tannery Wastewater By Immobilized Bacillus Fusiformis](https://sltc.org/product/removal-of-chromiumvi-from-tannery-wastewater-by-immobilized-bacillus-fusiformis/): Abstract Bacillus fusiformis was embedded in powdered activated carbon to prepare immobilized granules. Then, the immobilized granules were used to remove Cr(VI) in tannery wastewater at different pH, temperature and initial Cr(VI) concentrations to optimize the process. At the optimum condition, the Cr(VI) in tannery wastewater was treated with the granules with the powdered activated carbon and the Bacillus fusiformis as controls. After treatment, the Bacillus fusiformis in the granules was observed by SEM. The results showed that the removal of Cr(VI) by the immobilized Bacillus fusiformis was better than either using powdered activated carbon or Bacillus fusiformis alone. The [&hellip;]
- [Moisture Adsorption/Desorption Kinetics Of Bovine Hide Powder](https://sltc.org/product/moisture-adsorption-desorption-kinetics-of-bovine-hide-powder/): Abstract Three differently treated samples of bovine hide powder were subjected to adsorption/desorption kinetics from 5 to 95% relative humidity in a thermogravimetric balance equipped with a controlled humidity chamber. As hygroscopic specimens take a very long time to reach equilibrium, testing times were shortened and kinetic models based on the experimental results were developed to calculate the adsorption at equilibrium, the time of half adsorption/desorption, the rate of half adsorption and the apparent coefficient of diffusion. The strong relationship between the time of half adsorption and the apparent coefficient of diffusion suggests that the rate of moisture adsorption is [&hellip;]
- [Thermal Degradation Kinetics And Flame Retardancy Of Hide Treated With Montmorillonite-Amino Resin Nano-Composite](https://sltc.org/product/thermal-degradation-kinetics-and-flame-retardancy-of-hide-treated-with-montmorillonite-amino-resin-nano-composite/): Abstract Montmorillonite-amino resin nano-composite was synthesized from melamine, dicyandiamide, phosphoric acid, formaldehyde and montmorillonite (MMT), and used to prepare fire-retardant hide powder. The impact of the nano-composite on the thermal stability of collagen fibres was studied. Both the Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used to process the thermo-gravimetric data (TGA) from hide powder and fire-retardant hide powder at different heating rates. The results of the two methods showed that the thermal degradation activation energy of hide powder was 155.47-157.35kJ•mol-1, and that of fire-retardant hide powder increased to 209.05- 210.42kJ•mol-1, the char residual increased from 34.37% to 45.47%. The oxygen index [&hellip;]
- [Epoxy Resin Cross-Linked Binders In Aqueous Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/epoxy-resin-cross-linked-binders-in-aqueous-finishing/): Abstract Nowadays, the leather industry needs to produce a very wide range of finished articles with different levels of performance to increase their competitiveness while minimizing their environmental impact. To reduce the negative effects on the environment a strong shift from solvent to water-based recipes has taken place in leather finishing. However, most of the water-based high-performance articles require the addition of a cross-linker1-5 to improve wet-fastness properties. The aim of the present work is to study the cross-linking reaction between an epoxy cross-linker and both acrylic binders and polyurethanes. A comparison of results shows that epoxy resin improves wet [&hellip;]
- [Alternative Fungicides: Comparisons with Conventional Chemicals](https://sltc.org/product/alternative-fungicides-comparisons-with-conventional-chemicals/): Abstract This work is focussed on the search for alternatives to the fungicides conventionally used in the tanning industry. These alternatives should have a high efficiency towards a wide range of fungi and should be less toxic, more environmentally friendly and cost effective. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the fungicidal capacity of the selected compounds (registered in the 98/8/EC Directive); diiodomethyl-p-tolylsulfone (DIMPTS), 3-iodo-2-propynyl-Nbutylcarbamate (IPBC) and thiobendazole (TBZ, 2-thiazol-4-yl-1H-benzo imidazole), against different strains of fungi. The fungicidal capacity of the selected compounds has been compared with that of fungicides conventionally used in tannery such as TCMTB and [&hellip;]
- [Determination of Functional Groups of Humic Derivatives as Tanning-Retanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-functional-groups-of-humic-derivatives-as-tanning-retanning-agents/): Abstract Three types of humic acids of different sources have been analysed in order to quantify the functional groups that may be liable to react with the proteins of leather. The quantification serves to determine the extent to which each of these acids can be used as tanning or retanning agents. The three types of humid acids have been compared mathematically according to their content within the aforementioned functional groups. Humic acids have structures similar to those of vegetable tannins.
- [Determination of Cr(VI) Content in Leather with Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Polargraphy](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-crvi-content-in-leather-with-anodic-stripping-voltammetric-polargraphy/): Abstract An anodic stripping voltammetric method has been developed for determination of Cr(VI) content in leather treated with nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide microwave digestion. Microwave digestion was used in sample preparation for its fast digestion, lower reagent consumption and safe operation. The sample solution was mixed with DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-sodium acetate-sodium nitrate buffer solution, and then it was purged with oxygen free nitrogen for 300 seconds before deposition of the metals was carried out by applying a constant potential versus Ag/AgCl to the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) for 60 seconds. A standard addition procedure was used for quantification. The repeatability [&hellip;]
- [The Mechanism of Fish Oil (Engraulis japonica) Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/the-mechanism-of-fish-oil-engraulis-japonica-tanning/): Abstract Oxidized Engraulis japonicus (Japanese Anchovy) fish oil was produced and used to tan rabbit skin. An orthogonal test was applied to the oil tanning process in order to examine the influence, on Ts, of pH, time, temperature, the quantity of fish oil, the peroxide Value (PV) value of fish oil and secondary oxidation. The results prove that oxidation of fish oil makes no contribution to Ts and its effect is similar to fatliquoring. Fish oil with a high iodine value doesn’t display any activity in oxidation and oil tanning. The results show that fish oil has no tanning property [&hellip;]
- [Environmental Developments and Researches in Brazilian Leather Sector](https://sltc.org/product/environmental-developments-and-researches-in-brazilian-leather-sector/): Abstract The importance of livestock in the production of meat and dairy products, as well as the tannery activity that uses hides and skins as raw material, is widely recognized. However, a considerable fraction of the raw material is discarded or sent to other industries because of its composition or limited value in terms of leather manufacturing. Many studies were conducted to reduce, reuse, recycle or dispose of tanning process waste. Alternatives are being implemented to ensure the adoption of environmentally safe methods that meet environmental laws, and to raise the awareness of the professionals involved in the sector. Brazil [&hellip;]
- [Prediction in Leather Processing: A Dark Art or a Clear Possibility? Procter Memorial Lecture](https://sltc.org/product/prediction-in-leather-processing-a-dark-art-or-a-clear-possibility-procter-memorial-lecture/): Abstract It is possible to go a long way towards predicting the outcome of changes to both chemical and physical processing conditions in leather development. Predicting the effects of beamhouse processing depends on quantifying the hydrolytic reactions which dominate these steps, the removal of components: this is relatively imprecise because currently the reactions are understood only in the broadest terms or analysis must rely on comparative assessments. Predicting the effects of fixation reactions, the tanning processes; is more certain: analysis requires knowledge of the chemical constitution and reactions of the reagents and an understanding of how all reagents interact both [&hellip;]
- [A Method for Measuring Shrinkage Temperature of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-method-for-measuring-shrinkage-temperature-of-leather/): Abstract We propose an innovative method for the simultaneous determination of multiple leather samples’ shrinkage temperature via non-contact electrical measurement. We use a single-chip microcomputer (SCM) to manage the whole measurement process. While controlling the heating module to give uniform temperature increases, the SCM collects information from the sample displacement and temperature sensors and displays it in real-time on the screen. We are also able to transmit the raw data to a host computer via a RS232 serial port for further study, such as comparative analysis of multiple samples’ deformation process. Further, we have designed a standard sampling device that [&hellip;]
- [Complex Combination Tannage with Phosphonium Compounds, Vegetable Tannins and Aluminium Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/complex-combination-tannage-with-phosphonium-compounds-vegetable-tannins-and-aluminium-tanning-agent/): Abstract We have investigated the use of phosphonium compounds in combination tannages with vegetable tannins and aluminium. The phosphonium compounds -veg-Al tannage was applied to hide powder and pickled goatskin. The shrinkage temperature of the leather obtained by Complex Combination tannage with phosphonium compounds, vegetable tannins and aluminium tanning agent is 110°C which is much higher than that of combination tannages using vegetable tannins and aluminium tanning agents alone. The fibre weave is better separated in ternary combination tannage than those in single tannage or binary combination tannage as judged from SEM images. Based on Ts, contraction in length, tensile [&hellip;]
- [A Combination Tannage Based on Aluminium and Glycine-modified Lignosulfonate](https://sltc.org/product/a-combination-tannage-based-on-aluminium-and-glycine-modified-lignosulfonate/): Abstract A glycine-modified calcium lignosulfonate (GCL) was prepared through the Mannich reaction, and a novel chrome-free tannage method based on aluminum (Al) and GCL was developed. The results indicate that GCL has strong filling effect and can improve hydrothermal stability (Ts) and fullness of leather in Al-GCL combination tanning. The leather tanned with 2% Al (Al2O3) and 10% GCL has a Ts of 83.5°C with a 90.6% increase in thickness. Compared with plain lignosulfonate, the performance of GCL is much better in the combination tannage with Al due to the introduction of glycine in lignosulfonate molecule. In addition to hydrogen [&hellip;]
- [Possibility of Synthesis of Nanoporous Silica Using Hide Powder as a Template](https://sltc.org/product/possibility-of-synthesis-of-nanoporous-silica-using-hide-powder-as-a-template/): Abstract Nanoporous silica has been successfully synthesized using hide powder as a template. The nanoporous silica possessed micropores and/or mesopores and a large specific surface area of over 900m2 g-1. It was found from the results of N2 adsorption – desorption isotherm measurements that the pH value of the synthesis mixtures mainly affected the pore structure and the surface area of nanoporous silica. Moreover, from the results of SEM observations, this nanoporous silica, regardless of the synthesis conditions, was composed of fibrous silica, which resembled the collagen fibril structure. These results showed the possibility of novel effective use of leather [&hellip;]
- [Machinery & Leather Trades’ Engineers to the Early 1880s: Part II](https://sltc.org/product/machinery-leather-trades-engineers-to-the-early-1880s-part-ii/): Abstract Part II of this paper continues the overview, from the earliest developments of mechanical aids, to sophisticated processing equipment, the rise of machinery within leather manufacture. Attention is turned to American engineers and their role in machinery manufacture and development. The links between US and British engineers are described. The impact of early American designed machinery and the principal role of leading British tanners in bringing patented machinery to the British market is also highlighted.
- [The Renaissance of Fe(III) as Self-tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/the-renaissance-of-feiii-as-self-tanning-agent/): Abstract Iron tanning is considered an alternative due to close similarity between the aqueous chemistry of Cr(III) and Fe(III). This arises primarily from the hydrolytic behaviour of Fe(III) complexes. An attempt has been made in the present study to improve the stability of Fe(III) complex by chelation with a suitable ligand in order to increase the shrinkage temperature of the leather. An Fe(III) based tanning system which involves a treatment with a fatty acid and a polycarboxylate has been standardized to produce leather with shrinkage temperature (Ts) &gt;100°C. Scanning electron microscopy on the tanned leathers was used to study the [&hellip;]
- [A Novel Oxazolidine Tanning Agent and its Use in Vegetable Combination Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-oxazolidine-tanning-agent-and-its-use-in-vegetable-combination-tanning/): Abstract Combination tanning using vegetable tannins and oxazolidine Ehas been proved to be a preferred alternative to chrome tanning. But this kind of tannage has not been widely applied partly owing to the high price of oxazolidine E. In this study, a new oxazolidine tanning agent, oxazolidine SCU, was synthesized by using cheap and readily obtained raw materials, and its tanning properties both alone and in combination with vegetable tannins, were investigated. Oxazolidine SCU possesses high reactivity with skin collagen. Tanned by 5% oxazolidine SCU under room temperature at pH8.0, the shrinkage temperature of goatskin leather was around 83°C. In [&hellip;]
- [Preparation of Lignosulfonate Reduced Chrome Tanning Agent and its Tanning Effect](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-lignosulfonate-reduced-chrome-tanning-agent-and-its-tanning-effect/): Abstract Lignosulfonate (LGS) is a major by-product of pulping industry, generated in a huge amount each year. In this research, LGS was used as a reducing agent to reduce Cr(IV) to Cr(III) so that the LGS reduced chrome tanning agent (Cr-LGS) was prepared. It was found that the optimal mass ratio of LGS, dichromate and concentrated sulphuric acid was 0.7:1.0:1.0 for the preparation reaction. The LGS was degraded during the reaction while some functional groups, such as carboxyl, were derived. These structural changes in LGS made the Cr-LGS exhibit a satisfactory self-masking effect and thus possess good alkali resistance. Tanning [&hellip;]
- [A Sensitive Voltammetric Method for Chromium(VI) in Presence of Chromium(III) and its Application to Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-sensitive-voltammetric-method-for-chromiumvi-in-presence-of-chromiumiii-and-its-application-to-leather/): Abstract The presence of chromium(VI) in leather is a subject of considerable interest in the tannery sector. Cr(VI) is usually controlled by standard spectrophotometric methods that utilize 1:5 diphenyl carbazide. However, the detection limit of this method is around the prohibited limit of Cr(VI) set for most of the leather products, being 3mgkg-1. Present study describes the Catalytic Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric method for Cr(VI) determination in the presence of Cr(III). The Cr(VI) content of leather samples was extracted according to the IUC 18 standard method and it was reduced to Cr(III) in the presence of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) on [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Properties of a Methacrylic Acid-co-Modified Maleic Anhydride/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite for Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-properties-of-a-methacrylic-acid-co-modified-maleic-anhydride-montmorillonite-nanocomposite-for-tanning/): Abstract Methacrylic acid-co-modified maleic anhydride/montmorillonite (MAA-co-modified MA/MMT) nanocomposite was prepared via the free radical copolymerization of methacrylic acid and maleic anhydride in the presence of montmorillonite, in which maleic anhydride and montmorillonite were modified respectively by ethanolamine and the initiator (potassium persulfate). The influence of maleic anhydride modifier, the mass ratio of MAA to MA and modified MMT contents on the application properties of nanocomposite was investigated. The wet-heat resistance stability and the fullness of leather tanned by nanocomposite were improved with the increase of hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. The introduction of modified MA and modified MMT resulted in increase [&hellip;]
- [Machinery & Leather Trades’ Engineers to the Early 1880s: Part I](https://sltc.org/product/machinery-leather-trades-engineers-to-the-early-1880s-part-i/): Abstract In an overview, from the earliest developments of mechanical aids, to sophisticated processing equipment, the rise of machinery within leather manufacture and the interaction of early leather trades’ engineers is discussed. The importance of splitting machine development is emphasised as a precursor to the more general introduction of machinery within leather manufacture. Significant British, German and American leather trades’ engineers are identified along with their contributions to machinery development. In Part II the impact of early American designed machinery and the principal role of leading British tanners in bringing patented machinery to the British market is also highlighted.
- [Microscopic Anatomy of Developing Nigerian Foetal Goat Skin](https://sltc.org/product/microscopic-anatomy-of-developing-nigerian-foetal-goat-skin/): Abstract In a study designed to examine the histological differences in the rate of development at various body sites of Nigerian foetal goat skin, bearing in mind that adult structure, which is ultimately convertible to leather, is formed from foetal development, it can be summarized that: (1) Contact with embryonal amniotic fluid could be a decisive factor in the enlargement of the epidermal cells of the early foetuses; and subsequent flattening due to keratinization. (2) The clear demarcation of the epidermis from the dermis depends on the level of interaction between the former and the latter. During the stages of [&hellip;]
- [Lime-Free Removal Of Non-Collagen Proteins From Sheepskins: Quantitative Analysis By Gel Electrophoresis](https://sltc.org/product/lime-free-removal-of-non-collagen-proteins-from-sheepskins-quantitative-analysis-by-gel-electrophoresis/): Abstract Sulfide and lime are the major source of pollution in leather processing. Biotechnological methods have been developed to eliminate the need for sulfide and lime replacing them by enzymes. Removing non-collagen proteins and opening-up the collagen matrix are achieved by the combination of alkali and salts without lime. In this work, samples of sheepskin were digested with three proteases for de-hairing. The non-collagen proteins were removed using NaOH, CaCl2 and MgCl2. We have demonstrated that gel electrophoresis techniques can be used for quantitative analysis of the release of nucleic acids and proteins from the enzymatic digested sheepskins. The optimimum [&hellip;]
- [Aqueous Finishing With Polyisocyanate Crosslinked Binders](https://sltc.org/product/aqueous-finishing-with-polyisocyanate-crosslinked-binders/): Abstract Due to increasingly stringent environmental legislation the leather industry has to produce eco-friendly articles. At the same time, it needs to manufacture fashionable and high-quality articles in order to increase competitiveness. As part of this, factories have to replace solvent-based products by water-based products in their finishing formulations to reduce the level of volatile organic compounds. The addition of a cross-linker is required in most cases in order to obtain high performance aqueous finishes. The aim of the present work is to explore the cross-linking reaction between polyisocyanate and both acrylic binders and polyurethanes. A comparison of results shows [&hellip;]
- [Modification And Application Of Aminosiloxane In Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/modification-and-application-of-aminosiloxane-in-fatliquoring/): Abstract Amino silicone oil was modified with the acetic anhydride to produce a fatliquoring system that yields excellent flexibility, smoothness and elasticity in the finished leathers. The effect of reaction conditions on amino conversion was studied. Results indicate that a 50% amino conversion level can be reached when the modifying agent level was 6.0% by weight of the amino silicone oil, the solvent was 55-65%, the reaction temperature was 50-55°C, and the reaction time was 1.5 hours. The treated leathers showed good fullness, softness, elasticity and had a silky feeling. Both the tensile strength and tearing strength of these leathers [&hellip;]
- [Phosphorylated Collagen Fibre: Preparation And Use For Adsorbing Heavy Metals](https://sltc.org/product/phosphorylated-collagen-fibre-preparation-and-use-for-adsorbing-heavy-metals/): Abstract Phosphorylated collagen fibre (P-CF) was prepared using phosphorus oxychloride as a phosphorylating reagent. Solid state 31P-NMR and FTIR analysis proved that phosphate groups were bound with amino groups of collagen fibre. As a novel fibrous adsorbent, P-CFperformed to be an effective adsorbent for metal ions, such as Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and UO2 2+. By using Cd2+ as probe ion, the fundamental adsorption behaviours of P-CFto metal ions were investigated. The adsorption capacity was significantly influenced by pH value, and the optimal pH for adsorbing Cd2+ located in the pH range of 3.83-6.00. The adsorption isotherms of [&hellip;]
- [Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria And Yeasts In Leather Shoes Worn By Diabetics](https://sltc.org/product/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-and-yeasts-in-leather-shoes-worn-by-diabetics/): Abstract Bacteria and yeasts present in the leather shoes worn by diabetics were isolated by the pour plate method, and the isolates were identified using morphological and genetic methods. Results showed that in the predominant isolates there were eight species of bacteria, i.e. Bacillus cereus, B. fusiformis, B. subtilis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. oharae, Mycobacterium mucogenicum, Klebsiella sp. and Acinetobacter sp. and two species of yeasts, i.e. Cryptococcus albidus and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. These results may contribute to making shoes with antibacterial function for diabetics. &nbsp;
- [Chromium(VI) Extracted From Leather Using Acid And Alkaline Artificial Perspiration](https://sltc.org/product/chromiumvi-extracted-from-leather-using-acid-and-alkaline-artificial-perspiration/): Abstract As we all know, when leather and its products are used in contact with skin, perspiration may dissolve components from the leather and this may include Cr(VI) so, using artificial perspiration to extract chromium(VI) in leather is of significance. Determination of chromium(VI) in leather using extraction with pH5.5 and 8.0 artificial perspiration solution and subsequent determination with DPC photometric method has been studied. The linearity, repeatability and recovery percentage were tested to evaluate the determination methods. The results show that the experimental methods have good linearity, feasibility and reliability. The result also illustrate that less chromium(VI) is extracted from [&hellip;]
- [THPS Pretreatment Before Tanning (Chrome Or Non-Chrome)](https://sltc.org/product/thps-pretreatment-before-tanning-chrome-or-non-chrome/): Abstract The investigation enables us to draw a conclusion that THPS has very good stabilising properties, which allows its use for intensifying the process of chromium tanning by decreasing the consumption of chromium and, at the same time, increasing the shrinkage temperature of the leather. The treatment of pelt with THPS instead of chromium before vegetable-aluminium tanning allows it to reach a shrinkage temperature up to 115°C using half as much tannin. IR-spectroscopy has shown that phosphonium compounds react with amino groups of collagen forming hydrogen and covalent bonds, and this is the reason for the growth in thermal stability [&hellip;]
- [Anionic Surfactants: Determination By Flow Injection Spectrophotometry. Measurement Of Trace Amounts In Tannery Effluent Without Liquid-Liquid Extraction](https://sltc.org/product/anionic-surfactants-determination-by-flow-injection-spectrophotometry-measurement-of-trace-amounts-in-tannery-effluent-without-liquid-liquid-extraction/): Abstract In order to control the pollution by anionic surfactants in water, and detect anionic surfactants on-line, a simple, accurate and sensitive flow injection spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of anionic surfactant in water is proposed in this paper. The method is based on the ion associate formed between sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and ethyl violet. The absorbance of the complex is measured using an optical detector at 587nm. Chemical factors and FIA variables affecting the system are also discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was 10.00-3000.00μg l-1; the detection limit was 0.25μg l-1; the relative standard [&hellip;]
- [Recovery Of Organic Nitrogen From Beamhouse Wastewater In A Hair Recovery Process](https://sltc.org/product/recovery-of-organic-nitrogen-from-beamhouse-wastewater-in-a-hair-recovery-process/): Abstract In the leather industry, in addition to the extrinsic contamination attributable to chemical products not absorbed by the hides, there is intrinsic contamination produced by the hides themselves. From each 100kg of raw material, 15kg of solubilised protein will end up in wastewater in the early stages of the process of transforming hides into leather. These proteins contain nearly 18% of nitrogen. In this study it is proposed to recover organic nitrogen from the proteins present in the effluents of the beamhouse operations of hides and the subsequent revalorization of the protein fraction obtained. This work seeks to characterize [&hellip;]
- [Study Of Fatliquoring Parameters Using Experimental Design](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-fatliquoring-parameters-using-experimental-design/): Abstract The leather market is becoming more demanding in terms of quality and competitive cost. Thereby, leather producers are searching for efficient processes, in order to reduce the waste load and improve the quality of the final product. For the production of garment and upholstery leather (automotive and furniture), fatliquoring is a fundamental stage, since it provides characteristics such as softness, pleasant feel and strength. Fatliquors are offered to the leather as emulsions and they are incorporated into the structure, influencing its properties. This work presents a study of the fatliquoring process, aiming at the evaluation of the amount of [&hellip;]
- [Chamois Leather Tanning Using Rubber Seed Oil](https://sltc.org/product/chamois-leather-tanning-using-rubber-seed-oil/): Abstract Indonesia is one of the countries having the largest rubber plantations in the world. Besides producing latex, rubber plantations produce also about 1500kg/hectare of rubber seeds, which has not been utilised optimally. Rubber seed oil may be able to be used for chamois leather tanning. Chamois leather is a popular leather article in the market, as it has unique uses, such as in high quality gasoline filtration and cleaning of optical equipment (spectacles, windows, vehicle, jewellery, silverware, etc.). In this research, the use of rubber seed oil for chamois tanning was investigated. The objectives of the research were to [&hellip;]
- [Biodiesel From Waste Pigskin Oil - A Two-Step Process](https://sltc.org/product/biodiesel-from-waste-pigskin-oil-a-two-step-process/): Abstract This paper provides a general description of a new continuous biodiesel production process, where the transesterifcation reaction is promoted by two catalysts. The process has been applied on a laboratory scale.The acid value of waste pig oil was greater than 100mgKOH/g oil, but the acid value of biodiesel was less than 0.80mgKOH/g oil, and the ester conversion rate was more than 80 percent. The density, residual carbon contents, and acid value of biodiesel were met the performance standards of 0# diesel &#8211; standard road vehicle oil. &nbsp;
- [Multicriteria Analysis Of Leather Performance](https://sltc.org/product/multicriteria-analysis-of-leather-performance/): Abstract This work investigates leather properties which were evaluated using a factorial experiment design. A multicriteria statistical optimization method can be used in the case where material properties are estimated as the function of several parameters. The present experiments were realized according to a factorial design of 23. The relative humidity during conditioning the leather samples and the rate of tensile elongation were taken as independent variables. It was possible to establish the utility values just by determining a set of coefficients which will decide on a leather’s usefulness in a specific application and to assign to them their relative [&hellip;]
- [Are Indexes Characterizing The Efficiency Of Biological Treatment Of Wastewater Reliable Criteria For The Assessment Of The Impact Of Chromium Compounds On Activated Sludge?](https://sltc.org/product/are-indexes-characterizing-the-efficiency-of-biological-treatment-of-wastewater-reliable-criteria-for-the-assessment-of-the-impact-of-chromium-compounds-on-activated-sludge/): Abstract The essay presents the research on the impact of chromium compounds on the effectiveness of biological treatment of effluents by activated sludge, the structure of activated sludge, the composition of microfauna and sedimentation characteristics of activated sludge. The determinations of the indexes of pollution of wastewater have been carried out according to Polish standards, with the exception of CODCr of biologically treated effluents containing hexavalent chromium. For such effluents a modified method for marking CODCr has been developed, eliminating the impact of hexavalent chromium added to effluents. In the research it has been established that oxygen indicators were not [&hellip;]
- [Clean Technology – Supernatant Recirculation After Separation Of Chromium](https://sltc.org/product/clean-technology-supernatant-recirculation-after-separation-of-chromium/): Abstract The research was aimed at the decrease of sewage salinity. The aim was to be achieved by means of recirculation, i.e., technological reuse of chromium-free pickling/tanning baths (supernatant). Supernatant was used in pickling/tanning process of hides. Before the subsequent use chlorides were supplemented. In the paper the number of technological cycles that can be carried out without any damage to the quality of hides has been determined. The results have been compared with results achieved in traditional technology, without the use of recirculation. After subsequent recirculation cycles, the supernatant was assessed by the following factors: chlorides, sulphates, general chromium, [&hellip;]
- [Chemical And Physical Behaviour Of Collagen Fibre In Alkaline Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/chemical-and-physical-behaviour-of-collagen-fibre-in-alkaline-solutions/): Abstract The chemical and physical behaviour of skin collagen fibre was studied in alkali solutions. After treatment with sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide solutions, the characteristic D-period of collagen fibril could not be seen by TEM. The fibril diameter increased by swelling in alkali solutions. The swelling occurred both inter and intra fibrils. The hydrolysate of collagen in alkali solution was seen as a flat structure which illustrated that the hydrolysate was denatured in alkaline solutions. When collagen fibre was treated in alkali solutions for long periods, the isoelectric points of collagen hydrolysate were between 4.5 and 5.0. The higher [&hellip;]
- [Characterization And Evaluation Of Four Types Of Finish Topcoats](https://sltc.org/product/characterization-and-evaluation-of-four-types-of-finish-topcoats/): Abstract The aim of this work is the characterization and evaluation of four types of topcoats used in leather finishing. IR spectra of films of the products under study have been recorded, as well as spectra of the finished leather samples using the same products. The samples were tested in the laboratory to evaluate their physical resistances and fastness properties. A comparison of results shows that all the products studied for each type of topcoat present practically the same functional groups; there are no significant differences between the recorded spectra of each of the products in a group and the [&hellip;]
- [Alum And The Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/alum-and-the-leather-industry/): Abstract It has been suggested that alum was used to produce leather from at least Egyptian and Babylonian times but recent work suggests that alum was used in the process of dyeing skins rather than for tanning. Lack of definitive evidence for the use of alum for tawing during the Roman period will be referred to. Linguistic studies indicate that the difference between the materials produced by alum and vegetable tannins were recognised, appreciated and exploited by mediaeval craftsmen. The methods employed during mediaeval and later times for the manufacture of alum tawed skins as revealed in contemporary documents will [&hellip;]
- [Kinetic Spectrophotometric Flow Injection Determination Of Hyamine Cationic Surfactants In Tannery Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/kinetic-spectrophotometric-flow-injection-determination-of-hyamine-cationic-surfactants-in-tannery-effluent/): Abstract A flow injection analysis coupled with catalytic spectrophotometry is proposed for simple and rapid determination of trace hyamine cationic surfactants (CSs) in tannery effluent and environmental water. The scheme is based on the markedly catalytic reaction of cationic surfactants, i.e., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) which, on oxidation using KIO4 in highly acidic hydrochloric acid medium discolour Arsenazo(III). Under the optimum conditions, the linear ranges for CTMAB and CPB are 0.1-20mg l-1, and all relative coefficients of the two CSs in different subsections of the linear ranges exceeds 0.9986 (n = 11). The detection limits (3δ) of [&hellip;]
- [Soft Leathers From Himantura Stingray Skins](https://sltc.org/product/soft-leathers-from-himantura-stingray-skins/): Abstract The preparation of soft leathers from chondrichthyes fish such as stingray is unfamiliar to tanners processing conventional animal skins. The dorsal portion of stingray skins with calcified denticles has a very attractive and beautiful appearance. Due to calcification of the skeleton, stingray skin is very hard and tough and retains its hardness even after tanning. The calcium content of raw stingray skin has been determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. SEM-EDAX investigations have been made on stingray denticles to reveal the mineral and structural characteristics. To prepare soft leathers from stingray skins a modified chrome tanning process has been adopted [&hellip;]
- [Dye Wastewater Treatment: Photocatalysis And The Synergies Of Photocatalytic Oxidation With Fenton Reagent](https://sltc.org/product/dye-wastewater-treatment-photocatalysis-and-the-synergies-of-photocatalytic-oxidation-with-fenton-reagent/): Abstract Photocatalysis and the synergies of photocatalytic oxidation with Fenton reagent were used to treat the dye wastewater of Beijing Fanbo Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd. Through the orthogonal experiment, the optimal conditions of photocatalysis were obtained. Under such conditions, the removal rate of CODCr was 63% while the removal rate of ‘chromaticity’ was 70%. In experiments on the synergies of photocatalytic oxidation with Fenton reagent, the optimal conditions were: H2O2 + FeSO4•7H2O2 = 12ml/L +1.7g/L, TiO2 =12g/L, the reaction pH was 3, and the photo-aeration time was 90min. Under such conditions, the removal rate of the wastewater CODCr reached [&hellip;]
- [Minimisation Of Volatile Organics In A Metallic Foil Patent Finish For Uppers And Leather Goods](https://sltc.org/product/minimisation-of-volatile-organics-in-a-metallic-foil-patent-finish-for-uppers-and-leather-goods/): Abstract In response to pressures of globalization and easy relocation of leather factories to low-cost countries, to environmental legislation and changes in consumer behaviour, the leather industry needs to produce innovative, fashionable and eco-friendly articles. We studied a coating formulation in this work for a metallic foil patent finish which tackles all these issues. In addition, we replaced solvent products by aqueous products in order to reduce the emissions of volatile organic compounds. The finished leathers were transparent, smooth, with a glossy appearance (almost glass-like) and with a metallic effect. The leathers meet the quality requirements for shoe upper and [&hellip;]
- [Binders Cross-Linked With Polyaziridine. Study Of Cross-Linked Polymers For Aqueous Finishing. Part III: Influence Of A Cationic Pre-Bottom](https://sltc.org/product/binders-cross-linked-with-polyaziridine-study-of-cross-linked-polymers-for-aqueous-finishing-part-iii-influence-of-a-cationic-pre-bottom/): Abstract The leather industry needs innovative products and processes to satisfy the requirements of a continuously evolving global market. Modern leathers are processed to very stringent technical specifications so that they will meet end use requirements. In most cases, to fulfil current demands for leather with very high fastness, the use of cross-linkers is needed. Due to the differences in the manufacturing processes of polyurethanes and acrylic binders, their structural differences, and the type of tanned and retanned leather being used, variations in cross-linking may occur. Quality discrepancies will therefore be observed in the finished leather. This study explores the [&hellip;]
- [Knowledge Management And Leather Technology Quality Assurance In Research And Technical Activities](https://sltc.org/product/knowledge-management-and-leather-technology-quality-assurance-in-research-and-technical-activities/): Abstract ‘Knowledge Management’ is a systematic practice which is quickly expanding in such application fields as production engineering and the planning business, that aims to define methods and procedures for giving a concrete direction to the organization of the competences, the multidisciplinary nature of information and lifelong learning. This manuscript purposes to give technicians and researchers in ‘tanning technologies’ an organizational instrument to structure their own heterogeneous knowledge by means of a ‘common thread conductor’. This classifies the technical information and conforms their ‘shape’, presentation and manipulation through the elementary, basic elements of System Theory. So, a Best Technological Practice [&hellip;]
- [Lower Pollution Pickle-Chrome Process: A No-Float / Low-Salt Approach](https://sltc.org/product/lower-pollution-pickle-chrome-process-a-no-float-low-salt-approach/): Abstract The tanning process generates large amounts of effluents containing chrome(III) and chlorides. This paper deals with a new tanning process based on improving the efficiency of chemical use in order to improve the environmental behaviour of tanneries. This process develops a non-float system with a minimal amount of NaCl, reduced chrome salt addition and increased final tanning temperature at 55°C. The properties of the leathers were similar to those from a traditional process. However, the new process gave 97% less residual chrome and a 95% decrease in the chlorides discharged. Moreover, the new process involves 100% savings in water, [&hellip;]
- [Hyperbranched Polymer Polyols: Their Preparation, Modification And Use In The Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/hyperbranched-polymer-polyols-their-preparation-modification-and-use-in-the-leather-industry/): Abstract A series of hyperbranched poly(amine-ester) polyols (HPAEPs) were synthesized by the polycondensation of N,N-diethylol-3-amine-methylpropionate [prepared by the Michael addition reaction of methyl acrylate (MA) with diethanolamine (DEA)] as an AB2-type monomer with trimethylol propane (TMP) as the core moiety, proceeding in one-step procedure in the melt with p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) as catalyst. Then, it was modified by diethyl malonate (DEM) in the presence of catalyst (anhydrous K2CO3) via transesterification to obtain a water-soluble hyperbranched polymer with active methylene (HPAM), which can be used as formaldehyde elimination agent. The obtained polymers were characterized by FTIR and TGA. The application results [&hellip;]
- [Environment-Friendly Lime-Free Liming](https://sltc.org/product/environment-friendly-lime-free-liming/): Abstract As a substitute for lime, a novel liming agent based on sodium silicate and enzyme was applied in a lime-free liming process. This innovative process achieved an equivalent effect on fibre opening, shrinkage temperature (Ts) and mechanical properties of crust leather compared with a conventional liming process. The environmental factors, including total solids (TS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sludge concentration and biodegradability of wastewater were all superior to the conventional liming process, showing environmental-friendly characteristics. Another interesting phenomenon was that the traditional deliming process based on ammonium salt could be omitted. As a result, the NH3-N concentration in wastewater [&hellip;]
- [Enzyme Unhairing - An Eco-Friendly Biotechnological Process](https://sltc.org/product/enzyme-unhairing-an-eco-friendly-biotechnological-process/): Abstract Global environmental regulations are changing the leather industry. Conventional unhairing contributes most of the pollution in the industry, such as hydrogen sulfide and lime. Ever-increasing attention to the environmental impact of the leather industry has necessitated the development of enzymatic unhairing as a potent alternative to polluting chemicals. Enzymes are gaining increasing importance in the unhairing process, eliminating the need for sodium sulfide. This review discusses the enzymatic unhairing used in leather processing and introduces more information about enzymatic unhairing. This paper also summarises progress of enzymatic unhairing and looks ahead at its application prospect and development direction. &nbsp;
- [On-Line Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Determination Of Chloride Ion In Tannery Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/on-line-flow-injection-spectrophotometric-determination-of-chloride-ion-in-tannery-effluent/): Abstract The chloride ion (Cl-) is very important to both human and animal health, and directly impacts on the natural environment. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, sensitive and selective flow injection catalytic kinetic spectrophotometric method for the rapid determination of chloride ion in tannery effluent. In acidic media and with heat, the reaction of indigo carmine and potassium bromate is catalysed by the chloride ion. The absorbance of this reaction solution was recorded at 610nm. Chemical factors and FIA variables affecting the system were also discussed. The linear concentration range of the calibration curve was from 0.2-42.0mg l-1 of [&hellip;]
- [Peracetic Acid Deliming. Part II: Pickle-Free And Low-Pickle Processing Of Peracetic Acid Delimed Pelt](https://sltc.org/product/peracetic-acid-deliming-part-ii-pickle-free-and-low-pickle-processing-of-peracetic-acid-delimed-pelt/): Abstract The article presents an investigation of the behaviour of PAA delimed pelt in subsequent processing. Peracetic acid is one method of deliming. Enzymes which are active in acidic media are used for bating such pelts. It was established that chroming can be carried out directly after deliming and bating, chroming requires low basicity chromium compounds with materials for decreasing the initial basicity and to increase the basicity during chroming, which also becomes longer. Another way is with a short treatment by NaCl or oxalic acid solution after deliming and bating. Chroming after such treatment allows a good exhaustion of [&hellip;]
- [Zirconium-Oxazolidine Combination Tannage For Sheep Garment Leather](https://sltc.org/product/zirconium-oxazolidine-combination-tannage-for-sheep-garment-leather/): Abstract Increasing environmental consciousness has impacted on the pollution caused by chrome tanning which has become a difficult problem requiring an urgent solution leading to studies on chrome-free tanning systems. A new zirconium-oxazolidine combination tanning system has been developed. The amount of zirconium-oxazolidine has been optimized at 2.5% and 3.0% (based on limed weight of skins). The influence of ligands on the shrinkage temperature (Ts) of leathers has also been studied and zirconium-oxazolidine combination tanned leathers showed Ts above 92°C. Zirconium-oxazolidine tanned sheep garment leather is much whiter than the chrome tanned, being close to the standard whiteness. The degradation [&hellip;]
- [Determination Of Chromium(VI) Extracted From Leather By Artificial Perspiration](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-chromiumvi-extracted-from-leather-by-artificial-perspiration/): Abstract Determination of Chromium(VI) in leather using extraction with an artificial perspiration solution and subsequent determination with a DPC photometric method has been studied. The results show that correlation coefficient was 0.9999, which testifies to the good linearity of this method. Furthermore, RSD (n = 8) and the recovery percentage were 2.05% and 94.3%-103.8%, which also illustrates the feasibility and reliability of the method. &nbsp;
- [The Reaction Mechanism Between Collagen And Phenol / Oxazolidine E Tanning Matrices](https://sltc.org/product/the-reaction-mechanism-between-collagen-and-phenol-oxazolidine-e-tanning-matrices/): Abstract Collagen, a unique connective tissue protein finds extensive application as biomaterial in wound healing, as drug carrier, cosmetics, etc. A work has been undertaken to study the stabilization of collagen using di and trihydric phenols -oxazolidine E Tanning Matrices. Resorcinol-oxazolidine E Tanning Matrix treated collagen has been found to be more stable than that of sequential combination tannages with the same materials. The study has demonstrated that oxazolidine E underwent ring opening to form the N-methylol intermediate and reacted with the hydrogen bonds of resorcinol to form the Tanning Matrix. The Tanning Matrix then penetrated into the collagen fibres [&hellip;]
- [Ozone As A Biocide In Soaking](https://sltc.org/product/ozone-as-a-biocide-in-soaking/): Abstract The soaking process poses the most significant bacterial threat to the raw material amongst all the beamhouse processes. In soaking various bactericides are used in order to avoid possible defects, these chemicals which are lethal to bacteria may also be harmful to the environment and human health. As an alternative to these chemical based bactericides, the possible use of ozone &#8211; which is used as an antimicrobial agent in various industries &#8211; in the leather industry is investigated. The effect of ozone applications of 5, 10 and 15 minutes per hour were investigated comparing it to the effect of [&hellip;]
- [Characterization Of Leather Finishing By IR Spectroscopy And Canonical Variate Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/characterization-of-leather-finishing-by-ir-spectroscopy-and-canonical-variate-analysis/): Abstract The finishing process is one of the crucial steps in the process by which the tanning industry transforms leather into an end-product. Therefore, ensuring the required quality in the product requires careful control of this step. Traditionally, the leather tanning industry has used polluting processes and slow analytical methods involving time-consuming separations and also, frequently, the use of environmentally unfriendly reagents. In this work, we used a large matrix of spectroscopic data obtained from 63 leather specimens (34 from Pielcolor and 29 from the laboratories of the Leather Technology School of Igualada) to develop a method allowing the finishing [&hellip;]
- [Isolation And Purification Of Caseinase And Collagenase From Commercial Bacillus Subtilis As1.398 Enzyme By Affinity Chromatography](https://sltc.org/product/isolation-and-purification-of-caseinase-and-collagenase-from-commercial-bacillus-subtilis-as1-398-enzyme-by-affinity-chromatography/): Abstract Bacillus Subtilis is a saprophytic bacteria which has a widespread distribution in nature and can be easily isolated from soil microbes. Bacillus Subtilis AS1.398 is a major strain of Bacillus Subtilis used extensively in light industry and the pharmaceutical industry and is commonly used in the leather industry in China for depilation and bating. The non-collagenolytic activity of caseinase is correlated with the depilation. Collagenolytic protease has little contribution to depilation. It damages the collagen fibres and reduces the quality of leather. Collagenolytic activity should be inhibited during enzymatic depilation. Caseinase and collagenase were isolated and purified to homogeneity [&hellip;]
- [Relation Between Drape And Mechanical Properties Of Goat Suede Garment Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/relation-between-drape-and-mechanical-properties-of-goat-suede-garment-leathers/): Abstract Understanding the properties of leathers associated with garment construction provides valuable inputs for the design and fabrication of leather garments. Drape is one such important property. In this study, drape coefficient and the number of nodes were measured for goat suede leathers from four different firms and compared with mechanical properties which influence garment construction, such as softness, flexural rigidity, initial tensile modulus, formability, weight and thickness. The mean drape coefficient ranges between 20.8 and 40.4% and the number of nodes varies from 6 to 8 for the selected goat suede leathers from four different firms. Softness, flexural rigidity, [&hellip;]
- [Quality Control as a Production Management Tool in the Footwear and Leatherware Industry](https://sltc.org/product/quality-control-as-a-production-management-tool-in-the-footwear-and-leatherware-industry/): Abstract The paper proposes new methods of quality control in the footwear and leatherware industry, leading to a higher efficiency and better products. The main goal is to introduce the system of ‘zero error,’ while timely and objective methods of control before and during the work process should result in a higher quality of the final product. &nbsp;
- [Elaboration of Operations by Using the Balance Criterion](https://sltc.org/product/elaboration-of-operations-by-using-the-balance-criterion/): Abstract The author shows a method of using the balance criterion in elaborating operations by establishing a relationship between the sum of the time needed for motions or actions necessary for the processing of the product, and motions or actions necessary for the preparation and postponement of processing. As this ratio is approximately 1:1, it is possible to establish the labour rhythm, normal fatigue of the worker, as well as other criteria for evaluation. Therefore, the balance criterion could be considered as a more suitable and more objective criterion in determining criteria of elaborating operations. The methodology of elaboration is [&hellip;]
- [Preparation and Application of a Multi-Functional Tanning Agent - (MTA)](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-a-multi-functional-tanning-agent-mta/): Abstract A multi-functional tanning agent has been synthesized by free radical co-polymerisation in water and the factors which affect the polymerisation are discussed. The conditions and properties of MTA used in leather tanning have been studied. The results show that MTA may be used in pretanning, retanning and filling. Thus the level of chrome tanning salts used may be made more economic and thus pollution due to chrome may be reduced. Leathers produced using MTA appear to be of high quality. The use of MTA does not affect the dyeing or fatliquoring of chromed leather. &nbsp;
- [Spectroscopy and Modelling: A New Generation in Leather Technology](https://sltc.org/product/spectroscopy-and-modelling-a-new-generation-in-leather-technology/): Abstract The possibility of using spectroscopy and modelling in leather technology is discussed. Results are given for making calibration models for prediction of chromium content in chromium liquor and for prediction of dye components in multi-component dye solutions. The chromium calibration model can be used for on-line monitoring and control of a tanning process. A description of the pilot tanning equipment used for small-scale trials is given. &nbsp;
- [The Implementation of an Environmental Management System](https://sltc.org/product/the-implementation-of-an-environmental-management-system/): Abstract The first question to ask is why a company would want to implement an EMS. For us the answer was easy because being part of Scottish Tanning Industries group, we pursue excellence in everything we do. We consider care of the environment to be an integral part of our management philosophy, sharing equal billing with health and safety and quality. Our eventual objective is to have an integrated management system combining all three as the structure and procedures are essentially the same. &nbsp;
- [Strength of Brazilian Goatskin Leathers in Relation to Skin and Animal Characteristics](https://sltc.org/product/strength-of-brazilian-goatskin-leathers-in-relation-to-skin-and-animal-characteristics/): Abstract There are clearly advantages in being able to understand how the characteristics of an animal’s raw skin relate to the physical properties of the leather produced from it. For example, such knowledge will assist in the selection of those breeds which will yield the best leather for a given application. Although there have been a number of studies relating animal and skin characteristics to leather properties for bovine leather research on this topic appears less well developed for goatskins and leather. This paper therefore details some recent work on Brazilian goat skins which was concerned with the relationship between [&hellip;]
- [Characterization of Solid Tanning Salts Manufactured from Iron (III) Sulphate and Potassium Acid Tartrate](https://sltc.org/product/characterization-of-solid-tanning-salts-manufactured-from-iron-iii-sulphate-and-potassium-acid-tartrate/): Abstract Preparation and the characterization of solid tanning salts from iron (III) sulphate and potassium acid tartrate (cream of tartar) were performed. The iron (III) sulphate was obtained as a by-product of the processing of titaniferous iron ores from the Province of Buenos Aires. The manufacture started with physical upgrading of the ore and the concentrate thus obtained was then digested with sulphuric acid. At the end of the reaction iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate was separated, and the separated iron (II) was oxidised and cream of tartar was added to stabilize the iron (III). Solid tanning salts were obtained by [&hellip;]
- [Clean Technology for Tannage with Chromium Salts Part 2: Pilot Scale Development](https://sltc.org/product/clean-technology-for-tannage-with-chromium-salts-part-2-pilot-scale-development/): Abstract The scale-up of a new tanning process in organic solvent medium is described. A pilot scale plant was constructed to treat 60-80 skins designed to produce leather meeting high standards for quality, safety and environmental protection. Considerably less chromium is discharged in effluents with this new process than in traditional methods. The economic and environmental benefits of this new technology are discussed. &nbsp;
- [Drying Your Leather Without Shedding Tears](https://sltc.org/product/drying-your-leather-without-shedding-tears/): Abstract Drying is the separation of liquid from solid. A number of methods for achieving this are considered not only with efficiency and economy but also taking into consideration the quality of the resultant leather. There are no unique methods which will optimise the results and so each production deserves individual analysis to achieve the desired result in the most cost effective way. &nbsp;
- [General Aspects of Fatliquoring: An Introduction to the Application and Chemistry of Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/general-aspects-of-fatliquoring-an-introduction-to-the-application-and-chemistry-of-fatliquoring/): Abstract Following a brief history of fatliquoring, the production and properties of sulphated, sulphited, cationic and non-ionic oils are discussed. Factors affecting the distribution and effects of each type of oil are described together with practical application advice. &nbsp;
- [Vegetable and Synthetic Tannins](https://sltc.org/product/vegetable-and-synthetic-tannins/): &nbsp;
- [Henry Richardson Proctor, His Early Life 1848-1891](https://sltc.org/product/henry-richardson-proctor-his-early-life-1848-1891/): Abstract The feature which distinguishes H. R. Procter from his contemporaries, the Victorian scientists engaged in understanding the physics and chemistry of leather manufacture, is that for 20 years he was a practising tanner. The writer traces the history of the Richardson and Procter families and follows H. R. Procter’s education, training and achievements prior to his appointment in 1891, as the first Head of the Department of Leather Industries, Yorkshire College. &nbsp;
- [Chitosan in Leather Production Part 3: Build-Up Properties of Chitosan Pretreated Full-Chrome and Heavily Retanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/chitosan-in-leather-production-part-3-build-up-properties-of-chitosan-pretreated-full-chrome-and-heavily-retanned-leather/): Abstract The extent of uptake of C.I. Acid Yellow 83 onto full chrome and heavily retanned chrome grain leather was enhanced by means of pretreatment with chitosan. The dyed pretreated samples were of a similar, but cleaner colour than their dyed, untreated counterparts. Pretreatment also enhanced the fullness and handle of both dyed substrates. Optical microscopy revealed that the polyaminosaccharide penetrated to the interior of the retanned leather. &nbsp;
- [New Plasticiser from Fur Leather Waste](https://sltc.org/product/new-plasticiser-from-fur-leather-waste/): Abstract A new plasticiser with high plasticising power was isolated from fur leather waste fleshings and trimmings of lambskins and sheepskins. The product was described as a natural fat containing 95.6% triglycerides. The composition of the triglyceride groups of differing unsaturation was established by argentation tlc and densitometry. The isolation of a new plasticiser was made with low energy consumption giving an inexpensive production process. The process is ecologically interesting due to the utilization of the rapidly decaying fur industry waste. &nbsp;
- [The Effect of Lamb Treatments on Whitespot Prevalence in Dyed Crust Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-lamb-treatments-on-whitespot-prevalence-in-dyed-crust-leather/): Abstract A trial was done on lambs which tested the effect of six topical treatments (a diazinon solution, the excipient of this solution, a high-cis cypermethrin pouron, two disinfectants, and a zinc sulphate solution) and shearing on the prevalence and severity of the whitespot defect on dyed crust leather produced from the lamb skins. All the treatments except zinc sulphate apparently caused an increase in the prevalence of whitespot. Zinc sulphate had no significant effect. All the treatments except zinc sulphate and the excipient also appeared to increase the severity of the whitespot. The trials also demonstrated that the efficiency [&hellip;]
- [A Well Defined Chromium - Zirconium Sulphate Tanning Complex. What Future in Basic Tanning Research?](https://sltc.org/product/a-well-defined-chromium-zirconium-sulphate-tanning-complex-what-future-in-basic-tanning-research/): Abstract A chromium-zirconium basic sulphate complex was isolated with high yield in 1969. The compound reacts rapidly with collagen to produce shrinkage temperatures in excess of 100°C. The increase in shrinkage temperature is due to reaction with the collagen carboxyl groups. The relatively high cost and uptakes have precluded its use as a practical tanning agent, but the unique complex indicates a great potential for studying collagen-transition metal interactions. This paper reviews previous work and presents some further results from work performed in the Procter Department from 1970-1973 and not published elsewhere. &nbsp;
- [Utilization of Water Hyacinth in the Treatment and Disposal of Tannery Waste Water](https://sltc.org/product/utilization-of-water-hyacinth-in-the-treatment-and-disposal-of-tannery-waste-water/): Abstract Water hyacinth (Echorinia crassipes) was grown under controlled conditions and subjected to different concentrations of tannery effluent in order to determine the levels of contaminants tolerated by the plant and the concomitant removal of BOD and chromium. Six sets of experiments were run and samples were collected every week for analysis. Each set of experiment was carried out for between 20-24 days. The proportions of tannery waste to sewage used in these experiments were 20:80, 40:60, 80:20 and 100:0. In all the experiments, a control was carried out using only domestic sewage. It was found that the water hyacinth [&hellip;]
- [A Model for the Internal Structure of Hot Pressed Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-model-for-the-internal-structure-of-hot-pressed-leather/): Abstract By subjecting scrap of mixed tannage skin or hide, previously reduced to fibres, to pressure and heat the internal structure of this raw material changes markedly going through well definable, consecutive phases. In this article the specified phases are described. By means of a simplifying model several unexpected phenomena that were observed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) are explained. &nbsp;
- [Influence of the Constitution of Leather Dyes on Their Dyeing Behaviour](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-the-constitution-of-leather-dyes-on-their-dyeing-behaviour/): Abstract Pure aniline leather and lightly finished semi-aniline leather are finding increasing favour with consumers. Good general use properties and fashionable colours are in demand. Therefore the selection of dyes and the dyeing process itself are becoming more and more important. Dyes with excellent compatibility together with the possibility of computerized colour recipe prediction or even colour matching are making the dyeing process more economical. The relationship between dye constitution and dyeing properties has been studied and the results are presented below. The possibility of synthesizing specific dyes for optimum compatibility has been tested and verified in practice. &nbsp;
- [Utilization of Leather Waste - Animal Feedstuff from Chrome Shavings: Part 2. A Model for the Hydrolysis Kinetics](https://sltc.org/product/utilization-of-leather-waste-animal-feedstuff-from-chrome-shavings-part-2-a-model-for-the-hydrolysis-kinetics/): Abstract In this paper a model is presented to describe the kinetics of the hydrolysis of blue shavings by hot calcium hydroxide solutions. We conclude that above 40°C the reaction velocity is controlled by chemical reaction, the diffusion of OH&#8211; inside the shavings being a fast process. Temperatures below this limit are of no technical interest and were not investigated. In the proposed model the conversion of splits into soluble proteins (fraction of hydrolysed shavings) is expressed as a 3rd degree polynomial, where the independent variable is time and the coefficients are functions of temperature.
- [Simultaneous Determination of Chloride and Sulfide in Tannery Effluents by Low Pressure Ion-Exclusion Chromatography with Post-Column Spectrophotometric Detection](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-determination-of-chloride-and-sulfide-in-tannery-effluents-by-low-pressure-ion-exclusion-chromatography-with-post-column-spectrophotometric-detection/): Abstract An ion-exclusion chromatography method with post-column derivatization spectrophotometric detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of chloride and sulfide in tannery effluents. They were separated by means of a low pressure ion-exclusion chromatography column using a 0.15 mM sodium nitrate solution as the eluent. Detection limits of chloride and sulfide were 0.03 and 0.01 mg l-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of peak area were less than 2.61%. The recoveries were between 97.54% and 106.23%. Unlike traditional methods, this validated method is inexpensive and stable.
- [Measurement and Correlation of Drape Coefficient and Related Mechanical Properties of Cow Nappa Apparel Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/measurement-and-correlation-of-drape-coefficient-and-related-mechanical-properties-of-cow-nappa-apparel-leathers/): Abstract Drape, which has been little studied, is an important property, which adds aesthetic appeal to fashion as well as functional apparel. In this study, parameters such as drape coefficient and number of nodes of cow nappa apparel leathers were measured and correlated with related mechanical properties such as softness, weight, thickness, flexural rigidity, initial tensile stiffness and formability. It is observed that the mean drape coefficient varies between 80.5 and 89.9% for individual cow nappa leathers from two different firms. The softness, flexural rigidity and initial tensile stiffness showed good correlation with the drape coefficient. The thickness and weight [&hellip;]
- [Oxygen Plasma Treated Polyurethane Leather Coating with Enhanced Water Vapour Permeability](https://sltc.org/product/oxygen-plasma-treated-polyurethane-leather-coating-with-enhanced-water-vapour-permeability/): Abstract Oxygen plasma treatment was employed to modify polyurethane (PU) leather coating for enhancing water vapour permeability (WVP). Surface morphology, surface chemical composition and surface hydrophilicity of the treated coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle/surface energy/equilibrium water sorption analysis respectively. SEM micrographs showed that oxygen plasma treatment did not destroy the integrality of the PU leather coating. XPS results further indicated that extra oxygen-based polar groups (-C-O- and -C=O) were implanted into the coating surface after plasma treatment. As a result, the surface hydrophilicity of the treated coating was improved, which [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Application of Highly Branched Polymers as Filling-Retanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-highly-branched-polymers-as-filling-retanning-agents/): Abstract Highly branched polymers (HBPs) were prepared via free-radical polymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) with polyfunctional allyl co-monomer (Mono-trimethylolpropane trimaleate, MTPTM) at various n(MAA)/n(MTPTM) ratios. HBPs were employed in retanning wet-blue pigskins and the retanned leathers were evaluated by their physical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, extension at break and organoleptic properties including softness, fullness, smoothness and tightness. The results showed that HBPs did well in filling and retanning leather and especially in the case of n(MAA)/n(MTPTM) = 12:1 (HBP-4). HBP-4 was characterized by 1HNMR, SEC, DSC and TGA, the results indicated that the polymer showed polydispersity (PDI [&hellip;]
- [Design of Scaffolds for Biopelt from Tanning Sector By-products](https://sltc.org/product/design-of-scaffolds-for-biopelt-from-tanning-sector-by-products/): Abstract The aim of the present work is to generate by in vitro technology at laboratory scale a biomaterial with similar characteristics to genuine leather. The generation of an in vitro tissue from bovine fibroblasts is carried out on the basis of a scaffold to generate a three-dimensional extra-cellular matrix (3D ECM). Finally, the scaffolds have to be suitable for biomaterial production at lab scale using a bioreactor with specific culturing conditions. In a further step, new methodologies to stabilize the new biomaterial were investigated. The biomaterial generation involves the elimination of the heavy water consumption steps in conventional leather [&hellip;]
- [Leather Working Group Audit Considerations](https://sltc.org/product/leather-working-group-audit-considerations/): Abstract The Leather Working Group (LWG) has achieved considerable improvements in tannery environmental performance through its Audit Protocol. Version 5 of the Protocol will be valid from October 2010. The Audit aims to promote sustainable and appropriate environmental business practices in the leather industry which is very important for the future of leather. However there is a need to now reconsider several aspects of the Audit including Restricted Substances Lists, the salinity of effluents, and the real environmental effects of chrome compared to other tannages. The processing of green hides, direct chrome liquor recycling and beneficial irrigation of effluent should [&hellip;]
- [Zirconium Acetate - Oxazolidine Combination Tannages](https://sltc.org/product/zirconium-acetate-oxazolidine-combination-tannages/): &nbsp;
- [Vertically Integrated Sheepskin Processing](https://sltc.org/product/vertically-integrated-sheepskin-processing/): Abstract The aim of this presentation is to give an overview of the Sheepskin Industry and illustrate the major sheepskin tanning and finishing processes, which are undoubtedly familiar to most readers. In the final section of the presentation, we discuss some of the critical decisions facing the UK Sheepskin Industry for the 21st Century.
- [Oxidation of Cr3+ to Cr6+ by Hydroxyl Radicals in Leather](https://sltc.org/product/oxidation-of-cr3-to-cr6-by-hydroxyl-radicals-in-leather/): Abstract This study assesses the role of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) on the formation of Cr6+ in leather. To avoid the complexity of composition of chemicals produced in leather fatliquors, •OH produced from the oxidation of lipids in leather fatliquors was replaced by •OH produced by a Fenton reagent. At room temperature, Fenton reagent was reacted with solutions of CrCl3, CrCl3 &#8211; benzoic acid, chrome tanning agent and chrome tanning agent-benzoic acid, respectively. The amount of Cr6+ in each solution was measured at different time intervals. The effect of •OH on the amounts of Cr6+ was explored and the effect of [&hellip;]
- [A Thermogravimetric Study on Tannery Sewage Sludges](https://sltc.org/product/a-thermogravimetric-study-on-tannery-sewage-sludges/): Abstract Two different tannery sewage sludges (Sludge 1 and Sludge 2) have been characterized by thermal analysis coupled with mass spectrometry of evolved gases (TG-DSC-MS), inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), Gas chromatography &#8211; mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Purge and trap GC-MS. Four main temperature ranges of weight loss were individually examined in air flow TG-DSC-MS experiments on Sludge 1. The first, below 200°C, coupled to an endothermic signal, is related to water release. Between 200 and 350°C, an exothermic signal accompanies the loss of sulphate as evolved SO2 organic substances, aromatics and saturated cyclic compounds. In the latter range, development [&hellip;]
- [The Development of Leather Industry Requires Support of Scientists and Technologists](https://sltc.org/product/the-development-of-leather-industry-requires-support-of-scientists-and-technologists/): &nbsp;
- [On-Line Determination of Nitrite in Tannery Effluent by Reverse Reference Flow Injection](https://sltc.org/product/on-line-determination-of-nitrite-in-tannery-effluent-by-reverse-reference-flow-injection/): Abstract In order to control the pollution of nitrite, a simple, accurate and sensitive reverse reference flow injection analysis (rrFIA) spectrophotometric method for determination of nitrite in tannery effluent is proposed. In acid conditions, nitrite with sulfanilamide is diazotized, and then the diazo material is coupled with N-1-naphthyl ethylenediamine hydrochloride (NEH) to form a red product. The absorbance of the complex compound is measured at 540nm. Chemical factors and rrFIA variables affecting the system are also discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was 0-50.0 g l-1; the detection limit was 0.03 g l-1; the relative [&hellip;]
- [Aqueous Finishing with Polycarbodiimide Cross-Linked Binders](https://sltc.org/product/aqueous-finishing-with-polycarbodiimide-cross-linked-binders/): Abstract In the current economic climate leather factories need to redesign their processes to add value to their production in order to increase their competitiveness. In this respect, the use of a cross-linker opens up opportunities for the leather industry to obtain both high performance and eco-friendly articles.1-5 This study explores the cross-linking reaction between a polycarbodiimide and both acrylic resins and polyurethanes. A comparison of results shows that polycarbodiimide is a very selective cross-linker since it presents both different reticulation speeds and different cross-linking reaction rates depending on the type of binder employed. In addition, and depending on the [&hellip;]
- [Polysilane Cross-Linked Binders for Aqueous Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/polysilane-cross-linked-binders-for-aqueous-finishing/): Abstract This study explores the cross-linking reaction between an epoxy functional alkoxysilane and both acrylic resins and polyurethanes. Although this type of cross-linker is employed in sectors other than the leather industry, it can be used in finishing processes. A comparison of results indicates that such cross-linker presents a better cross-linking reaction rate than polyaziridine, polyisocyanate, epoxy resin and polycarbodiimide.
- [Characterization and Application of Low Surface Energy Fluorinated Polymer in Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/characterization-and-application-of-low-surface-energy-fluorinated-polymer-in-leather-finishing/): Abstract A lower fluorine-content core-shell latex copolymer with a fluorinated polyacrylate rich shell was manufactured by seeded emulsion polymerization and its morphology was confirmed by TEM observation and particle size analysis. The results indicated that the surface energy of a film of this latex was as low as that of PTFE (i.e. 18.5mN/m) by contact angle measurement. The water repellency of the film made from a polyurethane dispersion blended with the fluorinated core-shell latex was remarkably increased. When applied in leather finishing, a coat with excellent wet rub fastness was obtained showing the great effectiveness of the low surface energy [&hellip;]
- [Types and Frequency of Isolation of Bacteria Affecting Leather Surfaces from Small Nigerian Ruminant Dermatoses](https://sltc.org/product/types-and-frequency-of-isolation-of-bacteria-affecting-leather-surfaces-from-small-nigerian-ruminant-dermatoses/): Abstract Sixteen genera of bacteria were isolated in varying frequencies from the skins of normal and disease afflicted live sheep and goats in Nigeria. These were: Clostridium spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Aerococcus spp., Actinobacillus spp., Gamella spp., Lactobacillus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Listeria spp., Neisseria spp., Corynebacterium spp., Erysepelothrix spp., and Pseudomonas spp. Only one Streptococcus appeared on normal sheep skin. Bacillus spp., seemed more like the normal flora on the skins. Clostridium spp., appeared most frequently; both on normal and diseased skins &#8211; appearing more on the latter and giving fillip to its [&hellip;]
- [A Fast Method to Determine Formaldehyde in Leather Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/a-fast-method-to-determine-formaldehyde-in-leather-wastewater/): Abstract A new simple and sensitive reverse flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method is described for the determination of formaldehyde. The method is based on the CL-emitting reaction between ninhydrin and potassium permanganate in hydrochloric acid medium, enhanced by formaldehyde (HCHO). The calibration curve is linear in the range of 0.002 to 10μg ml-1 with r = 0.9995, and the limit of detection is 4.6 x 10-4 μg ml-1. The relative standard deviation for replicate measurements is 1.5% for 4μg ml-1 of formaldehyde. The chemical and flow injection variables were studied and optimized to make the procedure suitable for determination of [&hellip;]
- [Economic Viability of Using Biogas from Tannery Wastes in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells](https://sltc.org/product/economic-viability-of-using-biogas-from-tannery-wastes-in-molten-carbonate-fuel-cells/): Abstract Wastes from tanneries present a good opportunity to produce biogas and use it in high temperature fuel cells for combined heat and power systems. Biogas is considered a renewable fuel, domestically produced and free of carbon emissions, while molten carbonate fuel cells are ultra-clean and highly efficient power generators. In this paper, we study the economic viability of a fuel cell (considering capacities from 300kWto 1200kW) operating on biogas. The results are based on Spanish legislation, which establishes a special feed-in tariff for biogas and cogeneration. Paybacks range from 5.7 to 8.5 years depending on the fuel cell capacity. [&hellip;]
- [Waterborne Polyurethane/O-MMT Nanocomposites for Flame Retardant Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/waterborne-polyurethane-o-mmt-nanocomposites-for-flame-retardant-leather-finishing/): Abstract Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane (APTES) were used as modifiers to prepare a reactive and organophilic montmorillonite (O-MMT), then from this waterborne polyurethane (WPU)/O-MMT nanocomposite dispersions for leather flame retardant finishing were prepared through in-situ intercalation polymerization. Qualitative evidence of the presence of chemically-attached APTES on O-MMT is confirmed by FT-IR and an exfoliated structure of O-MMT in WPU matrix is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM analysis reveals that the O-MMT platelets are homogeneously dispersed throughout the polymer matrix when the O-MMT content is lower than 4wt%, whereas over 4wt%, inhomogeneous dispersion of the O-MMT platelets is [&hellip;]
- [Leather Ageing and Hexavalent Chromium Formation as a Function of the Fatliquoring Agent. Part III: Interaction with Synthetic and Vegetable Retanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/leather-ageing-and-hexavalent-chromium-formation-as-a-function-of-the-fatliquoring-agent-part-iii-interaction-with-synthetic-and-vegetable-retanning-agents/): Abstract The interaction between vegetable extracts (tara and mimosa) and synthetic phenolic retanning agents, one of them of the polyhydroxyphenol type especially developed for this study, with two fatliquoring agents of different oxidisability in relation to temperature is studied.Different properties such as: leather colour variation, shrinkage temperature and chromium VI formation after subjecting the leather samples to the temperature test have been considered. Moreover, those retanning agents with the highest antioxidant capacity have been selected for study, by means a ‘Simplex-Centroid’ experimental design, of their influence on different organoleptic and physical properties of the treated leather. The vegetable retanning agents [&hellip;]
- [Properties of Collagen Fibre in Alkali and Neutral Salt Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/properties-of-collagen-fibre-in-alkali-and-neutral-salt-solutions/): Abstract Alkali and neutral salt treatment, especially in liming is a key procedure in order to achieve a good quality of leather. However, liming creates sludge and wastewater which are difficult to process. To find a clean replacement for lime we need to know the properties of skin after alkali and neutral salt treatment. Collagen fibre and cattle hide are treated in alkali-neutral salt solutions. Collagen fibre will be swelled in alkali solutions in its axial direction. Sodium sulphate in high concentration depresses collagen fibre’s swelling rate in alkali solutions, but sodium chloride does not have this effect. Hydrolyzates in [&hellip;]
- [Comparison of IUP 16 and Microscopic Hot Table Methods for Shrinkage Temperature Determination](https://sltc.org/product/comparison-of-iup-16-and-microscopic-hot-table-methods-for-shrinkage-temperature-determination/): Abstract In the leather industry, shrinkage temperature (Ts) is determined by the IUP 16 method. However, only microanalytical techniques like the Microscopic Hot Table (MHT) method are appropriate for the Ts of leather objects of historical value. No more than 0.1-0.4mg of sample is needed for the test. The precision and accuracy of the MHT method were investigated taking the official IUP 16 method as a reference. It was concluded that the Ts determined by both methods are in good agreement. The MHT method is precise and sensitive enough to state that small changes of 1.3°C detected in Ts are [&hellip;]
- [The Interaction Between Collagen and Aldehyde-Acid Copolymer/MMT Nano-Composite](https://sltc.org/product/the-interaction-between-collagen-and-aldehyde-acid-copolymer-mmt-nano-composite/): Abstract An aldehyde-acid copolymer/MMT nano-composite [P(MAA-AL)/MMT nano-composite] was prepared via monomer in-situ polymerization. Then the nano-composite was applied in a leather tanning process and the leather structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The reaction mechanism between P(MAA-AL)/MMT nano-composite and collagen fibres was investigated. P(MAA-AL)/MMT nano-composite has excellent dispersing properties for collagen fibres. The tanning mechanism of P(MAA-AL)/MMT nano-composite is that, the carboxyl groups of nanocomposite are combined with the amino groups of collagen side chains by electrovalent bonds and the aldehyde groups of nano-composite are linked with the amino groups of collagen side chains [&hellip;]
- [The History of Tannery Machines The Splitting Machine](https://sltc.org/product/the-history-of-tannery-machines-the-splitting-machine/): Abstract Of the many different machines used in the conversion of hides and skins to leather and the equipment employed in imparting the properties and the finish required to make it suitable for the required application, the splitting machine stands out as the most interesting one. Its engineering has developed through some 250 years from the mid seventeen hundreds into a computer controlled precisely engineered tool. This story endeavours to trace its progress from early attempts to mechanise manual splitting to an industrial machine tool.
- [Leaching Characteristics of Tannery Wastes with Respect to Landfill Co-Disposal](https://sltc.org/product/leaching-characteristics-of-tannery-wastes-with-respect-to-landfill-co-disposal/): Abstract Fellmongery, wet blue bovine, finished bovine, pelt tannage and chromium precipitation sludges and bovine wet blue shavings were assessed for chromium, chloride and sulphide leaching behaviour using 5000 ppm acetic acid buffered to pH 5 with sodium hydroxide, applied in consecutive bed volumes. The results were interpreted for a hypothetical co-disposal landfill site subject to either leachate treatment or groundwater contamination controls. In terms of chromium all of the sludges were considered satisfactory in the example situations. Chrome shavings were only acceptable for the leachate collection scenario and required pretreatment with 5% W/W sodium carbonate to prevent groundwater contamination. [&hellip;]
- [Water Reclamation from Tannery Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/water-reclamation-from-tannery-effluent/): Abstract The water reclamation plant (operated by a modern tannery in North Africa) received tanning effluent which had already been treated biologically. The technological system included chlorination, sand filtration, two-stage adsorption on activated carbon and reverse osmosis. The results of full scale technological investigations are presented in this paper. The system investigated yielded an effluent suitable for reuse in the beamhouse. &nbsp;
- [The Role of Instrumental Testing in the 90s](https://sltc.org/product/the-role-of-instrumental-testing-in-the-90s/): &nbsp;
- [Diethylaminoethyl Cellulose as a Reagent in Tannin Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/diethylaminoethyl-cellulose-as-a-reagent-in-tannin-analysis/): Abstract The microcrystalline diethylaminoethyl cellulose anion exchanger DE32 in the sulphate form, used in the analysis of mimosa bark and extract, gives results equivalent to those obtained with hide powder of good quality. The reagent may be regenerated many times without loss of analytical precision. DE32 is a readily available synthetic product of standard quality and is used in the dry form involving no dilution factor. &nbsp;
- [The Role of an Acid-Stable Fatliquor in Leather Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/the-role-of-an-acid-stable-fatliquor-in-leather-manufacture/): Abstract Acid-stable fatliquors, based on highly unsaturated oils, that can find application at different stages of leather processing have been prepared. The influence of one such fatliquor based on sardine fish oil has been studied when applied during pickling and chrome tanning in comparison with a cationic fatliquor and control procedure wherein a conventional fatliquoring has been followed. The investigation has indicated that the introduction of an anionic acid-stable fatliquor during pickling and tanning results in the production of leathers with better feel and increased strength characteristics. &nbsp;
- [A Study of the Grain Layer Using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Fitted with an Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analyser: Part 1. The Contribution to Quality Improvement in Defective Chrome Tanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-of-the-grain-layer-using-a-scanning-electron-microscope-sem-fitted-with-an-energy-dispersive-x-ray-analyser-part-1-the-contribution-to-quality-improvement-in-defective-chrome-tanned-leathe/): Abstract Woolled sheepskins showing partial hair-slip were extensively studied. This defect is detected in the “crust” state. Shearlings are first fully dechromed, subsequently de-woolled and chrome tanned. The influence of either a partial or complete beamhouse operation on the finished layer is examined. On the grain layer, these leathers show modifications of the collagen, which show up in the form of irreversibly dried areas, different degrees of overheating (bare areas), residual epidermal layer and cementing materials (e.g. mucoids and mucopolysaccharides), as a consequence of not having had a proper liming and bating treatment. By means of the scanning electron microscope [&hellip;]
- [Surface Heating Effects on Exposed Coloured Tarpaulin Covers in Hide and Skin Transportation](https://sltc.org/product/surface-heating-effects-on-exposed-coloured-tarpaulin-covers-in-hide-and-skin-transportation/): Abstract An investigation of surface heating effects on reinforced plastic tarpaulin covers under various conditions of exposure has been carried out. This investigation is relevant to the use of these types of cover materials in the transportation of green or antiseptic-treated hides or wet-blue hides. A number of samples of tarpaulin cover materials of differing colours and mass per unit area were obtained from a local supplier. These rectangular samples were exposed, horizontally, on a polystyrene board, during the course of a working day on three different days of varying weather conditions (sunny, sunny with cloud, sun with wind) during [&hellip;]
- [The First One Hundred Years of Commercial Enzymes](https://sltc.org/product/the-first-one-hundred-years-of-commercial-enzymes/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Vegetable Tannins - Renaissance and Reappraisal](https://sltc.org/product/vegetable-tannins-renaissance-and-reappraisal/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Some Notes on the Production of a Tanning Extract](https://sltc.org/product/some-notes-on-the-production-of-a-tanning-extract/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Introduction to Industrial Drying](https://sltc.org/product/introduction-to-industrial-drying/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [The Mechanical Properties of Sheepskin Splits as Determined by an Experimental Method](https://sltc.org/product/the-mechanical-properties-of-sheepskin-splits-as-determined-by-an-experimental-method/): Abstract Sheepskin flesh splits which had undergone all beamhouse processes were tanned with glutaraldehyde, producing three increasing degrees of tannage according to the resultant elevation of the shrinkage temperature (Ts). The respective specimens were referred to as GA low-grade (Ts 60.3±0.7°C, n=10), GA medium-grade (Ts 67.7±1.2°C, n=15) and GA high-grade (Ts 74.8±0.8°C, n=36). The thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break of untanned and tanned specimens were assessed, applying an experimental testing procedure. The thickness of the specimens correlated negatively with the degree of tannage (r = -0.78). The tensile strength of the GA high-grade tanned specimens equalled 30.8±3.6 N/mm2 (n=30), [&hellip;]
- [Modern Tannery Engineering](https://sltc.org/product/modern-tannery-engineering/): &nbsp;
- [Practical Considerations on the Sirolime Process](https://sltc.org/product/practical-considerations-on-the-sirolime-process/): &nbsp;
- [Modern Technology of Soft Leather Production](https://sltc.org/product/modern-technology-of-soft-leather-production/): &nbsp;
- [The Modification of Protein by Transamidification and Some Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Properties of the Product](https://sltc.org/product/the-modification-of-protein-by-transamidification-and-some-physico-chemical-and-mechanical-properties-of-the-product/): Abstract A transamidification reaction was utilised to get low molecular weight peptides from waste skin trimmings and the transamidified peptides were subsequently treated with adipic acid and neutralised with aqueous ammonia which resulted in alkylamide polypeptides. The results of JR spectroscopy indicated that N-alkylamide polypeptides were actually formed. The thermogravimetric analysis has been done and it has been found that the transamidified protein is more stable than casein. The mechanical properties of the film formed using the transamidified polypeptides indicated that it possesses superior properties to those of casein film. The transamidified polypeptide film also has greater elongation than that [&hellip;]
- [The Use of Aluminium (Ill) to Improve Chrome Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-aluminium-ill-to-improve-chrome-tannage/): Abstract The efficiency and effectiveness of chromium (III) tannage can be enhanced in a modification of the typical process by applying the normal or reduced chrome offer to collagen pre-treated at pH 4 with a small offer of basic masked aluminium (III) sulphate. The mechanism is rationalised by a thermodynamic model in which aluminium (III) has a catalytic function. &nbsp;
- [Studies on the Fixation of Titanium Straight and Combination Tanning Systems - Part V](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-the-fixation-of-titanium-straight-and-combination-tanning-systems-part-v/): Abstract The tanning potency of titanium in comparison with other conventional mineral tanning agents, viz. chromium and aluminium as well as vegetable tannins (wattle extract) and syntan (syntan DLE) is assessed. This article deals with experiments conducted on straight as well as different combination tanning systems (pre-tannage, retannage and simultaneous tannage) involving titanium and these tanning agents. Among the straight mineral tannages, the fixation of titanium is found to be greater than that of chromium and much greater than that of aluminium. In combination tannages involving titanium and chromium as well as titanium and aluminium, titanium could well be used [&hellip;]
- [Theory and Practice of Modern Chamois Leather Production](https://sltc.org/product/theory-and-practice-of-modern-chamois-leather-production/): &nbsp;
- [Reaction Mechanism Of Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl Phosphonium With Collagen Protein](https://sltc.org/product/reaction-mechanism-of-tetrakis-hydroxymethyl-phosphonium-with-collagen-protein/): Abstract To gain an understanding of the reaction mechanism of tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride (THPC) and collagen protein, we examined the interactions of THPC with polycaprolactam, polyvinyl alcohol and ethylenediamine, which were used as the substitutes for the amido, hydroxyl and amino groups of collagen protein. It was found that tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium mainly linked with amino groups of collagen and to a lesser extent with hydroxyl groups and amido groups. The combination capacity of tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium with hydroxyl groups and amido groups changed with pH and reached a peak at pH8.0.
- [Antibacterial Activity Of Myrtus Communis Essential Oil Used In Soaking](https://sltc.org/product/antibacterial-activity-of-myrtus-communis-essential-oil-used-in-soaking/): Abstract In this study, the essential oil of Myrtus communis was used as a bactericide in the soaking process. 1% myrtle oil was applied in comparison with a commercial bactericide which is commonly used in the leather industry (typically containing 7-25% phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl). The trials showed that Myrtus communis oil has an antibacterial effect in soaking and would be suitable for use in industry.
- [Analysis Of Al2O3 In Solutions And Leathers Part I: Fast Complexometric Method For Determination Of Al2o3 In Residual Solutions From Vegetable-Aluminum Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-al2o3-in-solutions-and-leathers-part-i-fast-complexometric-method-for-determination-of-al2o3-in-residual-solutions-from-vegetable-aluminum-tanning/): Abstract The conditions for a quantitative fulfillment of the reaction between Al3+ and EDTA in the presence of plant tanning extracts have been studied in detail. As a result we have established a fast complexometric method with residual titration for the determination of Al2O3 in complex coloured residual tanning solutions. The absence of systematic errors in the proposed procedure is proved. The repeatability of the method is very good, the standard deviation s = 0.01g/l Al2O3 for concentrations of Al2O3 0.37g/l and 1.92g/l. K+, Na+, and Ca2+ do not interfere with the procedure.
- [A Comprehensive Fuzzy Evaluation Method For Leather Softness Based On Its Lastometer Property](https://sltc.org/product/a-comprehensive-fuzzy-evaluation-method-for-leather-softness-based-on-its-lastometer-property/): Abstract Leather softness is always evaluated fuzzily. In this paper the fuzzy comprehensive method is given which is based on the leather’s lastometer property under different loads. Fuzzy analysis theory is used to evaluate the softness quantitatively, scientifically and objectively.
- [Fungal Biotransformation Of Bovine Hair PART II: Biomass And Proteases Produced As A Function Of Incubation Time. Assessment Of Hair Waste Digestion](https://sltc.org/product/fungal-biotransformation-of-bovine-hair-part-ii-biomass-and-proteases-produced-as-a-function-of-incubation-time-assessment-of-hair-waste-digestion/): &nbsp;
- [Alternative Utilization Of Skin Wastes: Preparation Of A Fe(III)-Loaded Adsorbent For Anionic Dyes In Aqueous Solution](https://sltc.org/product/alternative-utilization-of-skin-wastes-preparation-of-a-feiii-loaded-adsorbent-for-anionic-dyes-in-aqueous-solution/): Abstract Fe(III)-loaded adsorbent (FLA) was prepared from waste wet-white. As a new adsorbent, its behaviour towards anionic dyes, Direct Yellow 11 (DY11) and Acid Yellow 11 (AY11), were investigated. It was found that the FLA is effective in removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution and acidic pH favours the adsorption. The adsorption capacity of DY11 was significantly increased with an increase of temperature, whilst that of AY11 decreased, due to their difference in molecular structures. The maximum adsorption capacities of DY11 and AY11 at 323K were found to be 302.1 and 490.0 mg.g-1 respectively and the adsorption equilibrium data [&hellip;]
- [The Activity Of The Hair Follicle And Its Relation To The Defects Of The Grain Layer Description And Origin Of The ‘Large Follicle Defect’](https://sltc.org/product/the-activity-of-the-hair-follicle-and-its-relation-to-the-defects-of-the-grain-layer-description-and-origin-of-the-large-follicle-defect/): Abstract Practices in the tanning industry may result in the occurrence of possible damage on the grain surface and grain layer that can spoil the quality of leather. The so called ‘large follicle defect,’ a natural damage associated with the characteristics of coat and the hair growth cycle, is a defect attracting the attention of researchers because of its morphological characteristic distribution and periodicity in wet-blue, semi-finished, finished, full grain and corrected grain leathers. Due to the lack of information on this defect in journals concerning leather making and to the need to understand the nature of the defect with [&hellip;]
- [Increased Chromium Tanning Efficiency With Collagen Hydrolysates](https://sltc.org/product/increased-chromium-tanning-efficiency-with-collagen-hydrolysates/): Abstract Collagen hydrolysates obtained from shavings of chrome tanned sheep skins were used in a pretanning process for sheepskins and the effect on the efficiency of chrome tanning was observed. Various physical tests and chemical analyses were applied to tanned sheepskins and the results were evaluated statistically. Wet-blue leathers pretanned with 5% protein by-product (collagen hydrolysates) showed increased chromium take-up and had better physical characteristics.
- [Synthesis And Application Of Fluorinated Acrylate Copolymer As A Retanning Agent-TiO2 Synthesis And Application Of Fluorinated Acrylate Copolymer As A Retanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-fluorinated-acrylate-copolymer-as-a-retanning-agent-tio2-synthesis-and-application-of-fluorinated-acrylate-copolymer-as-a-retanning-agent/): Abstract A fluorinated acrylate copolymer of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (FA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) has been synthesized by free radical copolymerization using azobisisobutyronitrile as the catalyst at 75°C for 6hrs in dioxane. The structure of this copolymer was characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectrum (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The characteristics and effects of the copolymer as a retanning material have been investigated by measuring such physical/mechanical indexes as the tensile strength, thickness increment ratio, elongation at break, static water resistance and air permeability Instrumental analysis such as scanning [&hellip;]
- [Preparation And Characterization Of Collagen Nanocomposite Improved With Glutaraldehyde](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-characterization-of-collagen-nanocomposite-improved-with-glutaraldehyde/): Abstract Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated that a collagen-TiO2 nanocomposite could be prepared via a sol-gel procedure. However, the shrinkage temperature produced by this kind of nanocomposite is low. In this experiment, the collagen-TiO2 nanocomposite was improved by adding glutaraldehyde and increasing the pH level. Results show that the optimum amount of glutaraldehyde is 6% (based on pickled pelt weight), and the optimal pH level for preparation is 3.5. These conditions raise the shrinkage temperature of the nanocomposite from 73.8°C to 82.2°C. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) images indicate that the collagen fibril has been wrapped with nanoparticles. Meanwhile, [&hellip;]
- [Soaking With Tannins: The Biocidal Activity Of Vegetable Tannins Used In The Soaking Float](https://sltc.org/product/soaking-with-tannins-the-biocidal-activity-of-vegetable-tannins-used-in-the-soaking-float/): Abstract Biocides are widely used in leather production for the purpose of preventing microorganism activity in the soaking process. Biocides include chemical components that are harmful for both human health and environment. In this study, we examined the anti-bacterial activity of different vegetable tannins against bacteria in the soaking float. To this end; tannins of quebracho, mimosa, gall-nut, chestnut and valonia were added to the float for 8h and 24h soaking processes in order to examine the effect of these tannins on bacteria, the results were compared with the control group. Subsequently, gall-nut and chestnut extracts were observed to be [&hellip;]
- [Influence Of Fatliquoring On Flammability Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-fatliquoring-on-flammability-of-leather/): Abstract The influences of seven kinds of oils on the flammability of pig chrome leather have been studied. The flammability of the fatliquored leathers was evaluated by the vertical flame test and Oxygen Index Test. The results show that the 7 oils increase the fire resistance of leather. The effect is especially shown by sulphated oils which have a more apparent effect than sulphited oils. The leathers which were fatliquored with sulphited fish oil, sulphated neatsfoot oil and lecithin have a stronger glow resistance than the leathers either not fatliquored or treated with other oils. The results should supply a [&hellip;]
- [Study Of Cleaning Materials And Methods For Stains On Parchment](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-cleaning-materials-and-methods-for-stains-on-parchment/): Abstract Parchment is a very beautiful material; very strong but also very fragile in an unsuitable storage environment. Actually, as regards to the dust and grime accumulated in normal museums and library storage, the cleaning of parchment is a fairly simple task. Stains on parchment which are due to damp, dust, mould, ink, colour migration and etc. are a problem for conservators, but with care and patience may usually be treated successfully. This study uses artificial stains (similar to the natural stains, which can be found on historical parchment) on new and aged parchment (prepared by the author) to evaluate [&hellip;]
- [Application Of Acrylic Resin Coating Agent Modified By Nano SiO2](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-acrylic-resin-coating-agent-modified-by-nano-sio2/): Abstract An acrylic resin and an acrylic-resin/nano-SiO2 composite prepared as coating agents were applied in leather finishing and various properties of the finished leathers were determined. The results show that the physicalmechanical properties and cleaning properties of the leather samples finished with the acrylic-resin/nano-SiO2 composite increase noticeably. As examples, water vapour penetration and air permeability improved by 11.5% and 15.4%, dry rub fastness and folding strength [flexing] of the leather finished with the composite resin were also, to a degree, superior to that finished by the acrylic resin. The surface morphology observed by SEM (scanning electron microscope-energy spectrum of X-ray [&hellip;]
- [Recovery Of Chromium(III) From Chrome Tanning Wastewater By Precipitation And Adsorption Processes](https://sltc.org/product/recovery-of-chromiumiii-from-chrome-tanning-wastewater-by-precipitation-and-adsorption-processes/): Abstract The study was conducted regarding the recovery of chromium(III) from chrome tanning wastewater by precipitation and adsorption processes. The adsorption was conducted with a spherical sulfonic lignin adsorbent, denoted as SSLA and the factors affecting the precipitation and adsorption as well as desorption were comprehensively discussed. The recovery reached 91.6% by applying 12.0g/L of sodium hydroxide as precipitant, 25mg/L of cationic polyacrylamide as flocculant and 3.0g/g Cr of H2SO4 as solution medium. The adsorption of chromium(III) from the supernatant liquid with SSLA has been found to be initially pH andconcentration dependent aided by higher adsorption temperature which helps to [&hellip;]
- [2005 Procter Memorial Lecture The Deterioration Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/2005-procter-memorial-lecture-the-deterioration-of-leather/): Abstract The main causes of deterioration of leather are reviewed, particularly with reference to museums and other heritage collections. Damage caused by bacteria, fungi, insects and vertebrates is described, as are the methods of eradication. Physical damage arising from the hygroscopic nature of leather and other skin products is discussed. The factors leading to the type of chemical decay termed red rot are analysed and the role of oxidation and hydrolysis is considered. The final section deals briefly with the treatment of chemically degraded leather with aluminium alkoxide.
- [High Exhaust Tanning Systems Using A Novel Cross-Linking Agent (CA)](https://sltc.org/product/high-exhaust-tanning-systems-using-a-novel-cross-linking-agent-ca/): Abstract Lime fleshings were hydrolysed with a proteolytic enzyme and further broken down to the amino acid level (as previously described) before preparing the corresponding aldehyde, which was then used as a cross-linking agent in tanning, in the study the product is labelled as CA. In this study, the cross-linking agent prepared above was used as an exhaust aid in chrome tanning, rechroming and vegetable tanning to give improved tannin exhaustion. Using 2% cross-linking agent in chrome tanning improved chrome exhaustion from 67 ± 1.0% to 92 ± 1.5%; similarly, in vegetable tanning, the exhaustion of wattle extract increased from [&hellip;]
- [The Combination Between Collagen Polypeptide And Calcium](https://sltc.org/product/the-combination-between-collagen-polypeptide-and-calcium/): Abstract The combination between collagen polypeptide and the calcium ion was studied on a basis of preparation of collagen polypeptide from animals’ hide by enzymes. The product of the combination between collagen polypeptide and calcium ion was characterized by Uv-Vis analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and other methods. The results indicated that the reaction between collagen polypeptide and the calcium ion is complicated. It includes the coordination linkage of calcium ion with the carboxyl and the amino groups of collagen polypeptide, ionic linkage of calcium ion and the carboxyl of collagen polypeptide and also absorption of collagen [&hellip;]
- [The Principle And Method Of Testing Leather Fullness And Softness](https://sltc.org/product/the-principle-and-method-of-testing-leather-fullness-and-softness/): Abstract Our work is aimed at evaluating the character of leather in a quantitative manner. We have studied the principle and method of testing leather fullness and softness by compression and Lastometer type experiments. A variety of Lastometer apparatus for testing softness had been designed and manufactured. Some parameters, such as compression/decompression and fullness work, have been calculated using the experimental data. The results are coincident with those of HEM (hand evaluation method). This testing procedure appears to be reliable for measuring leather fullness and softness.
- [New Possibilities For Mechanical Softening Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/new-possibilities-for-mechanical-softening-of-leather/): Abstract We present our results for work on leather softening by shearing and the effect of shearing parameters on leather’s relative elasticity. Leather softening processes have been executed and elasticity parameters have been determined using specially constructed instruments. It has been stated that, when employing this particular leather softening technique, leather’s deformation characteristics are of no worse quality than when employing a conventional (vibration) technique. These reasons suggest that the shearing technique of leather softening may be applicable in the leather industry. An increase of shearing speed and number of cycles had no substantial effect on the leather’s elasticity. We [&hellip;]
- [An Air Permeability Model For Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/an-air-permeability-model-for-leathers/): Abstract We have constructed a model of air permeability taking into account appropriate parameters. Two of the parameters which represent the capillary radius and the amount of capillaries in a definite area of leather, respectively r and n have been deduced. Researches on the locational differences in air permeability based on the model, show that different locations of leather have different values for r and n. The capillary radius of samples near the head location ranges from 452.9nm to 479.1nm, while the quantity of capillaries in the same sample is the greatest, from 7.948 x 1011/m2 to 8.617 x 1011/m2. [&hellip;]
- [Stretching And Stress-Relaxation Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/stretching-and-stress-relaxation-of-leather/): Abstract Four bovine leathers subjected to five stretching procedures in water at temperatures between 60 and 80°C with drawing ratios between 1.20 and 1.40 were analyzed to demonstrate the suitability of Nutting’s model to fit the stress-relaxation of samples strained at 20%. The influence of the specimen direction and the mechanical conditioning (subjected to two cycles of straining at different pre-loading level from 0.5 to 10daN) were considered. Nutting’s model gives estimators of the initial stress and the relaxation rate. The initial stress is influenced by stretching treatments, specimen direction and mechanical conditioning. The influence of the stretching treatments on [&hellip;]
- [Comparison Of The Tanning Abilities Of Some Epoxides And Aldehydic Compounds](https://sltc.org/product/comparison-of-the-tanning-abilities-of-some-epoxides-and-aldehydic-compounds/): Abstract Among the novel collagen crosslinkers currently being studied, polyepoxides (e.g. based on aliphatic polyol glycidyl ether), have shown certain potential in organic tannage applications. The work reported here is a comparison of the tanning abilities of some commercial epoxides with commonly used organic tanning agents, i.e. glutaraldehyde, oxazolidine and THPS. Studies have been based on the progress of tannage followed via crosslink density determination of treated gelatine (i.e. used as a collagen model). The investigation has also been concerned with comparing the physical, chemical, biological and morphological characters of the resultant leather. The results show that the order of [&hellip;]
- [Effect Of Cationisation On Reactive Printing Of Leather And Wool](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-cationisation-on-reactive-printing-of-leather-and-wool/): Abstract The resurgent interest in leather and wool clothing has led to developments in brilliant colours with different shades on leather and wool that hold promise for re-opening this market for the two substrates. It is necessary to use more than one class of dyestuff under variety of conditions in this work and to modify the two components before printing. Fibre reactive dyes with three different reactive groups, mono-chloro triazine (Cibacron Yellow P6GS), dichloro-triazine (Procion Red MX-5B) and vinyl sulphone (Remazol Brilliant Orange FR), were used to print both unmodified and modified, i.e. cationised leather and wool substrates using Tenofix [&hellip;]
- [Lime-Free Unhairing: Part 5. Some Peculiarities Of Dyeing Lime-Free Leather](https://sltc.org/product/lime-free-unhairing-part-5-some-peculiarities-of-dyeing-lime-free-leather/): Abstract The interaction of leather, prepared by the lime-free method, and a series of 1:2 metal complex dyes has been investigated by determining the distribution of the dyes at equilibrium. Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects such as the rate of dyeing, heat of dyeing, entropy, affinity of dyes on the lime-free and conventional leather have been studied. The diffusion coefficient was calculated by means of the Weisz pore and Krenk models. It has been established that the sorption isotherms for these dyes on both types of leather fibres show a Langmuir type of behaviour. The dyeing system hydrophobic C.I. Acid Red [&hellip;]
- [A Study On Cost Accounting In Garment Leather Manufacturing](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-on-cost-accounting-in-garment-leather-manufacturing/): Abstract In this study, actual annual production figures of a tannery processing sheepskins for garments in the Menemen Organized Leather Industrial Region of Izmir, Turkey were examined so as to establish production costs and determine unit costs. A cost distribution table was formed using the actual figures obtained from the tannery and units costs were then determined. It was found that total actual costs comprised 66.1% skins, 19.6% chemical substances, 5.4% labour and 6.03% general production expenses. &nbsp;
- [Evaluation Of Wax Or Oil/Fungicide Formulations For Preservation Of Vegetable-Tanned Leather Artifacts](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-wax-or-oil-fungicide-formulations-for-preservation-of-vegetable-tanned-leather-artifacts/): Abstract The environmental conditions in Egypt are very different from the conditions required by international standards for storage rooms, display cases etc. These conditions make vegetable-tanned leather artifacts dry, brittle, stiff and weak. Leather artifacts need conservation treatment with lubrication materials from time to time. Although lubrication of leather may in fact be the most viable way of protecting leather in Egyptian collections, such dressings have been avoided, because the use of oils would promote mould growth. This study aims at addng fungicide to wax or oil formulations to control fungal growth and to improve the properties of leather. Vegetable-tanned [&hellip;]
- [Hyperbranched Polymers - A Primer For Their Uses In The Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/hyperbranched-polymers-a-primer-for-their-uses-in-the-leather-industry/): Abstract The evolution, structural traits and characteristics of hyperbranched polymers are summarized. Furthermore, the article analyzes the feasibility of their applicability as a new type of tanning agent in leather industry with the possibility of chrome-free leather. The article is intended as a guide and introduction to hyperbranched polymers and their possible applications in the leather industry. &nbsp;
- [The Action Of Pancreatin On Collagen Fibres And Interfibrillary Substance During Bating](https://sltc.org/product/the-action-of-pancreatin-on-collagen-fibres-and-interfibrillary-substance-during-bating/): Abstract In order to illustrate the functions of pancreatin in the bating process during leather manufacture, we used TEM and SEM to observe the histological changes of collagen fibres of goatskin at the ultrastructural level under different bating conditions. Chemical analysis was simultaneously used to illustrate the action of pancreatin on interfibrillary substance and collagen protein. The results showed that the interfibrillary substance was removed and the collagen fibre structure was moderately opened-up under normal bating conditions. The removal of the interfibrillary substance aids in the opening-up of the collagen fibre structure. Pancreatin has an obvious hydrolytic effect on mucin, [&hellip;]
- [Physicochemical Properties Of Collagen, Gelatin And Collagen Hydrolysate Derived From Bovine Limed Split Wastes](https://sltc.org/product/physicochemical-properties-of-collagen-gelatin-and-collagen-hydrolysate-derived-from-bovine-limed-split-wastes/): Abstract Collagen, gelatin and collagen hydrolysate were prepared from bovine limed split wastes by different preparative processes. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that the molecular weight distribution of collagen was very narrow (about 200 and 100kDa for b and a chains respectively) compared with those of gelatin (less than 300kDa and wide distribution) and collagen hydrolysate (less than 50kDa and wide distribution ). The isoelectric points of collagen, gelatin and collagen hydrolysate were 8.26, 4.88 and 4.54 respectively determined by Zeta potential titration. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra revealed that there were two peaks, a positive peak around [&hellip;]
- [Modification Of Chrome-Tanned Leather Waste Hydrolysate With Epichlorhydrin](https://sltc.org/product/modification-of-chrome-tanned-leather-waste-hydrolysate-with-epichlorhydrin/): Abstract Wider use of chrome-tanned leather waste hydrolysate as a secondary industrial raw material is impeded by the unclear economic effect of most proposed practical applications. More attention should deservedly go to hydrolysate utilised as a biodegradable packing material (packing for agricultural chemicals including herbicides, insecticides, pesticides, fertilizers etc.) The appropriate cross-link density enables us to control the water solubility of hydrolysate, its biodegradation and the rate at which active substances are released from such packing. The properties may significantly influence the economic effect of such an application. Increasing the cross-link density of hydrolysate by reacting it with dialdehydes easily [&hellip;]
- [Uses For Chrome Leather Waste: Chromium-Enriched Brewers Yeast](https://sltc.org/product/uses-for-chrome-leather-waste-chromium-enriched-brewers-yeast/): Abstract Chromium-enriched brewer’s yeast which contains chromium(III) as an essential trace element and cofactor for insulin has important biological functions in metabolism. We investigated its manufacture using chromiumcontaining leather waste from Chinese leather factories. Orthogonal experiments lead us to the optimal shaking culture medium for producing the high chromium content of chromium-enriched brewer’s yeast. The optimum culture medium was: glucose 7g.L-1, (NH4)2SO4 5g.L-1, and Cr3+ containing hydrolysates (mass concentration) 145mg.L-1 The optimal shaking culture conditions were: shaking culture temperature 28°C, 10% inoculum content, pH5.0, rotating speed and time of shaking culture 3.5r/s, 36 hours, respectively, and volume ratio of medium [&hellip;]
- [Chrome Sludge Compost - Effects On Crops And Soils](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-sludge-compost-effects-on-crops-and-soils/): Abstract Tannery sludge can contain 70% of organic substances which can have applications as a high-quality fertilizer, however, too high levels of chrome are a major obstacle for tannery sludge in agricultural applications. In this experiment, a study on chrome migration, transformation and resultant chrome levels has been done in the laboratory and expanded to using tannery sludge compost on agricultural land. These studies offer theoretical support for using tannery sludge. The experimental study shows that when Cr3+ levels in soil reach 250mg/kg, the plant absorption of chrome reaches the maximum value, which is 23.33mg/kg. The evidence shows that chrome [&hellip;]
- [Separation Of A Nanofiller From Tannery Effluents](https://sltc.org/product/separation-of-a-nanofiller-from-tannery-effluents/): &nbsp;
- [Adsorption Of Surfactants On Chromium Leather Waste](https://sltc.org/product/adsorption-of-surfactants-on-chromium-leather-waste/): Abstract We have studied the adsorptions of aqueous solutions of three kinds of surfactants, anionic (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, SDBS), cationic (dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, DTB) and a non-ionic (Triton X-100, TX-100), by chromium-containing leather waste. The results indicated that the anionic surfactant can be significantly adsorbed by the waste material adsorbent over the pH range 4.0-8.0. The adsorption capacities of the cationic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant on the adsorbent are limited. These facts imply that the predominant adsorption sites of such an adsorbent are amino groups and the Cr(III) combined with collagen. The adsorption capacity of SDBS increased with the rise of [&hellip;]
- [Application of the Extracellular Proteases from the Culture Filtrate of Streptomyces spp. G157 In Bating](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-the-extracellular-proteases-from-the-culture-filtrate-of-streptomyces-spp-g157-in-bating/): Abstract Laboratory scale experiments were carried out to test the efficiency of the extracellular proteases from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces spp. G157 as a bate. A comparative study was carried out with the commercially available bate. Visual assessment, and microscopic analysis revealed that the extracellular proteases from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces spp. G157 were more efficient than the commercially available bate. Physical testing data indicated that it did not have any adverse effect on the properties of the leather. &nbsp;
- [Establishing the Leather Mark as a Marketing Tool](https://sltc.org/product/establishing-the-leather-mark-as-a-marketing-tool/): &nbsp;
- [Chrome Tannage from the Viewpoint of Ecology](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-tannage-from-the-viewpoint-of-ecology/): &nbsp;
- [The Physical - Chemical Treatment of Tannery Effluents](https://sltc.org/product/the-physical-chemical-treatment-of-tannery-effluents/): &nbsp;
- [Dyestuff Developments](https://sltc.org/product/dyestuff-developments/): Abstract The paper outlines the continuing trend towards the development of specialised metal complex dyestuffs and the importance of newly developed liquid versions, their production and advantages for the tanner over conventional powder versions. A brief review is included of the relative importance of the Colour Index, dyestuff availability and classification methods. Also, extended “trichromatic” dyeing systems are discussed as an intermediate stage, which have lead to the latest dyestuff developments, together with the implications of this for CCMP (Computer Colour Match Prediction). Factors affecting colour uniformity are mentioned and the numerous differences that have been observed between the modified [&hellip;]
- [Softness - An International Comparison of Manual Assessment Against Instrumental Methods](https://sltc.org/product/softness-an-international-comparison-of-manual-assessment-against-instrumental-methods/): Abstract An international “round robin” trial has been carried out to investigate the ability of a number of instruments to objectively measure leather softness. Also investigated was the inter-laboratory variation of the instruments tested. Results show that as the softness range of a pack of leathers narrows, the variation of softness rankings by assessors increases. The average of the rankings of nine assessors was used to assess the ability of each instrument to measure leather softness. The instrument which performed the best in this trial was the BLC’s ST300 Softness Tester. This instrument is also non-destructive in its application and [&hellip;]
- [Factors Influencing the Softness of Brazilian Goatskin Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/factors-influencing-the-softness-of-brazilian-goatskin-leathers/): Abstract The skins of a number of Brazilian goats covering a range of breed, age and sex were subjected to chemical, physical and histological characterisation. Half of each skin was processed into leather and its softness assessed by hand and instrumentally using both the BLC softness gauge and a compression test. It was found that each measure of softness could be related to the apparent density of the leather which in turn was associated with both the compactness of fibre weave in the skin and the fat content of the skin. &nbsp;
- [The Development and Industrial Application of Speciality Polymers](https://sltc.org/product/the-development-and-industrial-application-of-speciality-polymers/): &nbsp;
- [Computer Controls for Tannery Wet Operations](https://sltc.org/product/computer-controls-for-tannery-wet-operations/): Abstract Under the aegis of an Integrated Mission Programme on the “Modernization of the Indian Leather Industry,” extensive scientific investigations are being undertaken at CLRI to develop know-how and to design engineering packages for commercial exploitation. This programme received a significant boost in 1990 when the first large Indian tannery commissioned micro-processor control systems for its wet operations. This paper presents the recent efforts of Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) in association with Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani in developing the simple computer assisted control systems for application in small scale tanneries. The entire hardware and software are [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis and Application of a Tanning/Fatliquoring Preparation](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-a-tanning-fatliquoring-preparation/): &nbsp;
- [Introduction of Carboxyl Groups into Collagen for Stabilisation of Aluminium Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/introduction-of-carboxyl-groups-into-collagen-for-stabilisation-of-aluminium-tannage/): Abstract Collagen was reacted with a number of commercially available cyclic, aliphatic anhydrides in an attempt to improve the subsequent aluminium tannage by introducing additional binding sites for the mineral. Succinic anhydride was found to be the most promising. An unsuccessful attempt was then made to treat collagen with 2-dodecen-l-ylsuccinic anhydride, a substance which would not only introduce additional carboxyl groups, but would also impart to the leather a substantive fatliquoring effect. &nbsp;
- [The Effect of Infection with Dermatophilus Congolensis on Lamb and Sheep Pelts](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-infection-with-dermatophilus-congolensis-on-lamb-and-sheep-pelts/): Abstract This work has shown that infection of the live animal with the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis causes the pelt defect known as whitespot which is relatively common in New Zealand pelts. While either drying or antibiotic treatment were effective in healing the clinical infections, the pelt defect persisted for at least six weeks after treatment in a number of cases. &nbsp;
- [Changes to Bovine Hides During Leather Processing](https://sltc.org/product/changes-to-bovine-hides-during-leather-processing/): Abstract Immunohistology has enabled the identification and localisation of individual connective tissue components in bovine hides. This approach allows examination of components which may not be readily studied by chemical analysis because they are present in only small amounts, for example type VII collagen. The changes in these components during the initial stages (liming, bating and pickling) of hide processing into leather have been followed, particularly in the grain enamel (surface). The data showed no clear changes to major structural components of the hide, for example types I, III and VI collagens. Type VII collagen remained in the grain layer, [&hellip;]
- [Studies on Pesticides Used for the Protection of Skins During Storage and Transportation. Part 1: Protection of Goat Skins Against Beetle Damage Using Insecticides in Zimbabwe](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-pesticides-used-for-the-protection-of-skins-during-storage-and-transportation-part-1-protection-of-goat-skins-against-beetle-damage-using-insecticides-in-zimbabwe/): Abstract Two experiments were conducted in southern Zimbabwe to evaluate the protection afforded to goat skins against beetle infestation by treating the skins with synthetic insecticides. The compounds used were mostly those internationally approved as additives to cereal grains. All treatments provided excellent protection during six months storage. The chemicals would provide safe, effective alternatives to the toxic products currently used to treat skins in many countries. The experiments highlighted the need for confirmation of both the technical and cost effectiveness of treatments on a commercial scale. &nbsp;
- [Heterogeneous Interaction Between Sulpho-Syntans snd Collagen Part 6: Influence of Reaction Conditions and Sulpho-Syntan Oligoelectrolyte Molecular Parameters](https://sltc.org/product/heterogeneous-interaction-between-sulpho-syntans-snd-collagen-part-6-influence-of-reaction-conditions-and-sulpho-syntan-oligoelectrolyte-molecular-parameters/): Abstract Recently described PELC stoichiometry has been verified for the reaction between collagen fibers (BAT) and oligoelectrolytes (OEL) and its dependence on reaction conditions, structural and molecular parameters of OEL. It has been found that within a certain region of reaction conditions there occurs a stabilization of the chemical composition of the resultant compound for each of the OEL studied which correspond to stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complex of the pendent-pendent type. As has been shown by measuring the shrinkage temperature of tanned BAT samples their hydrothermal stability rises with the increasing level of irreversibly bound OEL up to the point of [&hellip;]
- [The Relationship Between Bovine Ectoparasite Treatments and Grain Leather Quality](https://sltc.org/product/the-relationship-between-bovine-ectoparasite-treatments-and-grain-leather-quality/): Abstract Cattle regularly treated during their 18 month life with four proprietary ectoparasiticides were found to carry a lice burden which, although reduced by treatment was never eradicated. Hides from both untreated and treated cattle were found to have noteable levels of grain damage. Only one of four ectoparasiticides had any significant effect on the degree of grain damage visible on the wet blue leathers. &nbsp;
- [The English Leather Industry 1790-1990: The Case of Bevingtons of Bermondsey](https://sltc.org/product/the-english-leather-industry-1790-1990-the-case-of-bevingtons-of-bermondsey/): Abstract Major historical events which have affected the English leather trades over the last two hundred years are reviewed. The effects of these on one individual company are assessed. &nbsp;
- [Design of the Aydinli (Istanbul) Waste Water Treatment and Recovery Plant](https://sltc.org/product/design-of-the-aydinli-istanbul-waste-water-treatment-and-recovery-plant/): Abstract The paper describes the design parameters and techniques used in a custom built tannery waste water treatment plant. The tanneries concerned produce a wide variety of different leathers and thus the plant has been designed to handle many different pollutants. Full details are given of loadings, effectiveness, chemicals consumed and power requirements. &nbsp;
- [The Heterogeneous Interaction Between Sulpho-Syntans and Collagen, Part IV: Experimental Verification of Polyelectrolyte Complex Formation](https://sltc.org/product/the-heterogeneous-interaction-between-sulpho-syntans-and-collagen-part-iv-experimental-verification-of-polyelectrolyte-complex-formation/): Abstract Comprehensive experiments of the reaction between sulpho-syntans and collagen were carried out and the parameter of sulpho-group binding calculated from experimentally measured data. From the value of this parameter, the polyelectrolyte complex formation was verified and hence, the polyelectrolyte theory of reaction between sulpho-syntans and collagen was demonstrated. &nbsp;
- [The Influence of Additives on Hot Pressed Leather - 'Pleather'](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-additives-on-hot-pressed-leather-pleather/): Abstract A novel process has been developed to produce ‘hot pressed leather fibre composite’, a new material, from leather scrap. Characteristic of the process are the raw material, scrap of mixed tannages skin or hide, reduced to fibers, and the process parameters, namely temperature and high pressure. By use of additives and by changing the process parameters, the internal structure and mechanical properties of this new material may be changed. Ageing of the material, apparent in the change of its mechanical properties and its structural background has been investigated. Ageing studies revealed the compatibility of additives with the raw material. [&hellip;]
- [Advances in the Science of Colour Vision](https://sltc.org/product/advances-in-the-science-of-colour-vision/): Abstract Colour, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder and the eye is part of the brain. During the last forty years remarkable advances have been made into discovering what happens when light falling on the retina of the eye results in seeing. During the last three hundred years many theories have been put forward to explain how colours are perceived. Some of these have been influential in these investigations and they will be described: others such as those of Goethe and Brewster are universally rejected and will not be described. &nbsp;
- [Bovine Cutaneous Streptothricosis and Demodicosis: Studies on the Defects and Economic Losses on Crust Leather Resulting from Damage Caused by These Diseases](https://sltc.org/product/bovine-cutaneous-streptothricosis-and-demodicosis-studies-on-the-defects-and-economic-losses-on-crust-leather-resulting-from-damage-caused-by-these-diseases/): Abstract In the Sudan, 16,540 cattle were surveyed for bovine cutaneous streptothricosis and 48,000 were surveyed for bovine demodicosis. The incidence of cutaneous streptothricosis was 4.5%, while the incidence of bovine demodicosis among the total number of the animals (48,000) surveyed was 34.3% and its incidence among slaughtered animals (1535) was 38.8%. These results show that slaughterhouse surveys for demodicosis are more reliable than clinical surveys because many cattle with demodectic mange might have no visible cutaneous lesions and can only be detected after careful examination, flaying of the hides or during tanning. In both cutaneous streptothricosis and demodicosis many [&hellip;]
- [Early Leather Trades’ Engineers of Leeds, Part II. B. & D. Wright and B. & J. Wright & Sons](https://sltc.org/product/early-leather-trades-engineers-of-leeds-part-ii-b-d-wright-and-b-j-wright-sons/): Abstract The second article of a short series dealing with the history of the development of the Leather Trades’ Machinery industry in Leeds. The growth and development of B. &amp; D. Wright is described from 1863 to 1934 when they became part of G. L. Murphy. Their pioneering export achievements and the effects of overseas competition on the local companies is also documented. &nbsp;
- [Reflections on Three Decades of Canadian Tannery Engineering](https://sltc.org/product/reflections-on-three-decades-of-canadian-tannery-engineering/): &nbsp;
- [Analysis of Video Recordings to Investigate Mechanical Operations](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-video-recordings-to-investigate-mechanical-operations/): Abstract This paper describes the method used and suggests possible applications. An example is included of an analysis obtained during a study of setting machine action and how aspects of the information derived led to the mounting of further studies directed towards the improvement of yield. &nbsp;
- [Utilisation of Effluent Sludges from Sidi Khalifa Tannery, Libya](https://sltc.org/product/utilisation-of-effluent-sludges-from-sidi-khalifa-tannery-libya/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Enzyme Unhairing of Pigskins](https://sltc.org/product/enzyme-unhairing-of-pigskins/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Studies on the Shrinkage Temperature and Mechanical Properties of Gamma-Irradiated Sheepskin Splits](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-the-shrinkage-temperature-and-mechanical-properties-of-gamma-irradiated-sheepskin-splits/): Abstract Sheepskin flesh splits which had undergone all beamhouse processes (Ts 44.5±4.8°C), were gamma irradiated in the dry and wet states, the latter under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. Irradiation doses were increased from 2.5 up to 20 Mrad. In a second series, the splits were tanned with glutaraldehyde (Ts 68.2±0.7°C) prior to irradiation. The effects of irradiation on the Ts and on the mechanical properties (thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break) of the splits were assessed. Irradiation caused the untanned specimens to shrink considerably. The 20 Mrad-irradiated specimen had contracted to 8% of its original surface area and [&hellip;]
- [Studies on the Defects and the Economic Losses on Crust Leather Resulting from Physical Damage](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-the-defects-and-the-economic-losses-on-crust-leather-resulting-from-physical-damage/): Abstract In the Sudan, 26,010 cattle, goats and sheep were surveyed for physical defects on hides and skins. Among 16,540 cattle surveyed, the incidence of physical defects was 78.2%. Branding and cauterisation were encountered among 77.4% of the cattle surveyed. The damage caused by horn rake and scratches by thorns and barbed wire was low in incidence (0.8%). Among 5250 goats and 4220 sheep surveyed, the incidence of physical damage was low—3.6% in the former and 2.1% in the latter species, most of the physical defects being due to scratches caused by thorns and barbed wire. Branded and cauterised hides [&hellip;]
- [Short-Term Preservation of Hides in Zimbabwe](https://sltc.org/product/short-term-preservation-of-hides-in-zimbabwe/): Abstract The Cold Storage Commission produces some 450,000 hides per year which at present are preserved by salting. This is causing effluent problems at abattoirs and tanneries and there is great interest in alternative preservation systems, particularly for those hides destined for the local tanning industry where short-term preservation would be adequate. This paper reviews the scope for salt-free preservation of hides in Zimbabwe by improved drying methods, chemical reduction of water activity, radiation sterilisation. chilling, freezing and treatment with bactericides. The overall conclusion is that prospects appear good for developing a short-term hide preservation system appropriate to the needs [&hellip;]
- [The Water Authority's Service to Industry](https://sltc.org/product/the-water-authoritys-service-to-industry/): &nbsp;
- [Waste Processing in the Tannery: Production of Gelatin, Reconstituted Collagen and Glue from Chrome-Tanned Leather Splits and Trimmings Subjected to a Modified Detanning Process](https://sltc.org/product/waste-processing-in-the-tannery-production-of-gelatin-reconstituted-collagen-and-glue-from-chrome-tanned-leather-splits-and-trimmings-subjected-to-a-modified-detanning-process/): &nbsp;
- [Dyeing of Retanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/dyeing-of-retanned-leather/): &nbsp;
- [Reduction of Chromium Staining of Wool During Sheepskin Tanning - Effect of Aluminium Sulphate](https://sltc.org/product/reduction-of-chromium-staining-of-wool-during-sheepskin-tanning-effect-of-aluminium-sulphate/): Abstract During chromium tanning of woolly sheepskins. weathered areas of the wool take up chromium and the resultant green colour persists through to the finished product. Testing of skins using both recycled bath and single-bath situations after additions of aluminium sulphate to the tanning bath has shown reduction of the chromium content and colour of the wool on the tanned skins. Limited physical testing of these skins has also shown no change in properties tested compared with skins tanned without aluminium added, with the exception of lower tear strength. &nbsp;
- [Simultaneous Tanning and Fatliquoring of Skins in Isopropanol](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-tanning-and-fatliquoring-of-skins-in-isopropanol/): Abstract In the course of a modified tanning process, a permanent fastness to washing is acquired by garment leather. The results are presented of studies on a tanning process introducing the fatliquoring agents together with tanning agents into the skin tissue and binding them with collagen. Attempts were made to synthesise and to apply the bifunctional agents. Chromium nitrate and palmitic acid were used for preparation of a tanning/fatliquoring agent. The resulting product, most likely a chromium complex with fatty acid, is soluble in isopropanol. For that reason the tanning and fatliquoring process of calf skins was carried out in [&hellip;]
- [Rendering - The Beginnings of the Story](https://sltc.org/product/rendering-the-beginnings-of-the-story/): &nbsp;
- [The Skin Before Tannage - Procter's View and Now](https://sltc.org/product/the-skin-before-tannage-procters-view-and-now/): &nbsp;
- [Bactericides for Pre-Treatment in Suspension Drying of Hides and Skins: 1981 Field Trials in the Gambia](https://sltc.org/product/bactericides-for-pre-treatment-in-suspension-drying-of-hides-and-skins-1981-field-trials-in-the-gambia/): Abstract Protection against development of putrefaction during suspension drying of hides during the West African wet season was investigated. Hides were dipped for 60mm in a saturated solution of sodium silicofluoride or boric acid or sprayed with a 10% solution of Vantocil lB immediately after flaying and fleshing. Both boric acid and silicofluoride treatments gave effective protection without adverse effect on leather-making qualities of the treated stock. The Vantocil spray treatment gave a significant improvement in preservation compared to untreated hides but was not as effective as the boric acid or silicofluoride dip treatments. At present the use of silicofluoride [&hellip;]
- [Studies of the Cause of the Vertical Fibre Hide Structure in Hereford Cattle](https://sltc.org/product/studies-of-the-cause-of-the-vertical-fibre-hide-structure-in-hereford-cattle/): Abstract The cause of the vertical fibre hide structure and the factors influencing its prevalence were studied in 362 Hereford cattle. The condition was diagnosed in 83 (22.9%) cattle and was not affected by the sex of the animal, the year and season of its birth, gestation period, birthweight, or the presence or absence of horns, nor by the age, parity and weight of the dam. Significant differences in the frequency of the condition were found in animals grouped according to their sires or dams and evidence was obtained that the condition was due to the presence, in a homozygous [&hellip;]
- [The Characterisation of Vertical Fibre and High Weave Structures of Hereford Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/the-characterisation-of-vertical-fibre-and-high-weave-structures-of-hereford-cattle-hides/): Abstract Previous workers have identified two types of fibre architecture in hides from Hereford cattle which result in weak leather. The two types were called vertical fibre and the intermediate form of vertical fibre and they were considered to be forms of the same condition. In this study it is shown that the two forms (here referred to as vertical fibre and high weave) are clearly separable by microscopy of fresh hides but with more difficulty in the case of split leather. Also, vertical fibre and high weave have a different incidence depending upon the breed of the animal. It [&hellip;]
- [The Italian Tannery Machine Manufacturers and the Leather Industry in the 1980s](https://sltc.org/product/the-italian-tannery-machine-manufacturers-and-the-leather-industry-in-the-1980s/): &nbsp;
- [Small-Scale Experimental Processing Drums for the Hide and Skin Industry](https://sltc.org/product/small-scale-experimental-processing-drums-for-the-hide-and-skin-industry/): &nbsp;
- [Some Applications of Thin Layer Chromatography Linked to Flame Ionisation Detection (TLC/FID) in the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/some-applications-of-thin-layer-chromatography-linked-to-flame-ionisation-detection-tlc-fid-in-the-leather-industry/): &nbsp;
- [Conservation of Cattle Hides by Freezing](https://sltc.org/product/conservation-of-cattle-hides-by-freezing/): Abstract An alternative to the conservation of cattle hides by salting is the use of deep freezing techniques. This paper reports on the development of a new process for hide conservation in which laboratory scale work has been extended to pallet loads of hides. Factors relating to optimum storage conditions and thawing procedure have been considered and the quality and yield of leather produced from frozen hides have been compared with that from salted stock. The leather produced was comparable but softer than that from salted hides. &nbsp;
- [The Role of Acrylics in Wet Processing](https://sltc.org/product/the-role-of-acrylics-in-wet-processing/): &nbsp;
- [The Determination of Hydroxyproline in Materials Containing Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/the-determination-of-hydroxyproline-in-materials-containing-collagen/): &nbsp;
- [Responding to the Challenge of Consumerism](https://sltc.org/product/responding-to-the-challenge-of-consumerism/): &nbsp;
- [Study On The Stress-Relaxation Behaviour Of Nappa Upper Pig Leather](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-the-stress-relaxation-behaviour-of-nappa-upper-pig-leather/): Abstract Nappa upper pig leathers have been popular because shoes made from them give a very comfortable feeling to the wearer. From the viewpoint of stress-relaxation behaviour, the viscoelasticity of nappa upper pig leathers was studied and is reported in this paper. A model with four Maxwell models connected in parallel is put forward, which had been used to describe the stress-relaxation behaviour of nappa upper pig leathers successfully. The correlation coefficients between model prediction and actual behaviour are very close to 1 which means that the simulation is reliable. The comfort of leather shoes is also discussed in relation [&hellip;]
- [Northern Group SLTC - A History](https://sltc.org/product/northern-group-sltc-a-history/): Abstract As reported in JSLTC, 2006, 90 (4), 176 and (6) (ii) the Northern Group of the Society held a Farewell Dinner on Saturday 13 May 2006 to mark the closure of its non-social activities. The distinguished history of the Group is summarised in this article. &nbsp;
- [Nano-SiO2 /Oxazolidine Combination Tannage: Potential For Chrome-Free Leather](https://sltc.org/product/nano-sio2-oxazolidine-combination-tannage-potential-for-chrome-free-leather/): Abstract A novel pickle-less combination tannage based on nano-SiO2 and oxazolidine as a substitute for chrome tanning has been developed. The size and distribution of nano-SiO2 in protein, the hydrothermal stability, the mechanical properties and the antifungal effect of final leather as well as the evaluation of eco-friendly characteristics of combination tannage were investigated. Scanning Electric Microscope (SEM) analysis indicates that the distribution of nano-SiO2 in protein is even when the SiO2 concentration is lower than 5wt% (on bated pelt weight), and the size of SiO2 particles can be controlled to a range from 60 to 150nm. But when the [&hellip;]
- [Finishing - Art - Craft - Science?](https://sltc.org/product/finishing-art-craft-science/): Abstract Art, Craft and Science contribute to the finishing of leather. A new term beautility is introduced to cover the aesthetic properties that finishing gives to leather. A case is made for assigning importance to each of the components of finishing. &nbsp;
- [Reaction Of Gelatin With Cr(III), Al(III) And Fe(III): Investigation By Spectrofluorimetry](https://sltc.org/product/reaction-of-gelatin-with-criii-aliii-and-feiii-investigation-by-spectrofluorimetry/): Abstract The fluorescence quenching of gelatin with Fe3+/Cr3+/Al3+ was studied by spectrofluorimetry, and the reaction mechanism was analyzed with the Stern-Volmer equation. Meanwhile, the number of binding sites, the binding constant, the thermodynamic functions of the reaction between gelatin and Fe3+ were calculated. The results suggest that the fluorescence quenching of the gelatin is static quenching with Fe3+, dynamic quenching with Cr3+, but no quenching with Al3+. As a result, it is selective for the metal tanning agents complexing to the collagen. Also, the binding ratio of the gelatin and Fe3+ is about 1:1, Moreover, the thermodynamic functions (ΔHmθ and [&hellip;]
- [Industrial Ecology As A Planning Approach For A Sustainable Tanning Industrial Estate](https://sltc.org/product/industrial-ecology-as-a-planning-approach-for-a-sustainable-tanning-industrial-estate/): Abstract This paper analyses the relocation, following Industrial Ecology principles, of tanneries from Igualada, Spain to a new sustainable industrial estate. The tanning industry in Igualada has been located in the same river basin for more than 100 years. During the last decade, the city has been growing very fast and it is now beginning to force the industry to move to the outskirts. Environmental, social and economic aspects were analysed to assess the feasibility of the proposed move. Results clearly show that relocating the tanneries to a new industrial estate is absolutely necessary for these companies to achieve sustainability. [&hellip;]
- [Leather Ageing And Hexavalent Chromium Formation As A Function Of The Fatliquoring Agent. Part II: Chrome Retanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/leather-ageing-and-hexavalent-chromium-formation-as-a-function-of-the-fatliquoring-agent-part-ii-chrome-retanned-leathers/): Abstract In this second part, we assessed the influence of a chromium retanning process applied to wet-blue hides fatliquored with eighteen different fatliquoring agents on yellowing, detanning and Cr(VI) formation after exposure to the separate effects of temperature and ultraviolet light. The results obtained for chromium retanned leathers are compared with those of non-retanned leathers in Part I. The temperature test gave rise to less yellowing in chromium-retanned leathers than in non-retanned leathers. As for shrinkage temperature, there were no linear variations although a tendency to lower shrinkage in the retanned samples was observed. Amounts of hexavalent chromium varied as [&hellip;]
- [SLTC Procter Memorial Lecture 2008 The Ecological Tannage - Challenges And Progress](https://sltc.org/product/sltc-procter-memorial-lecture-2008-the-ecological-tannage-challenges-and-progress/): Abstract The role of this lecture is to pay tribute to Henry Richardson Procter, one of the most famous leather scientists. I am, therefore, as a scientist and teacher in tanning technology, deeply honoured by the invitation of SLTC to give the Procter Memorial Lecture today. This is also a pleasure because of the cooperation between Great Britain and Germany in the field of leather technology, especially at this time of increasing collaboration between the British School of Leather Technology (BSLT) and the Lederinstitut Gerberschule Reutlingen (LGR). &nbsp;
- [Tanning With Natural Polymeric Materials Part I: Ecofriendly Tanning Using Dialdehyde Sodium Alginate](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-with-natural-polymeric-materials-part-i-ecofriendly-tanning-using-dialdehyde-sodium-alginate/): Abstract The characteristics of DSA as a tanning agent have been investigated using DSA prepared by selective periodate oxidation of the natural polymer sodium alginate (SA). Shrinkage temperature and enzyme stability of leathers at varied DSA concentrations, pH, and time were examined, treatment of goatskins gave a maximum shrinkage temperature of 80°C at pH8. The formation of the crosslinks between DSA and the collagen of goatskins gave significant stability to leathers against enzymatic degradation (collagenase). The degree of crosslinking was studied using trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). The degree of crosslinking was found to increase with the increase in degree of [&hellip;]
- [Chinese Developments In Chrome-Free And Low-Chrome Tanning Materials](https://sltc.org/product/chinese-developments-in-chrome-free-and-low-chrome-tanning-materials/): Abstract We have reviewed the research and development in China, of chrome-free and low-chrome tanning materials from the viewpoints of development of chrome tanning assistants, organic phosphonium tanning agents, oxzaolidine, nanocomposite and vegetable tanning agents. &nbsp;
- [Analysis Of Gallotannin In Sumac Part I: Titrimetric Method For The Determination Of Gallotanin In Sumac Extract](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-gallotannin-in-sumac-part-i-titrimetric-method-for-the-determination-of-gallotanin-in-sumac-extract/): Abstract We have developed a method for the determination of gallotannin in sumac extract. Sample preparation consists of acidic hydrolysis of tannin to gallic acid at pH&lt;2 and high temperature. The hydrochloric acid used to maintain an acidic medium and the gallic acid are titrated with a standard solution of NaOH, 0.1mol/l, in two samples containing equal amounts of HCl and tannin. The absence of systematic errors in the proposed procedure is proven. The reproducibility of the results for tannin content 54.5% is good, Sr = 0.9%, and satisfies technological requirements. This method can be applied for the analysis of [&hellip;]
- [Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) Of Leather Part 1: Effect Of Tanning Agent On The Glass Transition Temperature Of Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/dynamic-mechanical-thermal-analysis-dmta-of-leather-part-1-effect-of-tanning-agent-on-the-glass-transition-temperature-of-collagen/): Abstract We report the dynamic mechanical behaviour of leather within the temperature range &#8211; 100 to 300°C, where three major viscoelastic transitions were identified, termed α, β and γ. The β transition peak represents the glass transition temperature of the amorphous region of collagen molecules. It also demonstrates that tanning agents act as plasticisers and depress the glass transition temperature to a lower temperature. Thus, the tanning process itself may be viewed as a plasticisation of the collagen molecule: the tanning molecules interpose themselves between the collagen chains, thus reducing the forces holding the chains together. Different tanning agents show [&hellip;]
- [Determination Of Al2O3 In Tanning Liquor By Flow-Injection Spectrophotometry](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-al2o3-in-tanning-liquor-by-flow-injection-spectrophotometry/): Abstract A flow-injection spectrophotometric method for the determination of aluminium(III) has been described. The method is based on the reaction Al(III) with morin to form a yellow complex with maximum absorption at 425nm in the presence of cationic surfactant CPC and glacial acetic acid. In the presence of cationic surfactant CPC, the sensitivity of the chromogenic reaction was greatly improved. Under the optimized conditions, calibration graphs for Al(III) are linear in the range 5-150g l-1 with a detection limit of 0.0125g l-1 (3σ). The reproducibility was satisfactory with a relative standard deviation of 1.7% for ten determinations of 50μg l-1 [&hellip;]
- [Fungal Biotransformation Of Bovine Hair: Assessment Of Structural Changes](https://sltc.org/product/fungal-biotransformation-of-bovine-hair-assessment-of-structural-changes/): Abstract The hair-saving unhairing process generates another solid waste in the beamhouse area, regardless of the process used. Changes in unhairing technology have altered the problem of the high organic load and suspended solids of the beamhouse liquid effluent into a new problem: the disposal of the concentrated hair waste. Given that daily generation of ‘hair waste’ is considerable (approx. 2.5 tons per 1000 salted bovine hides processed) and that this waste can be considered as a raw material due to its physical and chemical properties, it is interesting to orientate our activities towards the investigation and development of technological [&hellip;]
- [Simultaneous Online Visible Detection Of Sulphide And Chloride In Tannery Effluent By Combination Of FIA And Low Pressure Ion Chromatography](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-online-visible-detection-of-sulphide-and-chloride-in-tannery-effluent-by-combination-of-fia-and-low-pressure-ion-chromatography/): Abstract A simple, accurate, sensitive and selective combination of flow injection and low pressure ion chromatography catalytic kinetic spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of sulphide and chloride in tannery effluent is proposed in this paper. Firstly, sulphide and chloride are separated by low pressure ion chromatography, and then they respectively accelerate the reaction of indigo carmine and potassium bromate in acidic media with heating. The reaction solution was detected by the visible light detector at 610nm. Under the optimal conditions, the results of sulphide and chloride are separately as follows: the calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.15–5.00mgl–1 [&hellip;]
- [Simultaneous Assay Of Trace Cr(VI) And Total Chromium In Tannery Effluent. Using Flow Injection Spectrophotometry With Ce(IV) As Oxidant](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-assay-of-trace-crvi-and-total-chromium-in-tannery-effluent-using-flow-injection-spectrophotometry-with-ceiv-as-oxidant/): Abstract A rapid and sensitive method is described for flow injection spectrophotometric determination of trace Cr(VI) and total chromium in tannery effluent. The method is based upon the classical reaction of Cr(VI) with diphenylcarbazide (DPC) to form a water-soluble complex (λmax = 540nm). Cr(III) reacts with DPC only after its on-line oxidation to Cr(VI) by Ce(SO4)2. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear over the range 5-100μg l-1 and 20-200μg l-1 for Cr(VI) and total chromium, respectively, while the precision close to the quantification limit was satisfactory in both cases (sr = 0.49% for Cr(VI) and 0.94% for [&hellip;]
- [Phytoremediation Of Tannery Wastewater Treated Lands. Part II: Using Harvested Salicornia Brachiata Plants For The Preservation Of Sheepskins](https://sltc.org/product/phytoremediation-of-tannery-wastewater-treated-lands-part-ii-using-harvested-salicornia-brachiata-plants-for-the-preservation-of-sheepskins/): Abstract In this study, preservation of sheepskins using the harvested Salicornia brachiata from tannery wastewater treated lands was used as a replacement for salt in the curing process. Treatment of raw sheepskins using S. brachiata at a concentration of 10% dry weight resulted in effective preservation at ambient temperature. The extractable nitrogen content was found to be 3.42mg/g at an optimized concentration of 10% S. brachiata. Bacterial count, moisture content, shrinkage temperature, visual and physical properties of Salicornia brachiata preserved skins was comparable to that of conventional salt cured method. The antimicrobial metabolite available in the essential oils and the [&hellip;]
- [Phytoremediation Of Tannery Wastewater Treated Lands: Part I: Accumulation Of Na+ And Cl- In Salicornia Brachiata](https://sltc.org/product/phytoremediation-of-tannery-wastewater-treated-lands-part-i-accumulation-of-na-and-cl-in-salicornia-brachiata/): Abstract In the present study, we studied the feasibility of using Salicornia brachiata as a phytoremediant for accumulation of NaCl present in tannery wastewater. The plants were grown in pots fed with tannery wastewater with varying concentrations of NaCl. The accumulation of Na+ and Cl- increased with increase in salt concentration of tannery wastewater offered to the plant. The growth of the plants with respect to root and shoot length decreased with an increase in salt concentration. However, the accumulation of Na+ and Cl- increased with time of growth and plant density. 51% of Na+ and 33% of Cl- were [&hellip;]
- [Application Of Surfactants In Leather Making With Nano-Tech](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-surfactants-in-leather-making-with-nano-tech/): Abstract Surfactants play an important role in the preparation, characterization and application of nano materials because of their particular structure and properties. In this paper, the authors introduce the application of surfactants in nano leather chemicals on the basis of our study on nano-tanning agents and nano-coating agents. Further application prospects for surfactants in this field is forecast.
- [The Development Of An Integrated Rechroming-Neutralization-Post Tanning Process: Manufacture Of Upper Leathers From Goatskins](https://sltc.org/product/the-development-of-an-integrated-rechroming-neutralization-post-tanning-process-manufacture-of-upper-leathers-from-goatskins/): Abstract In this study, an integrated rechroming cum neutralisation and post tanning process has been designed to combat the pollution caused by tanning as well as to save resources. Studies on the integration of rechroming and neutralisation reveal that there is no physical deposition of chromium on the leathers at the selected chromium sulphate offer and pH. The process, especially when used for uppers, produces leathers which possess comparable strength and bulk properties to leathers from a conventional multi-step wet finishing process. In particular, the colour and fullness of the leathers are improved. The developed process leads to significant reduction [&hellip;]
- [Anaerobic Digestion Of Animal Glue Industry Solid Wastes](https://sltc.org/product/anaerobic-digestion-of-animal-glue-industry-solid-wastes/): Abstract Anaerobic digestion of animal glue industry solid wastes (AGISW) (residues from neutralised fleshings after glue extraction) was studied in a semi-continuous bench scale digester in order to determine the extent of the conversion into biogas. The Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) ratio of AGISW is nearly 6.0. Solid wastes and wastewater from a local glue manufacturer were used as substrate for the anaerobic digestion. The study used a bench scale digester with a working volume of 6.5 litres operating at ambient temperature (28 ± 2°C). A hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 40 days and an Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 3 ± [&hellip;]
- [Synthesis And Application Of Graft Copolymer Retannage Of Degraded Starch And Vinyl Monomers](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-graft-copolymer-retannage-of-degraded-starch-and-vinyl-monomers/): Abstract The graft copolymer retanning material of degraded starch and vinyl monomers was synthesized by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA), acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylamide (AM) on starch with ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) as initiator. The effect of the mass concentration of starch, vinyl monomers and initiator on the graft yield, the graft efficiency, the monomer conversion and tannage properties were investigated. The structure of the graft copolymer was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The application test was carried out on goat leather.
- [Complexometric Method For Determination Of ZrO2 In Leathers And Salts Part II: Complexometric Method For Determination Of ZrO2 In Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/complexometric-method-for-determination-of-zro2-in-leathers-and-salts-part-ii-complexometric-method-for-determination-of-zro2-in-leathers/): Abstract A method for the analysis of ZrO2 in zirconium-tanned leathers has been developed. A 2.000g leather sample is ashed at 700°C and the ZrO2 in the ash is fused with 3g K2S2O7 at 500°C for 20 minutes. The melt is then dissolved in a hot solution of HNO3, CHNO3 = 1 mol/l. The solution thus obtained is boiled for 3 minutes and the Zr4+ is titrated with a standard solution of EDTA against a xylenol indicator at a temperature above 90°C. Samples from two leathers with ZrO2 content of 10.50% and 3.30% were analyzed. The results obtained have good [&hellip;]
- [Complexometric Method For Determination Of ZrO2 In Leathers And Salts Part I: Conditions For Complexometric Titration Of Zirconium](https://sltc.org/product/complexometric-method-for-determination-of-zro2-in-leathers-and-salts-part-i-conditions-for-complexometric-titration-of-zirconium/): Abstract The conditions for splitting up polymeric zirconium ions in order to carry out a quantitative complexometric titration of Zr4+ have been examined. Under the proposed procedure up to 35mg Zr are titrated with a solution of EDTA (0.03 mol/l) in a nitric acid medium (CHNO3 =1 mol/l) with xylenol orange indicator after boiling the solution for 3 min. TiO2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Ca2+, Na+, Zn2+ and Co2+ which may be present in tanning salts and leathers do not interfere with the procedure. There are no systematic errors in the analysis of ZrO2 in solutions of melts of the ash content [&hellip;]
- [Study On Changes Of Collagen Fibril Structure In Pigskin Tissue After Enzyme Treatment](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-changes-of-collagen-fibril-structure-in-pigskin-tissue-after-enzyme-treatment/): Abstract Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) have been employed to study changes of collagen’s fibril fine structure in pigskin tissue after enzyme treatment. The 3D-structure of fibrils in enzyme treated pigskin tissue was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The work yielded information about the most typical changes in fibrils and sub-fibrils under enzyme treatment and the relationship between enzymatic depilation and the mechanical characteristics of finished leather.
- [A New Approach To The Synthesis Of Bromochloromethane As A Biocide Intermediate](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-approach-to-the-synthesis-of-bromochloromethane-as-a-biocide-intermediate/): Abstract Preservatives are essential in the leather industry in particular to protect wet tanned and crust leather against mould damage. Preservative selection is made on the basis of ecological and toxicological aspects, statutory requirements, official regulations and their effectiveness and cost. Until legislation restricted the use of pentachlorophenol (PCP), phenolics were the predominant wet blue fungicides, but afterwards Busan 30L (Buckman Laboratories) was widely adopted in the industry. The active ingredient of Busan 30L is 2-(thiocyanomethyl)-thiobenzothiazole (TCMTB). This paper reports the synthesis of bromochloromethane (BCM) which is an important intermediate for the synthesis of TCMTB. The process which we have [&hellip;]
- [Biodegradation Of Valonia Tannin By Endomyces SHQ 14](https://sltc.org/product/biodegradation-of-valonia-tannin-by-endomyces-shq-14/): Abstract Certain factors influencing the biodegradation of valonia tannin, ellagitannin, by Endomyces SHQ14 are investigated. The degradation rate of valonia tannin and removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) are both maximized in a medium containing 25g.l-1 valonia tannin by shaking the culture at 120 rpm and incubating it at 28°C and pH 4.5-5 for 8 days. Additional carbon sources, particularly sucrose, support the degradation of valonia tannin. Peptone is found to be the most suitable nitrogen source. It is verified that the proper ratio of carbon (sucrose) to nitrogen (sodium nitrate) for the degradation of valonia tannin is about 10:1. [&hellip;]
- [Interaction Of Aldehyde Developed From Amino Acids Of Tannery Waste In A Lowerchrome Tannage: An Eco-Friendly Approach](https://sltc.org/product/interaction-of-aldehyde-developed-from-amino-acids-of-tannery-waste-in-a-lowerchrome-tannage-an-eco-friendly-approach/): Abstract The leather industry is categorized as a polluting industry because of the large chemical usage and the generation of solid wastes. It is estimated that as much as 62-75% of the skins appears as solid waste. Fleshings generated in the liming process constitute 50-60% of the total solid waste generated in the industry. In the present study we have attempted the conversion of the fleshings into a useful cross-linking agent, we hydrolysed the fleshings with a proteolytic enzyme in laboratory trials and then carried out further breakdown to the amino acid level before preparing the corresponding aldehyde. The cross-linking [&hellip;]
- [The Redox Reaction Between Catechin And Potassium Dichromate - Influences And Its Kinetic Character](https://sltc.org/product/the-redox-reaction-between-catechin-and-potassium-dichromate-influences-and-its-kinetic-character/): Abstract Plant polyphenols can be used as reducing agents to prepare chrome tanning agents. The kinetics of the reaction between catechin, the precursor of condensed plant polyphenols, and dichromate play an important role in the study of this preparation. The factors which influence the redox between catechin and dichromate and its kinetic character were investigated under different conditions by spectrophotometry. The results show that redox may mainly be achieved in the first minute of the reaction. In this reaction, the concentration of catechin, solution acidity and reaction temperature are the main influences on the reaction rate. At 25°C the reaction [&hellip;]
- [An Integrated Approach For The Treatment Of Vegetable Tanning Wastewaters](https://sltc.org/product/an-integrated-approach-for-the-treatment-of-vegetable-tanning-wastewaters/): Abstract Intensive leather making techniques in an eco-sensitive world have increased the attraction of a tanning system based on natural products such as plant polyphenolics. However, there is also a distinct disadvantage in the usage of such materials because of the high organic loading of the effluent which is also difficult to degrade due to the high oxygen demand. We have examined the treatment of vegetable tannery effluents aiming at the reduction of the pollution load. Two methods have been evaluated, one based on precipitation of tannins as zinc-tannate and another with oxidative degradation after precipitation. In the precipitation method, [&hellip;]
- [Laminated Cervine Leather For Apparel](https://sltc.org/product/laminated-cervine-leather-for-apparel/): Abstract The objective of this study was to identify changes in stress-relaxation and tear strength of New Zealand cervine leather after shaving to various thicknesses and then laminating it to an extensible fabric. The load and work required to extend laminated cervine leather (multi-axially) to a specified extension limit was greater and less variable than if lamination had not been carried out. A higher stress-relaxation during cycling was evident with the composite material, although the rate of change was no different to that for non-laminated leather. The difference in work between the initial cycle and subsequent cycles was greater with [&hellip;]
- [Waterproof Leather for High Performance Footwear](https://sltc.org/product/waterproof-leather-for-high-performance-footwear/): &nbsp;
- [Current Trends and the Problems of Renovating Old and Second-Hand Machines for Sale, with Special Regard to the New Safety and Guarding Regulations](https://sltc.org/product/current-trends-and-the-problems-of-renovating-old-and-second-hand-machines-for-sale-with-special-regard-to-the-new-safety-and-guarding-regulations/): &nbsp;
- [The Treatment of Beamhouse and Fellmongering Waste Waters](https://sltc.org/product/the-treatment-of-beamhouse-and-fellmongering-waste-waters/): &nbsp;
- [Production of Titanium-Tanned Goat Suede Garment Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/production-of-titanium-tanned-goat-suede-garment-leathers/): &nbsp;
- [Bates and Related Enzyme Products: A Review of the Approaches to Laboratory Estimation of Their Activity](https://sltc.org/product/bates-and-related-enzyme-products-a-review-of-the-approaches-to-laboratory-estimation-of-their-activity/): Abstract Present methods of assessing the activity of bates have been reviewed and assessed with a view to the development of procedures which enable the activity of alternative products to be compared in laboratory tests. The relevance of factors influencing the results obtained in laboratory tests to industrial application are also discussed. On balance the use of Hide Powder Azure (HPA) appears to have most potential for bate assay although the method currently used must be more accurately defined before it can become an “Official Method.” &nbsp;
- [The Sulphonation of Phenol-Formaldehyde Novolacs Part 1](https://sltc.org/product/the-sulphonation-of-phenol-formaldehyde-novolacs-part-1/): Abstract A series of phenolic sulphonic acids have been prepared and the 13C chemical shifts of the aromatic carbon atoms compared with those calculated using the principle of chemical shift additivity. In most cases good agreement was found but in some cases the chemical shift parameter employed requires modification to enable complete assignments to be made. Despite this limitation it should be possible to identify the site or sites of sulphonation for sulphonated novolacs of the type employed as synthetic tanning materials. &nbsp;
- [The Measurement of the Binding of Tannin Subunits to Soluble Collagen by Continuous-Flow Dynamic Dialysis](https://sltc.org/product/the-measurement-of-the-binding-of-tannin-subunits-to-soluble-collagen-by-continuous-flow-dynamic-dialysis/): Abstract Studies of the binding of low molecular mass analogues of polyphenolic vegetable tannins to soluble hide collagen have prompted the development of a novel method for investigating protein-ligand interactions. This method, referred to as continuous-flow dynamic dialysis (CFDD), differs from conventional equilibrium dialysis procedures for measurement of protein-ligand binding in that the ligand concentration in the diffusate is monitored automatically at successive closely spaced time intervals, while being continuously eluted from a dialysis cell. Details of the method and its validation using a bovine serum albumin-phenol red binding system are reported. The method has been applied to investigate the [&hellip;]
- [Mucoids in Skin and Their Significance to the Tanner](https://sltc.org/product/mucoids-in-skin-and-their-significance-to-the-tanner/): Abstract There are two types of mucoid material found in the extracellular, extrafibrillar region of skin. One, hyaluronic acid, is a very large linear polymer composed of a repeating disaccharide of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucuronic acid. The other, dermatan sulphate proteoglycan, is a morecomplex molecule consisting of two or three polysaccharide chains, each linked, through a bridging trisaccharide, to a serine residue on a non-collagenous protein. The polysaccharide chains consist mainly of the repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and the sulphate ester of N-acetyl glucosamine. Dermatan sulphate proteoglycan is thought to be arranged around the collagen fibres, with the polysaccharide [&hellip;]
- [Alkaline Aluminium Silicates as Agents in the Processing of Leather and Fur](https://sltc.org/product/alkaline-aluminium-silicates-as-agents-in-the-processing-of-leather-and-fur/): &nbsp;
- [Production of Leather from Iranian Hides](https://sltc.org/product/production-of-leather-from-iranian-hides/): &nbsp;
- [Recycling in the Tanning Industry](https://sltc.org/product/recycling-in-the-tanning-industry/): &nbsp;
- [Removal of Sulphide in Tannery Effluent by Wet Oxidation](https://sltc.org/product/removal-of-sulphide-in-tannery-effluent-by-wet-oxidation/): Abstract Sulphide in limeyard waste-water is generally estimated to be present at levels of the order of 2,000-3,000 mg/l. Oxidation by air in the presence of manganese sulphate as catalyst is a possible removal technique but there is a likelihood of increasing the level of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the effluent. Rice bran based granular activated carbon may be used as a catalyst to oxidise sulphide (up to 90%) by air, irrespective of the initial concentration of sulphide. The efficiency of removal of sulphide increases to 99% when an activated carbon packed counter current reactor is used. During the [&hellip;]
- [Spectrophotometric Analysis of Anionic Leather Dyes As Ion-Pairs](https://sltc.org/product/spectrophotometric-analysis-of-anionic-leather-dyes-as-ion-pairs/): Abstract Extraction of dyes from leather followed by spectrophotometric analysis is of technical and commercial importance. During the extraction process, vegetable tannins are co-extracted with the dyes and interfere during the subsequent spectrophotometric estimation of dyes. The interferences caused by vegetable tannins are eliminated by separating the anionic leather dyes as ion-pairs with tetra n-butylammoniumchloride in chloroform from the dye-tannin mixtures in 50% aqueous dimethylformamide prior to analysis. &nbsp;
- [Study of the Dissipation of the Electrostatic Charge of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-the-dissipation-of-the-electrostatic-charge-of-leather/): Abstract This work is focused on the influence of tanning, the type of finishing, presence of carbon black and humidity on the electric conductivity of leather measured as semi-discharge time using a Rothschild Static Voltmeter. It is observed that the presence of humidity is the determining factor in the electrical conductivity of leather and that the influence of the other factors (tanning, type of finishing and carbon black) must be measured on dry leather. Chrome tanning and carbon black improve the electric conductivity of leather as does mixed and cationic finishing. &nbsp;
- [A Study of Pig Hide Tanned with Polymethacrylic Acid](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-of-pig-hide-tanned-with-polymethacrylic-acid/): Abstract The thermal stability and the changes in collagen structure of pig hide tanned with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) were studied by DSC, SEM and X ray diffraction. The paper compares the crystallinity and thermal stability of the hide with that of the leather. It shows that, in dried specimens, the crosslinking between collagen and the PMAA occurs mainly through Coulombic interaction. The formation of the network causes an increase in the denaturation temperature (thermal stability), causes the fibres to be separated and results in a fall in crystallinity of the collagen. In order to investigate the mechanism of the thermal [&hellip;]
- [Study of Soft Side Upper Leather Retanned with Multi-Functional Tanning Agent - MTA](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-soft-side-upper-leather-retanned-with-multi-functional-tanning-agent-mta/): Abstract Application of MTA in the retannage of soft cattlehide upper leather has been studied by the official test (Beijing University test). The results show that the leathers are of high quality with good grain, fullness and elasticity. Furthermore, MTA is convenient to use and does not affect the dyeing or fatliquoring. &nbsp;
- [Fishskin Leather: An Innovative Product](https://sltc.org/product/fishskin-leather-an-innovative-product/): Abstract Fishskin can be made into an innovative and exotic leather, but it has yet to gain general acceptance. This paper traces the historical origins of fishskin leather before drawing attention to a period when its use became a necessity, only to fade once traditional leathers became available. To succeed as a new product fishskin leather must be presented in such a way that it provides a unique appeal to customers as an addition to traditional leathers. Fishskins have a characteristic appearance peculiar to each of the species. Some twenty species have so far been transformed into a viable leather [&hellip;]
- [Solvents and Solvent Extraction in Grease Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/solvents-and-solvent-extraction-in-grease-analysis/): Abstract The different methods associated with the extraction of grease from leather are reviewed. Parameters discussed include the type of solvent used, the sample size, the extraction time and possible alternatives to the ubiquitous Soxhlet extractor. &nbsp;
- [A Whiteness Formula for Crust Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-whiteness-formula-for-crust-leather/): Abstract This paper studies the whiteness formulae currently used in spectrophotometry and suggests two new formulae developed by the author based on a psycho-physical preference survey. &nbsp;
- [Synthesis and Investigation of the Composition of Model Tanning/Fatliquoring Preparations](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-investigation-of-the-composition-of-model-tanning-fatliquoring-preparations/): &nbsp;
- [A Test for Bagginess and Computer Lastometer Test](https://sltc.org/product/a-test-for-bagginess-and-computer-lastometer-test/): Abstract Upholstery leather which was originally smooth is often blamed for stretching and becoming wavy after use. This phenomenon is known as bagginess and is a feature for which upholstery tanners in particular would like to be able to test. The BLC in conjunction with Stable Micro Systems has developed a method which automatically measures the set or bagginess of leathers. The method incorporates the use of a materials tester in conjunction with a purpose built jig (see Fig. 1) and specially written software. &nbsp;
- [Tradition Accommodates Modernization an Indian Experience in Tannery Wet Processing](https://sltc.org/product/tradition-accommodates-modernization-an-indian-experience-in-tannery-wet-processing/): Abstract The development of microprocessor based control systems has contributed significantly to the partial automation of the chemical, mechanical, electrical, metallurgical and allied processes. There has recently been an emphasis in the leather industry on partial automation of some of the less explored tannery wet operations. &nbsp;
- [Effect of Skin Type and Direction of Applied Force on Peel Strength of Skin Layers](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-skin-type-and-direction-of-applied-force-on-peel-strength-of-skin-layers/): Abstract Cohesive peel strengths of goat, ovine and bovine leathers have been determined by measuring the peel strength at 90° of leather-rigid polyvinylchloride joints which were bonded with a polyurethane adhesive. Differences in cohesion between different zones of each leather, as well as between the different directions and senses in which peel tests were carried out, showed up in all the leathers except ovine leather. The quantitative differences in peel strength can be attributed to the structural characteristics of each leather, and especially to the arrangement of the collagen fibres in the grain layer. Thus the belly and shoulder zones had [&hellip;]
- [The Rheology of Leather - A Review](https://sltc.org/product/the-rheology-of-leather-a-review/): Abstract This review is concerned with some of the research work on leather rheology which has been published over the last fifty years and is divided into three main sections. The first section deals with how leather deforms when stress is applied to it, the second discusses work which has been carried out on plasticity and set and the third considers the important topic of rupture. Points of concern are how the structure of leather controls its rheological response and how knowledge from other branches of materials science might help towards further understanding of the behaviour of leather. &nbsp;
- [Chitosan in Leather Production Part 4: The Enhancement of Uptake of Anionic Dyes on Heavily Retanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/chitosan-in-leather-production-part-4-the-enhancement-of-uptake-of-anionic-dyes-on-heavily-retanned-leather/): Abstract The extent of uptake of four non-metallised acid dyes onto heavily retanned chrome grain leather was enhanced by means of pretreatment with chitosan formate; pretreatment also enhanced the fullness and handle of the dyed substrates. Optical microscopic evidence suggests that the polyaminosaccharide may be deposited mainly at the surface of the substrate and that enhanced dye uptake occurs predominantly onto this surface layer of chitosan. The extent of intensification of shade of C.I. Acid Brown 75 obtained by pretreatment with the polymer was similar to that secured using three typical, commercial cationic agents. &nbsp;
- [Tannage with Iron (III) Chloride Manufactured from Titaniferous Iron Ores](https://sltc.org/product/tannage-with-iron-iii-chloride-manufactured-from-titaniferous-iron-ores/): Abstract Various aspects related to the manufacture, purity and tanning use of iron (III) chloride prepared from titaniferous iron ores were examined. The physical upgrading of the mineral was studied and the resulting concentrated fraction was digested with hydrochloric acid. Those cations which are dissolved together with the iron (III) thus, possibly altering the tanning quality of the prepared solution, were determined. Undesirable cations were eliminated by means of simple operations. The tanning properties of the prepared solution were evaluated by tanning tests. Characterization of the tanned leather was carried out by means of physicomechanical and chemical tests. In the [&hellip;]
- [Collagen - Natures Framework in the Medical Food and Leather Industries](https://sltc.org/product/collagen-natures-framework-in-the-medical-food-and-leather-industries/): Abstract Over the past two decades ‘collagen’ has grown into a large family of genetically distinct molecules, and the characteristic triple helical structure has also been shown to be present in several non-collagenous proteins. Details of the structure are now so refined that the mutation of a single glycine by cysteine has been shown to lead to a lethal form of a brittle bone disease. The chemistry of the polymerisation of the collagen molecules is now well established, although the additional cross-link reactions with increasing age are less clear. Some of these later reactions are non-enzymatic involving glucose, and are [&hellip;]
- [Seasonal Variation in the Intensity of Ovine Demodecosis](https://sltc.org/product/seasonal-variation-in-the-intensity-of-ovine-demodecosis/): Abstract The author has investigated the incidence of demodecosis (bubble) in sheep, correlated it to climatic factors and contrasted the severity of the disease in sheep with that in goats as reported by other workers. Evidence is put forward for infestation of the foetus with subsequent development after birth. The evidence for the latter point conflicts with established knowledge and it may be claimed that the techniques used cannot demonstrate clinical infestation after birth. The counter comments and opinions of two other authorities are included in the conclusions to the work. &nbsp;
- [Variations in the Microstructure of Hot Pressed Ground Leather, 'Pleather'](https://sltc.org/product/variations-in-the-microstructure-of-hot-pressed-ground-leather-pleather/): Abstract The morphology of hot pressed, ground leather fibre depends on the process parameters, pressure and temperature, and is also influenced by the stress distribution within the material during processing. In this article several factors, influencing this distribution are discussed. Further load vs. compression curves are also presented. &nbsp;
- [Investigations of Uniaxial Straining of Fur in Skin State: Part 1. Effects Of Straining on Skin Length, Contraction and Fur Characteristics](https://sltc.org/product/investigations-of-uniaxial-straining-of-fur-in-skin-state-part-1-effects-of-straining-on-skin-length-contraction-and-fur-characteristics/): Abstract This study attempts to clarify the effect of straining in the conservation of mink and blue fox skins on their length, contraction in dressing, and their general fur characteristics, 80 blue fox and 88 scan black mink skins were divided into four groups each and submitted to the following experimental treatments before fixing them onto stretching boards and drying: no straining, manual straining (muscle power), straining with a load of 200 N and a load of 400 N. The skins were measured for their initial fresh length, for dried length, and also for dressed length. The fur characteristics were [&hellip;]
- [Design of a Pilot Plant for Complete Processing of Tanning Industry By-Products. Preparation of a Collagenic Material with Zero Chrome Level](https://sltc.org/product/design-of-a-pilot-plant-for-complete-processing-of-tanning-industry-by-products-preparation-of-a-collagenic-material-with-zero-chrome-level/): Abstract The future of the tanning industry is concerned fundamentally with three areas: (a) raw materials, (b) energy and (c) environment. With regard to raw materials the trend is towards making the fullest possible use of these products, which involves the processing of all by-products of the tanning industry. In this work a pilot plant for the treatment of the different by-products of the tanning industry has been devised. The essential chemical process is based on the oxidising action by hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium of the chrome (III) present in the by-products, which permits the formation of inter [&hellip;]
- [The Heterogeneous Interaction Between Sulpho-Syntans and Collagen. Part V. Polyelectrolyte Complex Type](https://sltc.org/product/the-heterogeneous-interaction-between-sulpho-syntans-and-collagen-part-v-polyelectrolyte-complex-type/): Abstract The stoichiometry of the above reaction has been studied with regard to its dependence on reaction conditions. An effective equivalent weight for collagen has been determined based on this study. By comparison of the determined effective equivalent weight with the calculated value the type of local Coulomb’s interactions and also the type of the polyelectrolyte complex formed have been predicted. The results support the fact that the polyelectrolyte complex formation of the pendent-pendent type occurs. This has been substantially confirmed by elemental analysis. &nbsp;
- [TCMTB Binding and Antifungal Activity in Wet-Blue Leather](https://sltc.org/product/tcmtb-binding-and-antifungal-activity-in-wet-blue-leather/): Abstract The uptake and antifungal activity of 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB) active ingredient from emulsion dispersions of Busan 30L on chrome-tanned wet-blue leather has been investigated at treatment temperatures of 10°, 25°, 40° and 55°C. At lower fungicide treatment concentrations, binding tended to follow a typical mass-action type binding isotherm, increasing slightly with temperature up to 40°C. At higher float concentrations, an inflexion point was apparent beyond which uptakes showed a marked increase with concentration. This inflexion point signifying a change in binding characteristics, occurred at progressively lower concentrations with increasing temperature. Antifungal activity in terms of storage periods to onset [&hellip;]
- [Tanning and Environment in the 1990s](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-and-environment-in-the-1990s/): &nbsp;
- [The Challenge of European Upholstery Finishes](https://sltc.org/product/the-challenge-of-european-upholstery-finishes/): Abstract From the general topic of surface coating developments I have chosen to discuss Automotive Upholstery Finishing for several reasons: 1 It represents state of the art finishing with regard to physical performance; 2 It is a growth area for European tanners; 3 It is one short step away from aircraft upholstery, which is the potential growth area for the future. &nbsp;
- [Lumpy Skin Disease and Associated Leather Defects](https://sltc.org/product/lumpy-skin-disease-and-associated-leather-defects/): &nbsp;
- [Anthocyanidins of Parkia Clappertoniana](https://sltc.org/product/anthocyanidins-of-parkia-clappertoniana/): Abstract Extraction with amyl alcohol of aqueous fractions of the powdered fruit husk of Parkia clappertoniana, earlier acid-hydrolysed and extracted with ethyl acetate, yielded a maximum of five anthocyanidins: petunidin, pelargonidin, malvidin, delphinidin and cyanidin. Characterisation of these compounds for the first time, in this potentially significant tanning material of tropical origin, was accomplished by means of reactions to characteristic tests, paper chromatography and co-chromatography and by applying standard spectrophotometric techniques with the aid of authentic markers. &nbsp;
- [Compressibility Measurement and the Objective Assessment of Softness of Light Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/compressibility-measurement-and-the-objective-assessment-of-softness-of-light-leathers/): Abstract A simple method is described for measuring numerically the softness of leathers based on compressibility. This method could be of value in the assessment of the quality of leather objectively and semi-quantitatively. Current practices in the assessment and grading of leathers, at least in the case of softness of gloving and garments leathers, are based on subjective methods. Unlike the case of sole leathers, the development of instrumental methods for measuring flexibility, rigidity, bending, compression etc. for the evaluation of soft leathers, for example grain garment, has so far been difficult. Further, many of the testing procedures for leather [&hellip;]
- [The Heterogeneous Interaction Between Sulpho-Syntans and Collagen, Part III: The Tannin Fraction](https://sltc.org/product/the-heterogeneous-interaction-between-sulpho-syntans-and-collagen-part-iii-the-tannin-fraction/): Abstract The value of the tannin fraction is dependent on a number of variables and its determination is, therefore, fraught with a whole range of systematic errors. The tannin fraction is defined on a molecular level and its physical form is explained. The relationship enabling the tanning fraction to be calculated from measurable experimental data are derived. Knowledge of this tannin fraction is necessary for calculation of the sulpho-group binding parameter. &nbsp;
- [Hydrothermal Isometric Tension Apparatus and Its Application to the Study of Thermal Stability of Preserved Red Deer Skin](https://sltc.org/product/hydrothermal-isometric-tension-apparatus-and-its-application-to-the-study-of-thermal-stability-of-preserved-red-deer-skin/): Abstract An apparatus has been constructed to measure hydrothermal isometric tension (HIT) developed in connective tissue under the influence of temperature. Load cell capacity in this apparatus is large (up to 12N) and three samples can be run simultaneously. We have used this apparatus to measure changes in the thermal stability of collagen in red deer skin as a consequence of their method of preservation. Reproducible HIT curves were obtained after raising the temperature from 25°C to 95°C at a rate of 1.0°C/mm. Changes in the collagen stability were evident when different treatments were compared. Data obtained from HIT curves [&hellip;]
- [J.I.T., Just in Time, or is it, Just Intelligent Thinking](https://sltc.org/product/j-i-t-just-in-time-or-is-it-just-intelligent-thinking/): Abstract Never before has so much of our knowledge about production and inventory control been so thoroughly challenged. Seldom have our beliefs been so far out of step. The Japanese have been marching to a different drummer, and the difference in philosophy as well as results are impressive. The first part of this presentation will introduce you to some of the changes in thinking required as we turn from traditional Western production and inventory control beliefs and will help you begin to comprehend Just-In-Time philosophies. The latter part of the presentation will concentrate mainly on the introduction of JIT to [&hellip;]
- [Depilation Of Skins By Pure Enzymes](https://sltc.org/product/depilation-of-skins-by-pure-enzymes/): Abstract Five pure enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and papain) were used in depilation of goatskins in order to find alternatives to current methods (involving lime and sulphide). The morphologies of depilated skins and hair roots were investigated by both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. There were differences in morphology depending on the possible region of attack of these enzymes at the hair root. Trypsin and elastase were very effective in unhairing with the latter having a generally extensive effect while papain was less so. Pepsin and chymotrypsin were ineffective. The capacity of the enzymes for depilation has also [&hellip;]
- [Bio-Oxidation Of Oil Tanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/bio-oxidation-of-oil-tanned-leathers/): Abstract Conventional methods of chamois production suffer from the long process time and the possibility of inconsistent results.A novel approach has been made to reduce the oxidation time for oil tanned leathers from 10 days to about an hour using enzyme as the oxidizing agent. Organoleptic assessment and analysis in comparison with conventional leathers, supports the viability of the system. &nbsp;
- [An Oil Tanning Process Accelerated By Oxidation With Sodium Percarbonate](https://sltc.org/product/an-oil-tanning-process-accelerated-by-oxidation-with-sodium-percarbonate/): Abstract In order to reduce the oxidation time in oil tannage and to standardize the drumming conditions for optimum tannage, we established an oil tanning process accelerated by oxidation with sodium percarbonate. The oxidation of the oil was confirmed by IR spectra, and the effect of the oxidation conditions on peroxide value of the oil were investigated. The physical properties of the chamois leathers obtained were determined. The results show that a higher peroxide value of 248-278mmol/kg could be maintained at 25°C for 6 hours by addition of 4% sodium percarbonate and 0.3% catalyst with 50% water (percentages on the [&hellip;]
- [Leather Ageing And Hexavalent Chromium Formation As A Function Of The Fatliquoring Agent. Part I: Chrome Tanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/leather-ageing-and-hexavalent-chromium-formation-as-a-function-of-the-fatliquoring-agent-part-i-chrome-tanned-leathers/): Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of eighteen different types of fatliquoring agents on leather ageing. Temperature and ultraviolet light tests were conducted separately. The existence of a direct relationship between leather yellowing, diminution of shrinkage temperature, autoflammability and odour was confirmed. There was also a non-linear relationship between the above parameters and the iodine index of the fatliquoring agents. Hexavalent chromium was not formed when temperature tests were applied on neutralised and fatliquored leathers. The possible physicochemical mechanisms for this phenomenon are discussed. The temperature tests exerted greater influence than the ultraviolet light tests [&hellip;]
- [Phosphonium-Zirconium Combination Tannage For Goat Garment Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-enzymes-in-soaking-copy/): Abstract A new tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS)-zirconium combination tanning system has been developed. The optimum dosage of THPS, pickling pH and basifying pH were 2.0%, 3.5 and 5.0, respectively. The amount of THPS and zirconium sulphate were optimized at 2.0% and 2.5% (based on the pelt weight). The influence of ligands on the shrinkage temperature (Ts) of leathers has also been studied and the Ts of THPS alone and THPS-zirconium combination tanned leathers were above 85°C and 95°C, respectively. Colour fastness to dry/wet rub of THPS-zirconium combination tanned leathers was much better than the relevant colour fastness to dry/wet [&hellip;]
- [The Use of Enzymes in Soaking](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-enzymes-in-soaking/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [Sarcoptic Mange in Goats and Sheep: Studies on the Defects and Economic Losses Resulting from Damage Caused by the Disease on Crust Leather](https://sltc.org/product/sarcoptic-mange-in-goats-and-sheep-studies-on-the-defects-and-economic-losses-resulting-from-damage-caused-by-the-disease-on-crust-leather/): Abstract A survey of 5250 goats and 4220 sheep in the Sudan for sarcoptic mange revealed an incidence of 5.5% (290) in the former and 5.2% (221) in the latter species, respectively. Severe and localised or generalised lesions were seen in the infested animals. Skin scrapings from infested animals revealed numerous specimens of Sarcoptes scabiei, showing that the animals were heavily infested. Severe histopathological changes were seen in skin sections. These changes mainly comprised: hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and scab formation, beneath which numerous mites were seen. Severe cellular infiltration, micro-abscessation, degenerative and necrotic changes and marked proliferation of connective tissue also [&hellip;]
- [Stress - Strain Relationships in Leather and the Role of Fibre Structure](https://sltc.org/product/stress-strain-relationships-in-leather-and-the-role-of-fibre-structure/): Abstract The degree of correlation between various upper leather physical test parameters has been examined in a set of experimental leathers obtained from controlled growth/nutritional trials carried out on a specific crossbreed. Results indicated that various stress-stress, strain-strain and stress-strain parameters were interrelated to a significant extent and, hence, reflected the same basic properties of the leather fibre structure. Predictive value varied depending on the particular correlation. Slaughter age (mass) was the predominant biological factor affecting full-grain leather strength and extensibility in the experimental leathers. Strength and extensibility decreased in more mature leathers with development of thicker corium major fibre [&hellip;]
- [The Relationship Between Conductivity and Dissolved Solids in Tannery Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/the-relationship-between-conductivity-and-dissolved-solids-in-tannery-wastewater/): Abstract A study has been made of the relationship between conductivity and total dissolved solids, since the former is often used to monitor tannery wastewater because of its convenience. The results presented show that caution must be exercised in converting the one to the other by a standard factor because of the different types of salts present and their proportions. &nbsp;
- [SEM Studies on the Morphology of Grafted Casein Films](https://sltc.org/product/sem-studies-on-the-morphology-of-grafted-casein-films/): Abstract Casein, which is used as a protein finish, was grafted with acrylonitrile and n-butyl methacrylate in order to reduce its hydrophilicity. Grafting was undertaken at various concentration levels of the binary mixture. The surface morphology of these grafted films was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of samples, stretched up to 10 and 20% levels, was also studied. The compatibility of the ungrafted polymer with that of grafted casein decreases when the concentration of the former is increased. &nbsp;
- [The Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Determination of TCMTB Samples of Treated Wet Glue](https://sltc.org/product/the-extraction-and-high-performance-liquid-chromatography-hplc-determination-of-tcmtb-samples-of-treated-wet-glue/): Abstract The efficiency of extracting 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB) with dichloromethane from treated wet blue samples was investigated and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of determining the extracted TCMTB is described. Of the methods investigated, the most efficient procedure for TCMTB extraction was found to be sonication in boiling dichloromethane for 30 mm followed by a 75 h Soxhlet extraction. Using this method, TCMTB was extracted from wet blue treated at various concentration levels and containing different moisture contents. The amount of TCMTB increased with the amount offered during treatment, although not linearly. The amount extracted increased when the moisture [&hellip;]
- [Roller Coating](https://sltc.org/product/roller-coating/): &nbsp;
- [Leather Processing for Area Yield](https://sltc.org/product/leather-processing-for-area-yield/): &nbsp;
- [Simultaneous Tanning and Fatliquoring of Skins](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-tanning-and-fatliquoring-of-skins/): Abstract The results of studies presented refer to calfskin compact tanning with the aim of producing leather fast to washing in organic solvents. The attempt was made to prepare and apply bifunctional preparations synthesised from chromium nitrate and a liquid fraction of molten pig fat waste. The composition of the preparation was studied using thin-layer chromatography technique and spectrophotometric methods. The technological usability assessment was made on the grounds of test tanning. The leather tanned with the tanning/fatliquoring preparation was fast to washing and contained 6.5% of chemically bonded fat. The bifunctional preparation obtained can also be utilised as a [&hellip;]
- [On the Nature of the Relationship Between the Water and Oil Contents of Chrome Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/on-the-nature-of-the-relationship-between-the-water-and-oil-contents-of-chrome-tanned-leather/): Abstract The relationship between the water and oil contents for chrome tanned leather has been investigated over the range of oil contents from zero to more than 40%. It was established that there is a linear relationship between the factors, with moisture content decreasing from 19.8 to 11.3% as the oil content increases to 41.3%, for leather conditioned at 20°C and 65% r.h. &nbsp;
- [The History of Chrome Tanning Materials](https://sltc.org/product/the-history-of-chrome-tanning-materials/): &nbsp;
- [Water Urethanes in Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/water-urethanes-in-finishing/): &nbsp;
- [Oxazolidines](https://sltc.org/product/oxazolidines/): &nbsp;
- [Chrome Tanning in the Nineteenth Century](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-tanning-in-the-nineteenth-century/): Abstract The history of the discovery and early use of chromium chemicals is summarised. The application of chromium salts by Warrington (1841), Cavallin (1845) and DeKercado (1851) is described briefly. Patented processes for the use of chromium salts in the leather trades during the 1860s and 1870s are reviewed. The world wide, commercial-scale operation of the Heinzerling process (1878) is outlined. It is shown that the traditional belief, that chrome tanning was invented by Knapp (1858) and not developed practically until the two-bath tannage of Schultz (1884) and the one-bath tannage of Schultz (1884) and the one-bath method of Dennis [&hellip;]
- [The Analysis of Enzymatic Leather Auxiliaries](https://sltc.org/product/the-analysis-of-enzymatic-leather-auxiliaries/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [The Preservation of Hides and Skins: The Taxidermist's Approach](https://sltc.org/product/the-preservation-of-hides-and-skins-the-taxidermists-approach/): &nbsp; &nbsp;
- [A Hair Recovery Process for Hides](https://sltc.org/product/a-hair-recovery-process-for-hides/): Abstract Development of a procedure enabling the continuous screening of partially degraded cattle hair from a process vessel float is described. Screen evaluation resulted in the selection of a 0.25 mm gap, rotary wedge wire unit. Hair screenability is retained by pre-depilation infusion of a reducing agent into the hair shaft. followed by sequential additions of lime. hydrosulphide and further alkali. A mercaptan-based reducing agent was selected as most appropriate, particularly in terms of avoidance of excessive toxic gas generation during soaking. Effluent quality improvements due to the process averaged: sulphide 96%, settleable solids 94%, suspended solids 59%, COD 42%, [&hellip;]
- [Discussion on Chrome Leather Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/discussion-on-chrome-leather-tanning/): &nbsp;
- [Present and Future Trends of Leather Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/present-and-future-trends-of-leather-manufacture/): &nbsp;
- [Reduction in Friction During Wet Processing in Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/reduction-in-friction-during-wet-processing-in-tanning/): &nbsp;
- [Anomalies of Pigskin Structure Part III. Analysis of Leather Structure Through Fatigue and Density Tests](https://sltc.org/product/anomalies-of-pigskin-structure-part-iii-analysis-of-leather-structure-through-fatigue-and-density-tests/): Abstract In this part of the paper we try to define the influence of leather compactness in four topographic areas tested in an electron scanning microscope, namely, neck, croupon, butt and belly, on a behaviour of pigskin leather under wear conditions. Fatigue tests in the range 0-20% extensions and apparent density tests were performed. Total compactness of the structure was defined for tested topographic areas by means of loosening ability. It was found that the butt, commonly considered to be the most compact region of pigskin, shows the highest ability to loosening (apart from belly parts) under wear conditions. Lesser [&hellip;]
- [Anomalies of Pigskin Structure Part II. Examination in a Scanning Electron Microscope](https://sltc.org/product/anomalies-of-pigskin-structure-part-ii-examination-in-a-scanning-electron-microscope/): Abstract The pigskin structure in its four typical topographic areas, i.e., neck, croupon, butt and belly, was examined under a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the most compact bundles of collagen fibres appear in the neighbourhood of looser and very loose structure. A degree of spatial weave compactness in pigskin, which is composed of locally situated various densities of fibre network, was related to a phenomenon of the occurrence of significant differences in results of basic strength tests for specimens cut out side by side from the same topographic part of skin. &nbsp;
- [Anomalies of Pigskin Structure Part I. Differences in Basic Strength Properties](https://sltc.org/product/anomalies-of-pigskin-structure-part-i-differences-in-basic-strength-properties/): Abstract The pattern of specific distribution of strength properties is presented on a basis of detailed testing of physical properties conducted on over 100 pigskins from the three breeds. The frequent occurrence of significant differences in strength properties was found in neighbouring sites within all topographic areas of pigskins. &nbsp;
- [Breed Differences in Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/breed-differences-in-cattle-hides/): Abstract Over 600 cattle hides derived from breeding trials operated by the Meat and Livestock Commission have been characterised in terms of area, weight and thickness. The hides were commercially processed into side leather and the physical properties determined. To a first approximation physical properties are more a function of original hide thickness than breed or age of slaughter. Some tentative forecasts have been made on the way in which changes in the composition of the UK cattle population might influence hide availability. &nbsp;
- [Denaturation and Breakdown of Hide Collagen By Heating in Air](https://sltc.org/product/denaturation-and-breakdown-of-hide-collagen-by-heating-in-air/): Abstract The denaturation and breakdown of hide collagen by heating in air were investigated by means of chemical and spectral analyses. From weight loss, solubility, infrared spectra, and H-D exchange, it is suggested that collagen denatures gradually on heating at 130-160°C; that it denatures markedly during the initial period of heating at around 180°C, and then breaks down gradually; and that it starts to break down immediately on heating at 200°C or more. &nbsp;
- [Possibilities in Chrome Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/possibilities-in-chrome-tannage/): &nbsp;
- [The Application of Flotation Techniques to the Treatment of Tannery Waste Waters](https://sltc.org/product/the-application-of-flotation-techniques-to-the-treatment-of-tannery-waste-waters/): Abstract Flotation has been investigated as an alternative to sedimentation for the purification of tannery waste waters. The method offers a number of advantages and is particularly applicable to the treatment of strong beamhouse wastes from which sulphide has been removed by catalysed aeration or otherwise. With these liquors removals of 70% of the COD (initially 10,000 mg/liter) and nearly 90% of the suspended solids (initially 2500 mg/liter) were obtained, with the generation of compact sludge blankets which were readily amenable to further dewatering. The method is one of very few which can be operated on-site at costs lower than [&hellip;]
- [Mathematical Analysis Of Depilation Using Combinations Of Amylase And Protease](https://sltc.org/product/mathematical-analysis-of-depilation-using-combinations-of-amylase-and-protease/): Abstract Using mathematical analysis, we confirmed the existence of the synergistic effect of unhairing pigskins with amylase and protease. The standardized coefficient of the synergistic effect was 0.894, while that of protease was only 0.183, this means that the synergistic effect of amylase and protease is far greater than the effect of protease alone. On the other hand, the effect of amylase is reduced compared to using amylase alone. The order of the effect on unhairing is: the synergistic effect &gt;protease &gt;amylase. The research shows that combining the enzymes greatly increases the depilatory activity of the preparations without increasing the [&hellip;]
- [Evaluation Of Leather Handle Character By Discriminatory Two Class Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-leather-handle-character-by-discriminatory-two-class-analysis/): Abstract The hand evaluation method has been used to characterize the handle of leather (softness, fullness and elasticity) for many years. However, there is a certain subjective element affecting the final result. It would be valuable to set up a scientific theory and find a parameterized objective test method for leather handle character. In this paper, research results were analyzed to determine whether there was a interrelation between the handle character (softness, fullness and elasticity) and mechanical parameters measured at specific mechanical states. Softness can be characterized by bending coefficient (Kb); fullness can be characterized by compression index (Kc); stretchability [&hellip;]
- [Chrome Vacuum Tannage - An Eco-Friendly Process](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-vacuum-tannage-an-eco-friendly-process/): Abstract In order to ameliorate technological problems such as the pollution due to leather tannage and the long process time, a vacuum mechanism has been developed and is proposed as a tanning method. This article describes the mechanism and characteristics of vacuum tannage and analyzes the major factors affecting the course of vacuum tannage. The results show that, on the premise of increasing the overall quality of leather tannage, the working time is greatly shortened and the discharge of waste liquid is decreased by more than 50%.
- [The Characteristics Of Oxidized Lactose-Metal Complexes And Their Interaction With Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/the-characteristics-of-oxidized-lactose-metal-complexes-and-their-interaction-with-collagen/): Abstract A number of complexes have been synthesized with Cr(III), Al(III) and Fe(II) and oxidized lactose which has carboxyl and aldehyde groups. The complexes were characterized by various spectral and analytical techniques and, based on these data, appropriate structures were estimated for the complexes. Finally, these complexes were reacted with raw collagen under specified conditions and the hydrothermal stability of collagen determined by DSC. It was obvious that these complexes (defined as Rigid Matrices in leather manufacture) do improve the hydrothermal stability of collagen.
- [Novel Combination Tanning Using Diphenols And Oxazolidine For High Stability Leather](https://sltc.org/product/novel-combination-tanning-using-diphenols-and-oxazolidine-for-high-stability-leather/): Abstract Leather tanning reactions between collagen and dihydroxynaphthalenes (DHNs) or diphenols and oxazolidine have been investigated using hide powder and sheepskin pickled pelt. This investigation showed that some DHNs have a tanning effect on collagen. The measurement of combined and cross-linked DHNs on collagen showed that 30-40% 1,6- and 2,6-DHNs were fixed through covalent bonding. Shrinkage temperature of the leather changed little after the non combined DHNs had been removed from the leather, indicating that the high stability of the combination tanned leather comes from the covalent bonding formed between DHNs and collagen through oxazolidine.
- [Determination Of Cr(VI) In Leather By The Emulsion Liquid Membrane Method](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-crvi-in-leather-by-the-emulsion-liquid-membrane-method/): Abstract This article adopted the optimum liquid membrane scheme to carry out an emulsion liquid membrane separation and to determine the amount of Cr(VI) in the finished leather. The experimental results reveal that the emulsion liquid membrane method can effectively separate Cr(VI) from the leather extract to remove the colour of the extract and also avoid the effects of Cr(III) being transformed into Cr(VI). It can determine the amounts of Cr in the pre-separating and post-separating solution, that is to calculate the amount of Cr(VI) in the leather sample. This method is accurate and easy to use. Its indexed recovery [&hellip;]
- [Isolation And Characterization Of Phosphoric Acid-Soluble Collagen From Leather Wastes Of Pig Breed Bulgarian White](https://sltc.org/product/isolation-and-characterization-of-phosphoric-acid-soluble-collagen-from-leather-wastes-of-pig-breed-bulgarian-white/): Abstract A procedure for the extraction of protein from skin, bone and cartilage wastes by phosphoric acid hydrolysis was developed. The factors influencing the processes of hydrolysis were investigated. The amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution and infrared spectral characteristics of the collagen hydrolysates were determined. This relatively simple treatment of untanned leather waste may provide a practical and economical solution to the disposal of potentially difficult waste.
- [Modification Of Feather Keratin And Its Retanning Properties](https://sltc.org/product/modification-of-feather-keratin-and-its-retanning-properties/): Abstract A transamidification reaction was utilized to prepare low molecular polypolypeptides from chicken feathers and the transamidified polypeptides were subsequently acylated with maleic anhydride and co-polymerized with acrylic acid to form graft co-polymerized polypeptides. The reactions were confirmed by GPC, DSC and IR spectra. The effect of the resultant product on dyestuff exhaustion and physical properties of crust was investigated by applying it to goatskin wet-blues. The results show that under the conditions prescribed the transamidification predominantly gives rise to two fractions of polypeptides which correspond to number-average molecular weight 1698Da and 752Da, and the maleylation introduces 1.90-2.05mol of maleyl [&hellip;]
- [Nanocomposites Of Acrylate-Organsilicon  Resin/Layered Silicate For Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/nanocomposites-of-acrylate-organsilicon-resin-layered-silicate-for-leather-finishing/): Abstract A type of organophilic montmorillonite (O-MMT) was prepared with a silane coupling-agent. A polyacrylateorganosilicon and its layered silicate nanocomposites (PLS) for leather finishing were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The O-MMT was examined by infrared spectrum (FT-1R), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The results show that the distance between the silicate layers increased indicating that the intercalating agents did enter into the gallery space of the montmorillonite. Films of the nanocomposites (PLS) were examined by WAXD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the results prove the formation of exfoliated nanocomposites. Film formation was easy and the film was completely transparent with good [&hellip;]
- [Isothiazolinone As A Fungicide For Leather And Shoe Lining](https://sltc.org/product/isothiazolinone-as-a-fungicide-for-leather-and-shoe-lining/): Abstract Wet-blue pieces were treated with isothiazolinone at different concentrations in a drum and then the treated pieces were washed. During the treating and washing, the absorptivity and wash-out rate of isothiazolinone from the wet-blue were tested by UV/VIS spectrophotometry. The results showed that the highest absorptivity was about 45% in 15 minutes and the wash-out rate reached nearly 55% after washing for only 15 minutes. Thus, when applied to wet-blue, isothiazolinone should be added at the later stage of chrome tanning and the wet-blue preserved without further washing because of its poor washability. To investigate the distribution of isothiazolinone, [&hellip;]
- [Analysis Of Al2O3 In Solutions And Leathers Part II: Complexometric Method For Determination Of Al2O3 In Aluminum And Plantaluminum Tanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-al2o3-in-solutions-and-leathers-part-ii-complexometric-method-for-determination-of-al2o3-in-aluminum-and-plantaluminum-tanned-leathers/): Abstract The paper develops a method for determining Al2O3 in plant-aluminum and aluminum tanned leathers. A leather sample of 2.000g is burnt to ashes at 700°C; Al2O3 in the ash is melted with 1.5g Na2B4O7 at 950°C for 20 minutes. The melt is dissolved in nitric acid, 1M, and diluted in a 250.0ml measurement flask. Al3+ in the sample solution is back-titrated with standard solutions of EDTA and Pb(NO3)2. Using this method, we analysed samples of lamb and pig leather, tanned with the plant-aluminum tans sumac and quebracho. The results have good reproducibility, 0.04% Al2O3 for a sample containing 2.39% [&hellip;]
- [Reduction Of Waste Chrome Levels In Tannery Wastewater: Optimized Direct Recycling](https://sltc.org/product/reduction-of-waste-chrome-levels-in-tannery-wastewater-optimized-direct-recycling/): Abstract The chrome tanning process is the most popular tanning method but it results a considerable discharge of chromium to the wastewater. Various processes have been developed to increase the up-take of chromium by the hide with success, but there remains a major chromium discharge to the wastewater. The wastewater from the tanning process can be reused directly or indirectly but these recycling processes can present problems related to the accumulation of undesirable substances (salts, fat, protein, etc.) and irregularities from batch to batch. The present work is devoted to the development of a direct recycling process that associates a [&hellip;]
- [A Fast Method For Determination Of Sulfate In Tannery Waste Water](https://sltc.org/product/a-fast-method-for-determination-of-sulfate-in-tannery-waste-water/): Abstract A rapid, simple and accurate online method based on the combination of nephelometery with Flow Injection Analysis was proposed to determine the sulfate ion in tannery waste water. After reaction with Ba2+ in solution, the sample was propelled into the FIA system for analysis using the FIA function of an automatic metallic elements analyzer. Under the optimum conditions, a linear calibration graph was obtained in the ranges of 2.5-160 and 160- 320mg/l. The detection limit of the method was 0.4680mg/l, and the relative standard deviation was 0.82% (n = 8) versus 20mg/l sulfate. A satisfactory result was achieved with [&hellip;]
- [Heavy Metal Contents Of Various Finished Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/heavy-metal-contents-of-various-finished-leathers/): Abstract In this study, an investigation was made into the heavy metal content of leather articles. The metals concerned were cobalt, chromium, copper, zinc, lead and nickel as these metals may be subject to restrictions in some products because of their toxic characteristics. Insole leathers, upper leathers and garment leathers were studied as likely contaminating sources because of their extensive contact with the human body. Total amounts of heavy metals were initially measured by digestion. In addition, the possible amounts of heavy metals which would easily be extracted in use were extracted in aqueous and artificial perspiration solutions and analyzed [&hellip;]
- [Pretreatment With Condensate Of Glyoxal And N-Thioureidopyromellitamic Acid For A Stable Aluminium Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/pretreatment-with-condensate-of-glyoxal-and-n-thioureidopyromellitamic-acid-for-a-stable-aluminium-tannage/): &nbsp;                
- [The Influence Of Some Parameters In Leather Degreasing On The Lypolytic Activity Of Lipase](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-some-parameters-in-leather-degreasing-on-the-lypolytic-activity-of-lipase/): &nbsp;                
- [Influence Of Chrome Containing Sludge On Wheat Crops And The Soil](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-chrome-containing-sludge-on-wheat-crops-and-the-soil/): &nbsp;                
- [Determination Of The Aluminium Content Of Basic Aluminium Chloride By FIA](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-the-aluminium-content-of-basic-aluminium-chloride-by-fia/): &nbsp;                
- [Chromium (III) Separation From Tannery Wastewaters By Partial Freezing](https://sltc.org/product/chromium-iii-separation-from-tannery-wastewaters-by-partial-freezing/): &nbsp;                
- [Experimental Study Of Emulsion Liquid Membrane Separation Of Cr (VI) Using Trioctylamine As The Carrier](https://sltc.org/product/experimental-study-of-emulsion-liquid-membrane-separation-of-cr-vi-using-trioctylamine-as-the-carrier/): &nbsp;                
- [Tanning Characteristics And Tanning Mechanism Of Nano-SiO2](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-characteristics-and-tanning-mechanism-of-nano-sio2/): &nbsp;                
- [Hair Saving Unhairing Process :Part 6 Stratum Corneum As A Diffusion Barrier: Chemical-Mechanical Injury Of Epidermis](https://sltc.org/product/hair-saving-unhairing-process-part-6-stratum-corneum-as-a-diffusion-barrier-chemical-mechanical-injury-of-epidermis/): &nbsp;                
- [Modified Thrublu Chrome Tanning For Lambskins: Low Residual - Chrome Tannages](https://sltc.org/product/modified-thrublu-chrome-tanning-for-lambskins-low-residual-chrome-tannages/): &nbsp;                
- [A Fast Method To Determine Trace Chromium (III) Ion In Chrome Tanning And Chrome Tanning Waste](https://sltc.org/product/a-fast-method-to-determine-trace-chromium-iii-ion-in-chrome-tanning-and-chrome-tanning-waste/): &nbsp;                
- [The Effect Of Fatliquor Emulsion On The Physical Properties Of Resultant Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-fatliquor-emulsion-on-the-physical-properties-of-resultant-leather/): &nbsp;                
- [Synthesis And Application Of An Amphoteric Acrylic Polyelectrolyte As A Retanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-an-amphoteric-acrylic-polyelectrolyte-as-a-retanning-agent/): &nbsp;                
- [Prevention Of Halophilic Microbial Damage On Brine Cured Hides By Extremely Halophilic Halocin Producer Strains](https://sltc.org/product/prevention-of-halophilic-microbial-damage-on-brine-cured-hides-by-extremely-halophilic-halocin-producer-strains/): &nbsp;                
- [Fungal Biotransformation Of Bovine Hair Part 1: Isolation Of Fungus With Keratinolytic Activity.](https://sltc.org/product/fungal-biotransformation-of-bovine-hair-part-1-isolation-of-fungus-with-keratinolytic-activity/): &nbsp;                
- [Combination Of White Minerals With Natural Tannins Chrome-Free Tannage For Garment Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/combination-of-white-minerals-with-natural-tannins-chrome-free-tannage-for-garment-leathers/): &nbsp;                
- [Combination Tannage Of Tannic Acid And Rare Earth](https://sltc.org/product/physiological-and-cell-biological-properties-in-vitro-of-collagen-isolated-from-calf-limed-splits/): &nbsp;                
- [Determination Of Water Vapour Permeability Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-water-vapour-permeability-of-leather/): &nbsp;                
- [Extension And Recovery Of Cervine Garment Leather](https://sltc.org/product/extension-and-recovery-of-cervine-garment-leather/): &nbsp;                
- [Combined Organic Tanning Based On Mimosa And Oxazolidine: Development Of A Semi-Industrial Scale Process For High-Quality Bovine Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/combined-organic-tanning-based-on-mimosa-and-oxazolidine-development-of-a-semi-industrial-scale-process-for-high-quality-bovine-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                
- [Seasonality In Physico-Chemical Parameters Of Tannery Wastewater Passing Through The East Calcutta Wetland Ecosystem](https://sltc.org/product/seasonality-in-physico-chemical-parameters-of-tannery-wastewater-passing-through-the-east-calcutta-wetland-ecosystem/): &nbsp;                
- [Two Stage Chrome Tanning System (Basification In A Separate Float) Influence Of Organic/ SO2 Reduced Chrome Tan](https://sltc.org/product/two-stage-chrome-tanning-system-basification-in-a-separate-float-influence-of-organic-so2-reduced-chrome-tan/): &nbsp;                
- [Experimental Studies In Restoration And Conservation Of Historical Leather](https://sltc.org/product/experimental-studies-in-restoration-and-conservation-of-historical-leather/): &nbsp;                
- [A Modified Method For Fixation And Staining Of The Elastic Fibre In Goatskin At The Ultrastructural Level](https://sltc.org/product/a-modified-method-for-fixation-and-staining-of-the-elastic-fibre-in-goatskin-at-the-ultrastructural-level/): &nbsp;                
- [The Relationship Between The Morphological Change Of The Elastic Fibres Of Goatskin And The Effects Of Bating Under Different Conditions](https://sltc.org/product/the-relationship-between-the-morphological-change-of-the-elastic-fibres-of-goatskin-and-the-effects-of-bating-under-different-conditions/): &nbsp;                
- [Determination Of Chloride And Sulphate Ions In Leather Pickling Liquor By Low-Pressure Ion Chromatography](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-chloride-and-sulphate-ions-in-leather-pickling-liquor-by-low-pressure-ion-chromatography/): &nbsp;                
- [Protein Retanning And Filling Agent From Vinyl Monomer Graft Modification Of Chrome Shavings Hydrolysate](https://sltc.org/product/protein-retanning-and-filling-agent-from-vinyl-monomer-graft-modification-of-chrome-shavings-hydrolysate/): &nbsp;                
- [Release Of Free Formaldehyde In THP Salt Tannages](https://sltc.org/product/release-of-free-formaldehyde-in-thp-salt-tannages/): &nbsp;                
- [Improvements For Infrared Drying: A Leather Finishing Application](https://sltc.org/product/improvements-for-infrared-drying-a-leather-finishing-application/): &nbsp;                
- [Cross-Linked Polymers For Aqueous Finishing. Binders Cross-Linked With Polyaziridine. Part II: Behaviour Of Acrylic Binders](https://sltc.org/product/cross-linked-polymers-for-aqueous-finishing-binders-cross-linked-with-polyaziridine-part-ii-behaviour-of-acrylic-binders/): &nbsp;                
- [The Beamhouse - Foundation Of Leather Making](https://sltc.org/product/the-beamhouse-foundation-of-leather-making/): &nbsp;                
- [Alternative Process For Recovery Of Chrome(III)-Effluents](https://sltc.org/product/alternative-process-for-recovery-of-chromeiii-effluents/): &nbsp;                
- [Colour Changes During Ageing of Coloured Leather](https://sltc.org/product/colour-changes-during-ageing-of-coloured-leather/): &nbsp;                
- [Heterogeneous Interaction Between Sulpho-Syntans and Collagen Part 7: Polyionic Network Hypothesis](https://sltc.org/product/heterogeneous-interaction-between-sulpho-syntans-and-collagen-part-7-polyionic-network-hypothesis/): &nbsp;              
- [The Hydrophobic Effect and Its Importance to Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/the-hydrophobic-effect-and-its-importance-to-collagen/): &nbsp;            
- [Leather Research - Where Now?](https://sltc.org/product/leather-research-where-now/): &nbsp;          
- [Investigations on Uniaxial Straining of Fur in Skin State: Part 2. Effects of Straining on Physical Characteristics in Leather State](https://sltc.org/product/investigations-on-uniaxial-straining-of-fur-in-skin-state-part-2-effects-of-straining-on-physical-characteristics-in-leather-state/): &nbsp;        
- [The Story of the Procter Department from 1891 to 1977](https://sltc.org/product/the-story-of-the-procter-department-from-1891-to-1977/): &nbsp;      
- [Antibiotics to Control Green Hide Biodeterioration](https://sltc.org/product/antibiotics-to-control-green-hide-biodeterioration/): &nbsp;    
- [Analysis of Biological Control Materials Encountered in Leather Production](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-biological-control-materials-encountered-in-leather-production/): &nbsp;  
- [Hides and Skins Supplies in the 1990s](https://sltc.org/product/hides-and-skins-supplies-in-the-1990s/): Abstract The paper examines developments and trends in the world meat market. Figures from current sources show movement away from the hide and skin producing meat industry towards the pig and poultry industry &#8211; which yields little raw material for the leather industry. Any relief to the situation could be supplied by Africa where there are current losses of one-third of the potential raw material. The sheep farming industry in the Southern Hemisphere is detailed as are developments in South America. &nbsp;
- [Repeatability and Reproducibility of Test Methods](https://sltc.org/product/repeatability-and-reproducibility-of-test-methods/): &nbsp;
- [Acacia Nilotica (Bagaruwa) - Aluminium Combination Tannage - A Boon to the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/acacia-nilotica-bagaruwa-aluminium-combination-tannage-a-boon-to-the-leather-industry/): Abstract Extensive studies have been carried out on combination tannages involving basic aluminium sulphate (aluminium sulphate, masked with citrate anion) and bagaruwa (Acacia nilotica var. adansonii). The use of aluminium as one of the tanning agents was found to impart improved physical properties. Amongst the combination systems evaluated, a bagaruwa pretannage followed by retannage with basic aluminium sulphate was found to produce stronger leathers. Nigerian tanneries can largely substitute chrome with the indigenously available aluminium tanning agent, the benefits being to reduce the import of chrome and to reduce the pollution due to chrome. Adoption of bagaruwa-aluminium combination tannages in [&hellip;]
- [Mathematical Model of Soaking Part I](https://sltc.org/product/mathematical-model-of-soaking-part-i/): Abstract In this paper we describe the construction of a mathematical model of washing and of soaking salted raw hide materials. The methodology corresponds to the use of the chemical engineering methods in tannery research. The possibilities of binding the sodium chloride to hide substance, the mechanics of sodium chloride transfer in the hide under the conditions of swelling taking place during the process, and the washing out of soluble proteins have been considered. The mathematical model is proposed on the basis of the following presumptions: the sodium chloride sorption of the hide substance is small and may be simply [&hellip;]
- [Early Leather Trades’ Engineers of Leeds, Part III. Joseph Hall & Co.](https://sltc.org/product/early-leather-trades-engineers-of-leeds-part-iii-joseph-hall-co/): Abstract The third of a series of four articles dealing with the history of the development of the Leather Trades’ Machinery industry in Leeds. Details are given of the history of Joseph Hall and Co. from 1870 to 1924 together with mentions of other pioneer companies such as Joseph Whitham. The account covers Patent disagreements and the licenced manufacture of machinery from the USA for the newly introduced chrome tanned glacé kid leathers. &nbsp;
- [Heterogeneous Interaction Between Sulpho-Syntans and Collagen. Part I: Qualitative Approach](https://sltc.org/product/heterogeneous-interaction-between-sulpho-syntans-and-collagen-part-i-qualitative-approach/): Abstract Interaction between sulpho-syntans and collagen represents a specific case of interaction between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (PEL) resulting in polyelectrolyte complex formation. The specificity of this interaction relates to the fact that collagen (a polyampholyte having a spatially arranged structure of its own) must be converted into a polycation by means of protonisation and also that the whole process is complicated by heterogeneous conditions. In spite of this specificity, the interaction must conform to the general rules of formation of polyelectrolyte complexes for which electrostatic Coulomb’s forces control combination in the initial phase. &nbsp;
- [Natural and Artificial Ageing of Sheepskin Collagen and its Importance in Leather Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/natural-and-artificial-ageing-of-sheepskin-collagen-and-its-importance-in-leather-manufacture/): Abstract The stability of the collagen molecule is not constant but changes with the age of the animal at the time of slaughter. In the case of sheep, skins from immature animals show different responses to the early stages of the leather manufacturing process and are commercially important. These differences are manifested by inconsistent and irregular surface appearance of the grain in the finished leather. Historically, in vitro “ageing” of semi-processed (pickled) pelts has made for more consistent leather. Work on the alternative approach of self-regulating, “chemical ageing” of untanned pelt is considered, along with an assessment of the laboratory [&hellip;]
- [Relaxation of Isometric Tension: A Technique for Studying the Maturity of Sheepskin](https://sltc.org/product/relaxation-of-isometric-tension-a-technique-for-studying-the-maturity-of-sheepskin/): Abstract This report describes the adaptation of an isometric tension technique for use with skin samples. The technique involved measures the decay of the force produced when a specimen is held at constant length above the shrinkage temperature, Ts. The decline in force reflects the breaking of the thermolabile cross-links found in immature skin collagen and can thus be used to monitor the maturation process of skins. &nbsp;
- [The Properties of Gelatines Derived by Alkali and Enzymic Conditioning of Bovine Hide from Animals of Various Ages](https://sltc.org/product/the-properties-of-gelatines-derived-by-alkali-and-enzymic-conditioning-of-bovine-hide-from-animals-of-various-ages/): Abstract A comparative study of alkali and enzymic conditioning of “twinned” hide from calves, young and aged animals yielded some unique gelatines from the point of view of gel strength and isoelectric point (PI). The effect of collagen cross-linking with animal age was quantified. A preliminary examination of the gelatines by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel permeation chromatography yielded results from which it was possible to suggest a peptide-type collagen cross-link developing with animal age. &nbsp;
- [Surface Active Agent-Collagen Interaction: Effect on Shrinkage Temperature](https://sltc.org/product/surface-active-agent-collagen-interaction-effect-on-shrinkage-temperature/): Abstract In order to gain information on the effect of surface active agents (surfactants) on collagen we have studied the shrinkage temperature (Ts) of bovine Achilles tendon and of the corium of bovine hides in the presence of different surfactants at various pH values. A non-ionic, a cationic and an anionic agent were tested as well of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The results show that the lyotropic effect of such agents is strongly dependent on pH. Non-ionic detergent and PEG may be as aggressive as ionic types according to pH. It also appears that ionic detergents have a greater lyotropic effect [&hellip;]
- [Studies on the Effect of Polyurethane Finishing on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-the-effect-of-polyurethane-finishing-on-the-physico-mechanical-properties-of-leather/): Abstract This paper deals with the techniques for preparation of a single-component polyurethane coating based on castor oil and its application for finishing of leather. Various physical properties were measured to assess the quality of finished leather after coating it with the polyurethane composition. Optical and scanning electron microscopy studies were undertaken to investigate the compatibility of polyurethane coating with leather. &nbsp;
- [Low Molecular Weight Peptides from Collagenous Waste: Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Studies](https://sltc.org/product/low-molecular-weight-peptides-from-collagenous-waste-hydrodynamic-and-thermodynamic-studies/): Abstract A transamidification reaction was utilised to obtain low molecular weight peptides by reacting waste skin trimmings protein with monoethanolamine (MEA). In sample, equal equivalent of protein and MBA were used, whereas in sample II, two equivalents of protein were reacted with one equivalent of MBA. The viscosity data for both samples were analysed in terms of the Einstein and Simha-Einstein equations. Hydration volume Vh, number average molecular weight Mn and intrinsic viscosity [η] of sample II is greater than that of sample I, irrespective of temperature. Hydrodynamic results suggest that the shape of the transamidified peptide particle in solution [&hellip;]
- [The Practical Evaluation of Fungicides](https://sltc.org/product/the-practical-evaluation-of-fungicides/): Abstract Work has been conducted to determine the activity of several fungicides on wet chrome tanned material using the BLMRA laboratory fungicide test as approved by the National Testing Laboratory Accreditation Scheme (NATLAS). From this we are able to assess the cost effectiveness of different fungicides, enabling the tanner to make an accurate choice to suit his own particular requirements. In other studies we have investigated the distribution of fungicide within and between hides processed in commercial production lots. &nbsp;
- [Properties of Leather Produced from a Sample of Australian Feral Goats](https://sltc.org/product/properties-of-leather-produced-from-a-sample-of-australian-feral-goats/): Abstract The effect of fibre diameter, fibre length and primary follicle density on grain appearance of the skin of Australian bush goats was assessed. Good grain appearance was associated with a high density of primary follicles that produce, on these animals, medullated fibres of a relatively uniform diameter. Fine grained skins are produced by goats of less than approximately 25 kg liveweight. The physical properties of the leather, as measured by tensile strength, elongation and lastometer, were evaluated and found to be comparable to commercial quality goatskins. Nutrition was found to have an effect on skin substance and density and [&hellip;]
- [The Application of Catalysts and Other Additives to Epoxy Pretannage of Hide](https://sltc.org/product/the-application-of-catalysts-and-other-additives-to-epoxy-pretannage-of-hide/): Abstract The acceleration effect of catalysts and other additives on the rise in the shrinkage temperature of hide treated with various multifunctional, water-soluble, epoxy resins was investigated in order to obtain information on a new pre-tanning method without chrome. The wet acetone-dehydrated hide specimen was treated with 10% epoxy resin (on the wet hide weight) at 35°C. The catalysts, 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol and dimethylaminopropylamine, both show an acceleration effect on the rise in the shrinkage temperature of the treated hide. Processing with the combined catalyst of 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol and salicylic acid can markedly raise the shrinkage temperature over 80°C after 10 h. The [&hellip;]
- [Process Selection for the Improvement of Low Quality Stock](https://sltc.org/product/process-selection-for-the-improvement-of-low-quality-stock/): &nbsp;
- [Some Observations on Industrial Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/some-observations-on-industrial-leathers/): Abstract The background and activities of the once thriving industrial leather production of the United Kingdom is described, with reference to the history of a typical small company engaged in this field. Some reasons are proposed for the over-decline of the industry, together with a plea for increased recognition of the capabilities of the remaining producers and their relevance to the leather industry as a whole. &nbsp;
- [Chromium Aluminium Resin and Fatliquoring: An American View](https://sltc.org/product/chromium-aluminium-resin-and-fatliquoring-an-american-view/): &nbsp;
- [Fungicide Evaluation for the Protection of Wet Blue Hides](https://sltc.org/product/fungicide-evaluation-for-the-protection-of-wet-blue-hides/): Abstract Details are given of various laboratory methods for assessing fungicides for the protection of wet blue hides and evaluating storage margins in production wet blue leathers. Using these methods, a survey of nine commercial fungicide formulations applied to wet blue cuttings has been carried out. Products examined included a number previously found to fall into the low, medium and higher dosage levels (concentrations extending from 0.01 to 0.5% m/v in 100% float) to ensure four-month, residual protection. Experimental factors varied including fungicide addition point (pickle or rinse addition) and post-treatment wet blue handling (draining, rinsing, sammying and splitting). The [&hellip;]
- [Alternatives to Chromium Tanning. Part II. Use of Sequential Treatments for Production of Aluminium-Tanned Leather of High Stability](https://sltc.org/product/alternatives-to-chromium-tanning-part-ii-use-of-sequential-treatments-for-production-of-aluminium-tanned-leather-of-high-stability/): Abstract The use of sequential treatments has been tested in an attempt to develop an aluminium tannage of high stability which might be used to replace chrome-tanning. Treatments based on various combinations using aluminium, chromium and zirconium compounds and pyromellitic acid have been surveyed in a series of “screening” experiments using lamb intestine. One treatment, involving successive treatments with zirconium sulphate, pyromellitic acid and then aluminium sulphate gave a product with exceptionally high shrinkage temperature (up to 128°C) and high stability to dye bath conditions. Based on this, tanned leather with similar high stability was produced using both sheepskin and [&hellip;]
- [Evaporation Ponds: A Solution for Tannery Effluent Disposal](https://sltc.org/product/evaporation-ponds-a-solution-for-tannery-effluent-disposal/): Abstract This study takes a look into the factors affecting the efficient operation of the Evaporation Pond system used for the disposal of tannery effluent. Guidelines are given for improving the efficiency of the evaporation pond operation which will minimize grounds for complaints due to the occurrence of anaerobic conditions. The climatic conditions for the region are very important factors in making the system economically viable, i.e. the evaporation rate. The results for monitoring, over a period of 16 months, one such system which has been in continuous operation for 15 years are evaluated. These results show that the pond [&hellip;]
- [The Recycling of Silicofluoride and Boric Acid Liquors for Hide Preservation](https://sltc.org/product/the-recycling-of-silicofluoride-and-boric-acid-liquors-for-hide-preservation/)
- [From Tannery to Table: An Account of Gelatine Production](https://sltc.org/product/from-tannery-to-table-an-account-of-gelatine-production/)
- [Short-Term Bio-Assay Studies on the Effect of Exhaust Liquors from Titanium Tannage on Aquatic Life](https://sltc.org/product/short-term-bio-assay-studies-on-the-effect-of-exhaust-liquors-from-titanium-tannage-on-aquatic-life/)
- [A Simple Approach to Leather Process Investigation Part 3 - The Development of the Modified Standard Process for Side Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-approach-to-leather-process-investigation-part-3-the-development-of-the-modified-standard-process-for-side-leather/): Abstract A standard process for the production of segments of chrome side leather, in a controlled manner, has been reported in J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem., (1974), 58, 88. This process has been further developed to give a modified standard process in which the three main changes are (I) the use of whole sides in place of segments, (II) a drum liming procedure to replace the circulatory system employed previously for liming stationary segments, and (III) the transfer of the operation of splitting from the stage after liming to after chrome tanning. The course of development of the modified standard [&hellip;]
- [The Evaluation Of Leather Handle Character Using Neural Networks](https://sltc.org/product/the-evaluation-of-leather-handle-character-using-neural-networks/): Abstract Leather’s handle and character has been evaluated and classified using an artificial neural network (ANN). Experimental mechanical parameters correlated to elasticity, softness, fullness and extensibility were obtained. The feed-forward neural network used provided accurate modelling between the input parameters, bend constant (Kb); compression index (Kc); lastometer coefficient (Kl); attenuation constant (αb); attenuation speed constant (K´) and the output parameter (leather’s handle and graded character). Although only a small number of experimental data were used in training the neural network, the results obtained are comparable to the results of evaluations done by the traditional method.
- [Determination Of PO4-P In Tannery Effluent By Reverse Reference Flow Injection](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-po4-p-in-tannery-effluent-by-reverse-reference-flow-injection/): Abstract Reverse reference flow injection analysis (rFIA) was proposed to determine PO4-P in tannery effluent combined with phosphorus antimony molybdenum blue photometry (deoxidized reagent is L-ascorbic acid). The result showed that, under the optimal conditions, good linear work curve with high sensitivity and broad linear range was obtained with this method to determine PO4-P. The linear ranges were 6 x 10-4-6 x 10-2 and 6 x 10-2-5mg/l, the detection limit of this method was 0.18μg/l, and relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.03% (n = 11) was obtained by injecting a standard solution with 10μg/l PO4-P. This method was used to [&hellip;]
- [Tanning Mechanism Of Vinyl Polymer/ Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-mechanism-of-vinyl-polymer-montmorillonite-nanocomposite-tannage/): Abstract A vinyl polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposite tannage was reacted with gelatin, and the changes of the molecular structure of gelatin before and after reaction were studied by UV and FT-IR spectra. The nanocomposite tannage was also reacted with hide powder and modified hide powder, the changes of shrinkage temperature, cooperating units and thermodynamic parameters of various hide powders were studied by DSC. The results of the study show that the amino group of collagen is the main group which combines with the nanocomposite tannage and that the function of the carboxyl group of collagen is lower. The amino group in collagen [&hellip;]
- [Influence Of Tanning On The Flammability Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-tanning-on-the-flammability-of-leather/): Abstract Pickled skins were individually tanned with different commercial tanning agents, including chromitan [chrometan], glutaraldehyde and vegetable tannin extracts. The flammability of the tanned leathers were tested by the Oxygen Index test method (ASTM D 2863-77) and the Vertical Flame test (ALCA Method E 50). The densities of the tanned leathers were also measured to show the relationship between fibre’s tightness and leather’s flammability. The results show that the three tannages can enhance the flame resistance of leather and that the performance of tanning agents on leather can be ranked as: tannin extracts&gt;chromitan&gt;glutaraldehyde. The ranking of the leather density results [&hellip;]
- [Wet-Pink Leathers: Zirconium/THPS Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/wet-pink-leathers-zirconium-thps-tannage/): Abstract The leather industry today is dominated by wet-blue leathers due to its advantages. However, alternatives are being actively sought due to environmental concerns. In this study, an effective combination tanning system based on zirconium and tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulphate (THPS) has been explored producing wet-pink leathers. The leather properties and physical strength characteristics are on par with conventional chrome tanned leathers. The leathers made using this combination tanning exhibit good light fastness. A shrinkage temperature of 102 ± 0.4°C has been obtained for the Zr-THPS tanning system with sodium tartrate as the ligand. The analysis of spent tan liquor [&hellip;]
- [A Novel Pre-Tanning Agent For High Exhaustion Chromium Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-pre-tanning-agent-for-high-exhaustion-chromium-tannage/): Abstract A pre-tanning agent (OXD) which contains carboxyl, hydroxyl and tetra-amino groups was synthesized and applied in high exhaustion chrome tannage. This pre-tanning agent is able to react with the pendent amino groups of collagen and thus improves the hydrothermal stability when the additional carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino groups are introduced into the backbone of collagen. In the tanning process, the introduced carboxyl groups and the intrinsic carboxyl groups themselves of collagen coordinate with chromium and form uni- or multi-point bound chromium complexes, which seems to contribute to the final leather’s excellent chromium combination fastness and high chrome exhaustion. In [&hellip;]
- [Benzidines In Tannery Dye Wastewater: Oxidative Degradation By Chlorine Dioxide](https://sltc.org/product/benzidines-in-tannery-dye-wastewater-oxidative-degradation-by-chlorine-dioxide/): Abstract To effectively remove toxic benzidine pollutants from tannery dyeing wastewater, a new method for chlorine dioxide oxidation was developed in a simulated wastewater treatment. In the experiment, the oxidative degradation behaviour towards chlorine dioxide of four toxic pollutants including benzidine, o-tolidine, 3.3′- dimethoxylbenzidine and 3.3′-dichlorobenzidine were studied by detecting the concentrations of benzidines at regular intervals with HPLC. The effects of the reactant molar ratio, pH and time of reaction on the removals of CODCr and benzidines are discussed. The optimal reaction conditions are presented. The results show that oxidation with chlorine dioxide is feasible and efficient for benzidines [&hellip;]
- [Direct Spectrophotometric Determination Of Formaldehyde In Leather Wastewater By Flow Injection Analysis With Chromotropic Acid](https://sltc.org/product/direct-spectrophotometric-determination-of-formaldehyde-in-leather-wastewater-by-flow-injection-analysis-with-chromotropic-acid/): Abstract A sensitive and relatively interference-free spectrometric method for determination of formaldehyde in leather wastewater is described. The method is based on the combination of chromotropic acid with formaldehyde under acidic conditions with heating. The absorbance of the complex is measured spectrophotometrically at 390nm. Chemical factors and FIA variables affecting the system are also discussed. The linearity concentration range of the calculation curve was from 0.05 to 1000mg l-1 of standard solutions. The relative standard deviation was 0.42% (n = 11) obtained by injecting 200∝g l-1 standard formaldehyde solution. The detection limit was 0.003mg l-1 calculated from three times the [&hellip;]
- [Application Of Diphenols For Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-diphenols-for-dyeing/): Abstract An alternative to the normal dyeing route to achieving colour in leather is to exploit the chemistry of creating the natural skin and hair pigments, melanins. 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene and other dihydroxynaphthalenes can be oxidised and polymerised to create pigment products by reactions catalysed by laccase, a polyphenol oxidase. They not only create colour, but, if the reactions are conducted in the presence of collagen, the pigments are bound to the collagen by covalent bonds, which confer a tanning effect.
- [Studies On Chamois Leather - Tanning Using Plant Oil](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-chamois-leather-tanning-using-plant-oil/): Abstract The odour of fish oil in chamois leather poses aesthetic problems and attempts have been made to produce chamois leather free of fish oil. Jatropha oil, a non-edible oil obtained from seeds of Jatropha Curcas, has been investigated for chamois leather processing. The study indicates the possibility of it replacing fish oil.
- [Influence Of Fat-Liquoring Components On Cr(VI) Levels](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-fat-liquoring-components-on-crvi-levels/): Abstract Chrome commonly exists in two oxidation states: Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(III) is considered helpful to health while Cr(VI) is highly toxic. Many reports have indicated the presence of Cr(VI) in some chrome tanned leathers. Various chemicals used in leather making and also storage conditions can affect the content of Cr(VI). In our experiments leather samples were treated with seven kinds of sulphited oil components and we determined the content of Cr(VI) after ultraviolet (UV) light exposure and heating. The results showed that the content of Cr(VI) was related to the iodine value of the oil. The higher the iodine [&hellip;]
- [Interaction Of Aldehyde Developed From Amino Acids Of Tannery Waste In A Lower Vegetable Tannage: An Eco-Friendly Approach Part II](https://sltc.org/product/interaction-of-aldehyde-developed-from-amino-acids-of-tannery-waste-in-a-lower-vegetable-tannage-an-eco-friendly-approach-part-ii/): Abstract Fleshings obtained from the liming process were hydrolysed with a proteolytic enzyme and further broken down to the amino acid level before being used to prepare the corresponding aldehyde, which was used as a crosslinking agent. In the present study the cross-linking agent developed was used to tan the delimed pelt. Subsequently, the leather obtained was tanned with wattle extract at various levels and the combination effect was studied. The tanning studies carried out using the cross-linking agent were discussed in detail in Part I of the paper. Details of the application of the cross-linker aldehyde and its results [&hellip;]
- [Enzymatic Bacterial Dehairing Of Bovine Hide By A Locally Isolated Strain Of Bacillus Licheniformis](https://sltc.org/product/enzymatic-bacterial-dehairing-of-bovine-hide-by-a-locally-isolated-strain-of-bacillus-licheniformis/): Abstract Bacterial isolation and identification were realized for microbial enzymatic dehairing of animal skin. The process was optimized for the required skin quality taking into account the contact time, temperature, pH, crude enzyme concentration (%) as well as mechanical agitation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to show the effect of bacterial enzyme on the grain surface and fibres in comparison with the chemical unhairing considering the quality of the skin. The optimization of keratinase activity was also examined. The bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus licheniformis, (coded as D-10). The experimental results showed that the contact time of 48hr [&hellip;]
- [Examination Of The Fungal Community On Salt Used In Turkish Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/examination-of-the-fungal-community-on-salt-used-in-turkish-leather-industry/): Abstract Tuz Lake and its salterns Kaldırım and Kayacık are major sources of solar salt for the Turkish hide industry. The fungal community on the salt, which may have detrimental effects if unprocessed salt is used in industrial processes such as in the leather industry, has not been previously investigated. Ten salt crystal and five brine samples were collected from Tuz Lake and its salterns for investigation. A total of 18 species belonging to 10 genera were encountered. Absidia, Acremonium, Eurotium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Eupenicillium, Penicillium, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and Ulocladium species were isolated and identified. The results showed that Tuz [&hellip;]
- [Salinity Reduction In The Production Of Nappa Skins By Using Agents With Non-Swelling Capacity In Pickling/Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/salinity-reduction-in-the-production-of-nappa-skins-by-using-agents-with-non-swelling-capacity-in-pickling-tanning/): Abstract In earlier papers, we studied the behaviour in the pickling/tanning processes of hides and sheepskins of four commercial non-swelling products. The application of these products yielded a significant reduction in salinity. In the case of sheepskins, the best results in terms of non-swelling capacity, shrinkage temperature, conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand of the residual baths corresponded to the pickling treatments carried out at a salinity of 2°Bé with a 2% offer of naphtol 3-6 disulphonic acid, or with a 2% offer of p-hydroxydiphenyl sulphonic acid, or with a 4% offer of polyacrylic acid.
- [Performance Of Flame Retardants On Leather](https://sltc.org/product/performance-of-flame-retardants-on-leather/): Abstract Five flame retardants obtained as commercial products or prepared by the laboratory, including amino sulfonic ammonium [sulphamic acid], borax, ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol-dihydrogenphosphate bisestermelamine and phosphated amino resin, were selected to treat wet blue pig. A unified treatment process was used with type and dosage of flame retardant as the two running parameters. The flammability of the leather was tested by two methods &#8211; vertical flame test (ALCA Method E 50) and oxygen index test method (ASTM D 2863-74). Besides the fire-safety characteristics, other physical and mechanical properties of leather samples, such as tensile strength, tear strength, breaking stretch [elongation], [&hellip;]
- [Emission Of Fungicides From Furniture Leather](https://sltc.org/product/emission-of-fungicides-from-furniture-leather/): Abstract A blind study was undertaken to determine the levels of commonly used fungicides emitted from standard furniture upholstery leather. These data are of relevance due to limits placed on fungicides used in the manufacture of upholstery leathers under the Blue Angel Ecological Label. The Blue Angel award is granted in Germany in the form of a nationally recognized label that rewards companies for conforming to specific ecological requirements. The criteria for the award for ’Low-Emission Upholstery Furniture’ are outlined in the publication RAL UZ-117.
- [Aswan Clay As Sorbent For Removal Of Cr(III) And Cr(VI) From Synthetic Solution And Tannery Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/aswan-clay-as-sorbent-for-removal-of-criii-and-crvi-from-synthetic-solution-and-tannery-wastewater/): Abstract The sorption on Aswan clay of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from synthetic solution and tannery wastewater has been studied. The clay has been characterized and used for the removal of chrome. The adsorption was studied as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbate concentration, loading, temperature and interfering ions. The equilibrium data fitted well with a Freundlich adsorption isotherm, where the Kf and n values are 2.08 &#8211; 4.6 for Cr(VI), 14.45 &#8211; 2.5 for Cr(III) and 8.31 &#8211; 2.4 for tannery wastewater. In our study we choose Aswan clay, which is low in cost, to aid the economy of [&hellip;]
- [Coordinated Approach To The Production Of Soft Leather](https://sltc.org/product/coordinated-approach-to-the-production-of-soft-leather/): Abstract Production of soft and strong leather requires a coordinated approach to all chemical and physical processing steps. The composition and nature of the fatliquors is only partly responsible for the leather’s softness. Opening up of the structure, neutralization and tanning influence the fatliquoring process and resulting leather as well. Knowledge about the changes of the dermal structure during beamhouse processing and its impact on the reaction of fat with leather is necessary for monitoring the fatliquoring process. Two different methods of opening up of the dermal structure &#8211; ‘lime-free’ and ‘lime’ &#8211; were used in our experiments to determine [&hellip;]
- [The Influence Of Relative Humidity On The Level Of Cr(VI) In Chrome-Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-relative-humidity-on-the-level-of-crvi-in-chrome-tanned-leather/): Abstract The influence of relative humidity of the environment on the level of Cr(VI) in chrome-tanned leather was studied. The experiments were carried out as follows: a leather sample was cut into pieces which were stored in different relative humidities followed by determination of Cr(VI). Subsequently, these same pieces were stored at different relative humidities followed by re-determination of the Cr(VI) levels. To confirm the influence of relative humidity, pieces of leather soaked in dichromate solution were dried and then subjected to similar treatment as was given to the earlier leather samples. The results showed that there is a close [&hellip;]
- [Epoxide Tannage: A Way Forward](https://sltc.org/product/epoxide-tannage-a-way-forward/): Abstract An understanding of both the reactive functions of epoxide resins and collagen, suggests that some epoxides could be effectively used in organic tannage systems. Such epoxides may be regarded as alternatives to aldehydic tanning systems, having lower toxicity combined with specific polymerization ability. The commercial and technical potential of epoxides as tanning agents are assessed in this review paper. To this end, an introduction to epoxide chemistry is provided based on the tanning chemist’s viewpoint. The literature survey describes epoxideprotein/ collagen addition reaction mechanisms and their kinetics, which in turn are discussed with respect to the potential for future [&hellip;]
- [Preparation And Application Of Vinyl Polymer/MMT Nano Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-vinyl-polymer-mmt-nano-tanning-agent/): Abstract In this paper, montmorillonite (MMT) was first modified with dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride (referred to as DMDAAC) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) through a cation exchanging reaction. The modified MMT and the vinyl polymer were then used to prepare composites which were then characterized by XRD. Finally, the vinyl polymer/CTAB modified MMT (abbreviated to VP/C-MMT) was applied in the leather making process to examine its tanning properties. The results of XRD show that the interlayer spacing of the modified MMT is received are 1.40nm and 1.99nm for DMDAAC-MMT and CTAB-MMT respectively, while the d-spacing distance of pristine MMT is only [&hellip;]
- [Preparation And Application Of Cationic Soapfree Latex As A Filling Agent](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-cationic-soapfree-latex-as-a-filling-agent/): Abstract A cationic soap-free latex for use as a filling agent has been prepared by batch emulsion polymerization in the presence of a polymerizable surfactant. The product has been characterized by FTIR and TGA; the colloid properties of the latex particles have also been studied. The characteristics and effects of the latex as a filling agent have been investigated by measuring such physical/mechanical indexes of treated leather as tensile strength, thickness increment ratio, elongation at break, bursting height and also by instrumental analysis such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and colour analysis. It has been found that the cationic latex [&hellip;]
- [An Acrylic Resin Retanning Agent With A Reinforcing Effect: Synthesised By High Solids Content Microemulsion Copolymerization](https://sltc.org/product/an-acrylic-resin-retanning-agent-with-a-reinforcing-effect-synthesised-by-high-solids-content-microemulsion-copolymerization/): Abstract An acrylic resin nano-size latex whose colloidal particle size was about 20nm and solids content about 25% was prepared by a high solids content semicontinuous microemulsion copolymerization. The experimental product was employed in retanning drop [bottom] splits of pigs aiming to reinforce the leather. The offer of cross-linking agent and functional monomer were varied in the copolymerization experiment and their effect on the reinforcing function was investigated. The effect of colloidal particle size and dosage of nano-size latex on the reinforcing function also was verified. The particle size of the latex was tested with a laser particle size analyzer, [&hellip;]
- [Inhibitive Effects Of Some Low-Toxicity Mildew Inhibitors On Wet Blue](https://sltc.org/product/inhibitive-effects-of-some-low-toxicity-mildew-inhibitors-on-wet-blue/): Abstract The mildew inhibition of nystatin, salicylic acid, sorbic acid and borax were investigated. The results indicated that 30% ethanol, 4% borax and 0.2 % sorbic acid (2.4-dihexadienoic acid) show little inhibiting effect on the 11 strains of mildew which were isolated from the mildewed wet blue.6 1% salicylic acid shows some mildew inhibition, and 10 000μg/ml nystatin is seen to be the best of these low toxicity agents for prevention of mildew. The inhibiting ratios of 1% salicylic acid and 10 000μg/ml nystatin were 27% and 64%, respectively, which showed that 1% salicylic acid and 10 000μg/ml nystatin have [&hellip;]
- [The Preparation And Application Of A Nanocomposite Tanning Agent-MPNS/SMA](https://sltc.org/product/the-preparation-and-application-of-a-nanocomposite-tanning-agent-mpns-sma/): Abstract r-Methacryloxy propyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) was used as a coupling agent to introduce vinyl groups onto the surface of nano SiO2. A nanocomposite of MPNS/SMA was prepared by the polymerization of methacryloxypropyl nano SiO2 (MPNS), styrene (ST) and maleic anhydride (MA) with benzoyl peroxide (BPO)as initiator in toluene. The structure of the MPNS/SMA nanocomposite was characterized by FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). A series of tanning experiments have been carried out to compare the tanning and retanning properties of MPNS/SMA and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA). The results show that MPNS/SMA has good tanning capability, and that [&hellip;]
- [Fundamental Research On The Mechanism Of Oil-Tanning With Alkyl Sulfonyl Chloride](https://sltc.org/product/fundamental-research-on-the-mechanism-of-oil-tanning-with-alkyl-sulfonyl-chloride/): Abstract The oil-tanning mechanism was studied in detail with regard to the tanning effect of an alkyl sulfonyl chloride on pickled pigskins, rabbit skins and sheepskins. Aldehyde pre-tanned rabbit skins, goat skins and splits of pigskins were also studied. The effect on shrinkage temperature (denoted as Ts) of the raw stocks tanned with the alkyl sulfonyl chloride was fully investigated. The results proved that the traditional leather tanning theory had obvious limitations, and that Ts did not increase with the synthetic oil-tanning agent, e.g., alkyl sulfonyl chloride. Consequently, it can be concluded the alkyl sulfonyl chloride shows no tanning properties [&hellip;]
- [Analysis Of Hydroxyproline In Collagen Of Pig Skin Tissue By Low Pressure Ion Chromatography Separation And Conductivity Detection](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-hydroxyproline-in-collagen-of-pig-skin-tissue-by-low-pressure-ion-chromatography-separation-and-conductivity-detection/): Abstract A simplified method has been developed to determine the hydroxyproline concentration in pigskin collagen. The sample was prepared by hydrolyzing pigskin tissue collagen for 24 hours overnight at 110°C in 6M/Lhydrochloride acid followed by determination by low pressure ion chromatography separation and conductivity detection without derivatization. Hydroxyproline was separated and detected successfully using a 5mm x 100mm long column filled with 25μm- 30μm size and 0.02 mmol/g capacity cationic exchange resin. The elution solution was 0.8mmol/L nitric acid solution and the flow rate was 0.6ml/min. The concentration of the hydroxyproline sample was calculated by the five points work curve [&hellip;]
- [Action Of Pancreatin On Residual Epidermis Of Goatskin - Examination Via Histological Changes During Bating](https://sltc.org/product/action-of-pancreatin-on-residual-epidermis-of-goatskin-examination-via-histological-changes-during-bating/): Abstract The histological changes of the epidermis of goatskin under different bating conditions were observed at the ultrastructure level by TEM and SEM. The results showed that the residual epidermal matter was obviously removed from the surface of delimed pelt by pancreatin in the normal bating process and this action will be strengthened by both an increase of the amount of pancreatin and by prolonging the bating time. Evidence is provided of the function of pancreatin in bating, eliminating scud and clarifying the grain surface.
- [Theoretical Elucidation Of The Structure - Activity Relationship For Tannins Used To Scavenge Radicals](https://sltc.org/product/theoretical-elucidation-of-the-structure-activity-relationship-for-tannins-used-to-scavenge-radicals/): Abstract Tannin extracts have been used to scavenge free radicals and prevent chromium VI formation in leathers tanned with chrome salts, but their structure-activity relationship has not been clarified theoretically. In this paper, model tannin compounds representing condensed tannins and hydrolysable tannins were evaluated using the approach of computational chemistry. By using the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method, two kinds of theoretical parameters, i.e. OH bond dissociation energy (BDE) and adiabatic ionization potential (IP), were obtained to characterize H-atom transfer and concerted proton electron transfer mechanisms respectively in the free radical scavenging process. Both BDE and IP, gave the order of free radical [&hellip;]
- [The Water Vapour Permeability Of Leather Finished By Thermally-Responsive Polyurethane](https://sltc.org/product/the-water-vapour-permeability-of-leather-finished-by-thermally-responsive-polyurethane/): Abstract A water-based thermally-responsive polyurethane (TRPU), based on the crystalline soft segment from the reaction of polycaprolactone diol (PCL) with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and the crystalline hard segment from the reaction of IPDI -1,4-butanediol (BDO) together with dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), was synthesized and used in water vapour permeable leather finishing. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA), water swelling and water vapour permeability (WVP) were measured to evaluate how the structure of PU and the temperature influence the WVP of PU films and finished leathers. In contrast to common polyurethane elastomer (PUE) with an amorphous reversible phase, the [&hellip;]
- [A New Pretanning Agent For High Exhaustion Chrome Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-pretanning-agent-for-high-exhaustion-chrome-tannage/): Abstract A new pretanning agent (HTPA) for high exhaustion chrome tannage 2,4-di-(1-hydroxymethyl-1, 2, 4-triazole-5- thione)-1,5-phthalic acid and 2,5-di-(1-hydroxymethyl-1, 2, 4-triazole-5-thione) -1,4-phthalic acid, has been synthesized from pyromellitic dianhydride and thiosemicarbazide. Its reaction with pelts and its effect on chrome uptake have been studied by applying it to delimed sheepskins and goatskins. The results show that HTPA reacts mainly with the amino groups in collagen to form crosslinks and that the reaction depends on the pH, temperature, time and amount of HTPA. Pelt pretanned with HTPA possesses a higher shrinkage temperature than control pelts. Subsequent chrome tanning results in a significant [&hellip;]
- [Experimental Study Of Separating Cr(VI) Using A Mixed Carrier Emulsion Membrane](https://sltc.org/product/experimental-study-of-separating-crvi-using-a-mixed-carrier-emulsion-membrane/): Abstract This article concerns the experimental study in separating Cr(VI) using an emulsion membrane made with trioctylamine (TOA), secondary capryl alcohol (SCA) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) as the mixed carrier, Span- 80 and Lan-113 blend as the surfactant and kerosene as the membrane solvent. We have optimized the blend of carrier and surfactant and determined the operating conditions, such as Roi (ratio of oil membrane volume/ internal phase) and Rew (Ratio membrane emulsion volume/feed volume), pH of the internal and external phases, the rotation speed and time of emulsion preparation, and the mixing rotation speed (mixing emulsion/ wastewater), all of [&hellip;]
- [Importance Of Using Genuine Leather In Shoe Production In Terms Of Foot Comfort](https://sltc.org/product/importance-of-using-genuine-leather-in-shoe-production-in-terms-of-foot-comfort/): Abstract In this study, 1200 pairs of work shoes were examined that had caused complaints by users due to dampness resulting from perspiration in the shoes. It was determined that the upper leather was box calf, the lining was a polyether urethane-based synthetic textile product having a non-woven structure and the insole was a polymeric material of an ethylene- propylene diene rubber (EPDM)-based foam structure. It was also found that the water vapour permeability and water absorption properties of the synthetic insole used in the manufacturing of the work shoes were quite low. It was concluded that this prevented absorption [&hellip;]
- [Preparation And Analysis Of Collagen Polypeptide From Hides By Enzymes](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-analysis-of-collagen-polypeptide-from-hides-by-enzymes/): Abstract The process of using enzymes to prepare co11agen polypeptide from limed hide offal is described. The factors influencing the processes of hydrolysis were investigated. Determination of molecular weight distribution and isoelectric point etc, allowed us to conclude that the hydrolyzed products of cattle hide prepared using proteases are mainly concentrated at a certain molecular weight, and that the molecular weight distribution of the products depends on the processes of hydrolysis and kinds of enzyme used.
- [The Optimization Of Epoxide-Based Tannage Systems - An Initial Study](https://sltc.org/product/the-optimization-of-epoxide-based-tannage-systems-an-initial-study/): Abstract Liquid epoxide resins have an obvious potential as collagen crosslinkers, in particular as alternatives to the aldehydic-types currently used. In the work reported here, some conditions for the effective use of epoxides in tanning systems have been studied and identified based on hide powder trials. Few commercial aromatic epoxides were found to be water-soluble, and further, have relatively low reaction rates which is another disadvantage. In a series of screening tests, it has been found that an epoxide with aromatic groups in its backbone, when used to treat collagen produces higher hydrothermal stability than collagen treated with an aliphatic [&hellip;]
- [Recycling Of Unhairing Lime Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/recycling-of-unhairing-lime-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Efficient Synthesis Of Chloromethylthiocyanate For Use In Fungicide Production](https://sltc.org/product/efficient-synthesis-of-chloromethylthiocyanate-for-use-in-fungicide-production/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Preparation Of Chrometan Using Low Carbon Alcohol As The Reducing Agent](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-chrometan-using-low-carbon-alcohol-as-the-reducing-agent/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [The Separation Of Hydrolysate Of Enzymesoluble Pigskin By Chromatography And Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis](https://sltc.org/product/the-separation-of-hydrolysate-of-enzymesoluble-pigskin-by-chromatography-and-sodium-dodecyl-sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [The Ideal Finish](https://sltc.org/product/the-ideal-finish/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Oxidative Dechroming Of Leather Shavings Under Ultrasound](https://sltc.org/product/oxidative-dechroming-of-leather-shavings-under-ultrasound/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Removal Of Cr (VI) By An Emulsion Liquid Membrane](https://sltc.org/product/removal-of-cr-vi-by-an-emulsion-liquid-membrane/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Minimization Of Industrial Wastes: Adding Value To Collagenic Materials Procter Memorial Lecture](https://sltc.org/product/minimization-of-industrial-wastes-adding-value-to-collagenic-materials-procter-memorial-lecture/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Hair Saving Unhairing Process. Annex To Part 5 (Figures) Characterisation Of Enzymatic Preparations Applied In Soaking And Unhairing Processes](https://sltc.org/product/hair-saving-unhairing-process-annex-to-part-5-figures-characterisation-of-enzymatic-preparations-applied-in-soaking-and-unhairing-processes/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [The Heterogeneous Interaction Between Sulpho-Syntans and Collagen. Part II: The Parameter of Sulpho-Group Binding](https://sltc.org/product/the-heterogeneous-interaction-between-sulpho-syntans-and-collagen-part-ii-the-parameter-of-sulpho-group-binding/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [The Influence of Compensatory Growth on Certain Hide and Leather Characteristics. Part II. Hide and Leather Yield and Leather Physical Characteristics](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-compensatory-growth-on-certain-hide-and-leather-characteristics-part-ii-hide-and-leather-yield-and-leather-physical-characteristics/): &nbsp;                                                                                        
- [Dry Tannage in Solvent Media](https://sltc.org/product/dry-tannage-in-solvent-media/): &nbsp;                                                                                      
- [Alternatives to Chromium Tanning - Part IV: The Stability of Aluminium and Other Tannages in Acidic Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/alternatives-to-chromium-tanning-part-iv-the-stability-of-aluminium-and-other-tannages-in-acidic-solutions/): &nbsp;                                                                                    
- [The Influence of Compensatory Growth on Certain Hide and Leather Characteristics](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-compensatory-growth-on-certain-hide-and-leather-characteristics/): &nbsp;                                                                                  
- [The Utilisation of a Lactobacillus Culture in the Beamhouse](https://sltc.org/product/the-utilisation-of-a-lactobacillus-culture-in-the-beamhouse/): &nbsp;                                                                                
- [A Comparison of the Dyeing Characteristics of Leather Tanned with Combinations of Mimosa, Aluminium and Glutaraldehyde](https://sltc.org/product/a-comparison-of-the-dyeing-characteristics-of-leather-tanned-with-combinations-of-mimosa-aluminium-and-glutaraldehyde/): &nbsp;                                                                              
- [A Study of the Ageing Characteristics of Mimosa-Al Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-of-the-ageing-characteristics-of-mimosa-al-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                            
- [Trivalent Chromium, A Recyclable Raw Material of the Leather Industry: A Questionable Genotoxic Substance](https://sltc.org/product/trivalent-chromium-a-recyclable-raw-material-of-the-leather-industry-a-questionable-genotoxic-substance/): &nbsp;                                                                          
- [Studies on Enzymatic Unhairing: Part II. The Influence of Alkalisation on the Destruction of the Grain of Pigskins Depilated with a Bacterial Enzymatic Preparation](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-enzymatic-unhairing-part-ii-the-influence-of-alkalisation-on-the-destruction-of-the-grain-of-pigskins-depilated-with-a-bacterial-enzymatic-preparation/): &nbsp;                                                                        
- [Studies on Enzymatic Unhairing: Part I. The Influence of Pigskin Alkalisation on Destruction of Skin Grain During Depilation with Pancreatic Enzymes](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-enzymatic-unhairing-part-i-the-influence-of-pigskin-alkalisation-on-destruction-of-skin-grain-during-depilation-with-pancreatic-enzymes/): &nbsp;                                                                      
- [A Study of the Effect of Decorative Stitches on the Tensile and Lasting Properties of Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-of-the-effect-of-decorative-stitches-on-the-tensile-and-lasting-properties-of-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                    
- [The Complex Ions in Basic Chromium Sulphate Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/the-complex-ions-in-basic-chromium-sulphate-solutions/): &nbsp;                                                                  
- [The Manufacture of Leatherboard](https://sltc.org/product/the-manufacture-of-leatherboard/): &nbsp;                                                                
- [A Simple Approach to Leather Process Investigation Part 4 - The Introduction of Variants in the Drying Process](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-approach-to-leather-process-investigation-part-4-the-introduction-of-variants-in-the-drying-process/): &nbsp;                                                              
- [Leather Shavings Treatment - An Enzymatic Approach](https://sltc.org/product/leather-shavings-treatment-an-enzymatic-approach/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Unhairing With Enzymes](https://sltc.org/product/unhairing-with-enzymes/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Synthetic Organic Tannage Based On Melamine Resin And Thps: Development Of A Semiindustrial Scale Process For High-Quality Bovine Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/synthetic-organic-tannage-based-on-melamine-resin-and-thps-development-of-a-semiindustrial-scale-process-for-high-quality-bovine-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Synthesis And Spectroscopic Characterisation Of The Polygalloyl Esters Of Polyols-Models For Gallotannins](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-spectroscopic-characterisation-of-the-polygalloyl-esters-of-polyols-models-for-gallotannins/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [The Reaction Of Vegetable Tannin-Aldehydecollagen: A Further Understanding Of Vegetable Tanninaldehyde Combination Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-reaction-of-vegetable-tannin-aldehydecollagen-a-further-understanding-of-vegetable-tanninaldehyde-combination-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Stimulation Of The Chrome Tannage Process By Vacuum](https://sltc.org/product/stimulation-of-the-chrome-tannage-process-by-vacuum/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Hair Saving Unhairing Process. Part 5 Characterisation Of Enzymatic Preparations Applied In Soaking And Unhairing Processes](https://sltc.org/product/hair-saving-unhairing-process-part-5-characterisation-of-enzymatic-preparations-applied-in-soaking-and-unhairing-processes/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Influence Of A Synthesized Condensed Polymer As A Pre And Retanning Agent On The Properties Of Buffalo Leather](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-a-synthesized-condensed-polymer-as-a-pre-and-retanning-agent-on-the-properties-of-buffalo-leather/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Modifying Products Of Enzymatic Breakdown Of Chrome-Tanned Leather Wastes With Glutaraldehyde](https://sltc.org/product/modifying-products-of-enzymatic-breakdown-of-chrome-tanned-leather-wastes-with-glutaraldehyde/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Porosity Measurement As A Means Of Determining The Degree Of Processing Of Lamb Pelts](https://sltc.org/product/porosity-measurement-as-a-means-of-determining-the-degree-of-processing-of-lamb-pelts/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Reflections On Research](https://sltc.org/product/reflections-on-research/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Measurement Of Colour Difference In The Leather Dyeing Process With Natural Dyes](https://sltc.org/product/measurement-of-colour-difference-in-the-leather-dyeing-process-with-natural-dyes/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Is 48 Hours Conditioning Prior To Testing Necessary?](https://sltc.org/product/is-48-hours-conditioning-prior-to-testing-necessary/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Countercurrent-Driven Continuous Tanning Of Natural Leather](https://sltc.org/product/countercurrent-driven-continuous-tanning-of-natural-leather/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [So, What Is Wrong With Experimental Design?](https://sltc.org/product/so-what-is-wrong-with-experimental-design/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Factors Influencing Chromium Recovery From Chromium Sulphate Tanned Leather Scrap Ashes](https://sltc.org/product/factors-influencing-chromium-recovery-from-chromium-sulphate-tanned-leather-scrap-ashes/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [On-Line Determination Of Tannic Acid In Leather Wastewater By Flow Injection Spectrophometry](https://sltc.org/product/on-line-determination-of-tannic-acid-in-leather-wastewater-by-flow-injection-spectrophometry/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Determination Of Chromium(VI) With Bordeaux Red By Flow Injection Spectrophotometry](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-chromiumvi-with-bordeaux-red-by-flow-injection-spectrophotometry/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Deliming With Weak Acids: Effects On Leather Quality And Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/deliming-with-weak-acids-effects-on-leather-quality-and-effluent/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Investigation Of The Role Of Some UV Absorbers In The Stabilisation Of Nitrocellulose Topcoats](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-the-role-of-some-uv-absorbers-in-the-stabilisation-of-nitrocellulose-topcoats/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Fluorine-Containing Aqueous Copolymer Emulsion For Waterproof Leather](https://sltc.org/product/fluorine-containing-aqueous-copolymer-emulsion-for-waterproof-leather/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Evaluation Of Environmental Impact Of Typical Leather Chemicals. Part III: Biodegradability Of Vegetable Tannin Extracts By Activated Sludge](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-environmental-impact-of-typical-leather-chemicals-part-iii-biodegradability-of-vegetable-tannin-extracts-by-activated-sludge/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Cross-Linked Polymers For Aqueous Finishing. Binders Crosslinked With Polyaziridine. Part I: Behaviour Of Polyurethane](https://sltc.org/product/cross-linked-polymers-for-aqueous-finishing-binders-crosslinked-with-polyaziridine-part-i-behaviour-of-polyurethane/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Changes In Hydrothermal Stability Of Collagen With Several Catechin-Metal Compounds: A DSC Study](https://sltc.org/product/changes-in-hydrothermal-stability-of-collagen-with-several-catechin-metal-compounds-a-dsc-study/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Recycling Of Reclaimed Tannery Wastewater For Use In Pickling And Chrome-Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/recycling-of-reclaimed-tannery-wastewater-for-use-in-pickling-and-chrome-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Action Of Peracetic Acid On Calcium In Limed Pelt](https://sltc.org/product/action-of-peracetic-acid-on-calcium-in-limed-pelt/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Exploring The Oxidation Of Chromium(III) To Chromium(VI) By Unsaturated Lipids In Leather](https://sltc.org/product/exploring-the-oxidation-of-chromiumiii-to-chromiumvi-by-unsaturated-lipids-in-leather/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Leather Finishing: Preparation And Application Of Cationic Organosilicone/Polyurethane Micro-Emulsion](https://sltc.org/product/leather-finishing-preparation-and-application-of-cationic-organosilicone-polyurethane-micro-emulsion/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Investigation Of Leather Drying By Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-leather-drying-by-dynamic-mechanical-thermal-analysis-dmta/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Use Of Alternative Energy Sources In Tanneries](https://sltc.org/product/use-of-alternative-energy-sources-in-tanneries/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Oil Tan Buff Leather - Man’s First Leather?](https://sltc.org/product/oil-tan-buff-leather-mans-first-leather/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Chamois Leathers - An Approach For Accelerated Oxidation](https://sltc.org/product/chamois-leathers-an-approach-for-accelerated-oxidation/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [A Novel Pickle-Free High Exhaust Chrome Tanning Method - An Approach For Total Dissolved Solids Management](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-pickle-free-high-exhaust-chrome-tanning-method-an-approach-for-total-dissolved-solids-management/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Use Of Ultrasound In Soaking For Improved Efficiency](https://sltc.org/product/use-of-ultrasound-in-soaking-for-improved-efficiency/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Auxiliary Agents With Non-Swelling Capacity Used In Pickling/Tanning Processes: Part 4.](https://sltc.org/product/auxiliary-agents-with-non-swelling-capacity-used-in-pickling-tanning-processes-part-4/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Adsorption Of Dyes From Aqueous Solution By Chromium-Containing Leather Waste](https://sltc.org/product/adsorption-of-dyes-from-aqueous-solution-by-chromium-containing-leather-waste/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Effect Of Vinyl Acetate Grafting On The Dyeability Of Chrome Leather](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-vinyl-acetate-grafting-on-the-dyeability-of-chrome-leather/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Phosphate Modified Lanolin Fatliquors Produced By A Sustained-Release Method](https://sltc.org/product/phosphate-modified-lanolin-fatliquors-produced-by-a-sustained-release-method/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Use Of Waste Collagen As A Filler For Rubber Compounds](https://sltc.org/product/use-of-waste-collagen-as-a-filler-for-rubber-compounds/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [The Three Pot Solution For Chromium, Tannins And Solid Wastes: Recovery And Reuse Technique For Spent Semi-Chrome Liquor And Chrome Shavings](https://sltc.org/product/the-three-pot-solution-for-chromium-tannins-and-solid-wastes-recovery-and-reuse-technique-for-spent-semi-chrome-liquor-and-chrome-shavings/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Amino Acid Analysis By Low Pressure Ion Chromatography With Conductivity Detection](https://sltc.org/product/amino-acid-analysis-by-low-pressure-ion-chromatography-with-conductivity-detection/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Auxiliary Agents With Non-Swelling Capacity Used In Pickling/Tanning Processes: Part 3.](https://sltc.org/product/auxiliary-agents-with-non-swelling-capacity-used-in-pickling-tanning-processes-part-3/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Impact Of The Mechanical Properties Of Nappa Clothing Leather On The Characteristics Of Its Use](https://sltc.org/product/impact-of-the-mechanical-properties-of-nappa-clothing-leather-on-the-characteristics-of-its-use/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [The Use Of Acoustic Emission To Detect Grain Crack During The Lastometer Test](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-acoustic-emission-to-detect-grain-crack-during-the-lastometer-test/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [A Comparative Study Of Uniaxial And Biaxial Breaking Stress And Strain Profiles Of Goat Upper](https://sltc.org/product/a-comparative-study-of-uniaxial-and-biaxial-breaking-stress-and-strain-profiles-of-goat-upper/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Bookbinding Leather: Yesterday, Today And Perhaps Tomorrow Wolstenholme Memorial Lecture 2000](https://sltc.org/product/bookbinding-leather-yesterday-today-and-perhaps-tomorrow-wolstenholme-memorial-lecture-2000/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Microscopy Methods To Study Lipase Degreasing Part 2: A Study Of The Interaction Of Ovine Cutaneous Adipocytes With Lipase Enzymes Using Microscopy](https://sltc.org/product/microscopy-methods-to-study-lipase-degreasing-part-2-a-study-of-the-interaction-of-ovine-cutaneous-adipocytes-with-lipase-enzymes-using-microscopy/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Hair-Saving Unhairing Process Part 2. Immunization Phenomenon](https://sltc.org/product/hair-saving-unhairing-process-part-2-immunization-phenomenon/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Theory And Mechanism Of Tanning: Present Thinking And Future Implications For Industry](https://sltc.org/product/theory-and-mechanism-of-tanning-present-thinking-and-future-implications-for-industry/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Oxidising Degradation Of Valonia Extract And Utilisation Of The Products. PART 2. Combination Tannages of Degraded Product Using 10% H2O2 With Cr(III) And AI(III)](https://sltc.org/product/oxidising-degradation-of-valonia-extract-and-utilisation-of-the-products-part-2-combination-tannages-of-degraded-product-using-10-h2o2-with-criii-and-aiiii/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Low Pressure Ion Chromatography In Complex Chemistry](https://sltc.org/product/low-pressure-ion-chromatography-in-complex-chemistry/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Microscopy Methods To Study Fat Cells Part 1: Characterisation Of Ovine Cutaneous Lipids Using Microscopy](https://sltc.org/product/microscopy-methods-to-study-fat-cells-part-1-characterisation-of-ovine-cutaneous-lipids-using-microscopy/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Hair-Saving Unhairing Process Part 1. Epidermis And The Characteristics Of Bovine Hair](https://sltc.org/product/hair-saving-unhairing-process-part-1-epidermis-and-the-characteristics-of-bovine-hair/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Quality Leather versus Effluent: A Fresh Approach](https://sltc.org/product/quality-leather-versus-effluent-a-fresh-approach/): &nbsp;                                                            
- [Effect of Chrome Tanning on the Thermal Degradation of Hide Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-chrome-tanning-on-the-thermal-degradation-of-hide-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                          
- [Physico-Chemical Study on Micelle Formation of Chromium-Aluminium Synthetic Tanning Materials in Various Environments and at Various Temperatures and Its Application to Leather](https://sltc.org/product/physico-chemical-study-on-micelle-formation-of-chromium-aluminium-synthetic-tanning-materials-in-various-environments-and-at-various-temperatures-and-its-application-to-leather/): &nbsp;                                                        
- [The Detection of Sperm Oil in Leather and Oil Mixtures](https://sltc.org/product/the-detection-of-sperm-oil-in-leather-and-oil-mixtures/): &nbsp;                                                      
- [Wet-Blue Leather Microflora and Its Growth](https://sltc.org/product/wet-blue-leather-microflora-and-its-growth/): &nbsp;                                                    
- [Determination of the Water Content of a Ketone-Containing Lacquer Solvent Mixture](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-the-water-content-of-a-ketone-containing-lacquer-solvent-mixture/): &nbsp;                                                  
- [An Investigation Into the Manufacture of Hide Powder](https://sltc.org/product/an-investigation-into-the-manufacture-of-hide-powder/): &nbsp;                                                
- [Air Permeability of Shoe Upper Leathers Part 2](https://sltc.org/product/air-permeability-of-shoe-upper-leathers-part-2/): &nbsp;                                              
- [Air Permeability of Shoe Upper Leather Part 1](https://sltc.org/product/air-permeability-of-shoe-upper-leather-part-1/): &nbsp;                                            
- [Methods for the Analysis for Pickled Pelts](https://sltc.org/product/methods-for-the-analysis-for-pickled-pelts/): &nbsp;                                          
- [Chromium (III) Adsorption on Smectite from a Tanning Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/chromium-iii-adsorption-on-smectite-from-a-tanning-wastewater/): &nbsp;                                        
- [Effect of Strain Rate on Crosslinked Collagen Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-strain-rate-on-crosslinked-collagen-fibres/): &nbsp;                                      
- [One Hundred Years Service to the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/one-hundred-years-service-to-the-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                    
- [Traditional Glazed Kid Manufacture - A Lost Art in the U.K.](https://sltc.org/product/traditional-glazed-kid-manufacture-a-lost-art-in-the-u-k/): &nbsp;                                  
- [Partial Purification of an Extracellular Protease Produced by Proteus Vulgaris](https://sltc.org/product/partial-purification-of-an-extracellular-protease-produced-by-proteus-vulgaris/): &nbsp;                                
- [The Grouping of Operations According to Workplaces on the Production Line](https://sltc.org/product/the-grouping-of-operations-according-to-workplaces-on-the-production-line/): &nbsp;                              
- [Shape Stabilization in Footwear Part 1: Study of Set Properties in Ovine Upper Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/shape-stabilization-in-footwear-part-1-study-of-set-properties-in-ovine-upper-leathers/): &nbsp;                            
- [Identification of Benzidine Based Dyes and Non-Benzidine Based Dyes by Gas Chromatography with Mass Selective Detector](https://sltc.org/product/identification-of-benzidine-based-dyes-and-non-benzidine-based-dyes-by-gas-chromatography-with-mass-selective-detector/): &nbsp;                          
- [Determination of Hydrothermal Stability (Shrinkage Temperature) of Historical Leather by the Micro Hot Table Technique](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-hydrothermal-stability-shrinkage-temperature-of-historical-leather-by-the-micro-hot-table-technique/): &nbsp;                        
- [Optimization of the Chrome Tanning Process: Influence of Three Types of Commercially Available Masking Agents](https://sltc.org/product/optimization-of-the-chrome-tanning-process-influence-of-three-types-of-commercially-available-masking-agents/): &nbsp;                      
- [A Fast and Efficient HPLC Method for the Separation of Chromium Complexes in Chrome Tanning Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/a-fast-and-efficient-hplc-method-for-the-separation-of-chromium-complexes-in-chrome-tanning-solutions/): &nbsp;                    
- [A New Non-Destructive Leather Softness Test](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-non-destructive-leather-softness-test/): &nbsp;                  
- [Keratin Recovered From Tannery Wastes As A Filler For Rubber Mixes](https://sltc.org/product/keratin-recovered-from-tannery-wastes-as-a-filler-for-rubber-mixes/): &nbsp;                
- [Studies of Vegetable Tannins. Complete Structural Determination of Two Chestnut Tannins - Vescalagin and Castalagin Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Methods](https://sltc.org/product/studies-of-vegetable-tannins-complete-structural-determination-of-two-chestnut-tannins-vescalagin-and-castalagin-using-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopic-methods/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                  
- [Planar Chromatographic Analysis of Leather Dyes - A Review](https://sltc.org/product/planar-chromatographic-analysis-of-leather-dyes-a-review/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                
- [Experimental Evaluation of the Microwave Drying of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/experimental-evaluation-of-the-microwave-drying-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                              
- [Testing the Characteristics of Industrial Footwear Production](https://sltc.org/product/testing-the-characteristics-of-industrial-footwear-production/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                            
- [Determination of Optimal Daily Production as a Function of Development Management](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-optimal-daily-production-as-a-function-of-development-management/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                          
- [Computer Based Technology for Vegetable Tannin Extraction](https://sltc.org/product/computer-based-technology-for-vegetable-tannin-extraction/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                        
- [Clean Technology for Tannage with Chromium Salts. Part 3: Cost Analysis and Integration into Different Manufacturing Processes](https://sltc.org/product/clean-technology-for-tannage-with-chromium-salts-part-3-cost-analysis-and-integration-into-different-manufacturing-processes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                      
- [Carbon Dioxide Deliming - An Environmentally Friendly Option for Indian Tanneries](https://sltc.org/product/carbon-dioxide-deliming-an-environmentally-friendly-option-for-indian-tanneries/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                    
- [Age and Chemical Related Changes in Red Deer Skin Part I Tensile Properties](https://sltc.org/product/age-and-chemical-related-changes-in-red-deer-skin-part-i-tensile-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                  
- [Vegetable Tanning in Apolar Solvent Media](https://sltc.org/product/vegetable-tanning-in-apolar-solvent-media/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                
- [Vegetable Tannage - Past, Present and Future](https://sltc.org/product/vegetable-tannage-past-present-and-future/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                              
- [Preparation And Application Of A Nanocomposite Tanning Agent - RNS/P(MAA-BA)](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-application-of-a-nanocomposite-tanning-agent-rns-pmaa-ba/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Determination Of Volatile Phenol In Tannery Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-volatile-phenol-in-tannery-effluent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Modification Of Collagen Hydrolysate By EDAC](https://sltc.org/product/modification-of-collagen-hydrolysate-by-edac/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Analysis Of Gallotannin In The Tanning Substances Of Sumac Part 2: Titrimetric Method For The Determination Of Gallotannin In Residual Solutions From Sumac Extract Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-gallotannin-in-the-tanning-substances-of-sumac-part-2-titrimetric-method-for-the-determination-of-gallotannin-in-residual-solutions-from-sumac-extract-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Evaluation Of Environmental Impact Of Typical Leather Chemicals. Part I: Biodegradability Of Fatliquors In Activated Sludge Treatment](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-environmental-impact-of-typical-leather-chemicals-part-i-biodegradability-of-fatliquors-in-activated-sludge-treatment/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Natural And Synthetic Leather: A Microstructural Comparison](https://sltc.org/product/natural-and-synthetic-leather-a-microstructural-comparison/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Link-Lock: An Explanation Of The Chemical Stabilisation Of Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/link-lock-an-explanation-of-the-chemical-stabilisation-of-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Influence Of Sweat On Hide And Leather](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-sweat-on-hide-and-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Stable Aluminium Tannage With A Copolymer Of N-Thioureidomaleinamic Acid With Acrylic Acid](https://sltc.org/product/stable-aluminium-tannage-with-a-copolymer-of-n-thioureidomaleinamic-acid-with-acrylic-acid/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [A Reliable Method To Determine Sulfide In Tannery Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/a-reliable-method-to-determine-sulfide-in-tannery-effluent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Determination Of Surfactants In Leather Wastewater By Flow Injection Spectrophotometry](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-surfactants-in-leather-wastewater-by-flow-injection-spectrophotometry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Modification Of A Fleshing Machine For Green Fleshing](https://sltc.org/product/modification-of-a-fleshing-machine-for-green-fleshing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Analysis Of Al2O3 In Solutions And Leathers Part III: Spectrophotometric Method For Determination Of Al2O3 In Vegetable-Aluminum Tanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-al2o3-in-solutions-and-leathers-part-iii-spectrophotometric-method-for-determination-of-al2o3-in-vegetable-aluminum-tanned-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Cr(VI) Formation In Double-Face Sheepskins: Effect Of Chromium Level And Ironing Temperature](https://sltc.org/product/crvi-formation-in-double-face-sheepskins-effect-of-chromium-level-and-ironing-temperature/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Use Of Cangilones Drums To Give Water And Energy Savings In The Beamhouse](https://sltc.org/product/use-of-cangilones-drums-to-give-water-and-energy-savings-in-the-beamhouse/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Pressure Wet Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Of Chromium Sludge](https://sltc.org/product/pressure-wet-hydrogen-peroxide-oxidation-of-chromium-sludge/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [A Survey Of Current Bookbinding Leathers: Part 2 Organoleptic Properties](https://sltc.org/product/a-survey-of-current-bookbinding-leathers-part-2-organoleptic-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Synthesis And Application Of Urea Paraformaldehyde Polymer As A Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-application-of-urea-paraformaldehyde-polymer-as-a-tanning-agent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [The Stanley Wolstenholme Memorial Lecture. The Challenge Of Change](https://sltc.org/product/the-stanley-wolstenholme-memorial-lecture-the-challenge-of-change/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Studies On Water Dispersible Products Based On Sulphitation Of Wool Wax By Trichlorosilyl Sulphite Reagent](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-water-dispersible-products-based-on-sulphitation-of-wool-wax-by-trichlorosilyl-sulphite-reagent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Auxiliary Agents With Non-Swelling Capacity Used In Pickling/Tanning Processes. Part 2.](https://sltc.org/product/auxiliary-agents-with-non-swelling-capacity-used-in-pickling-tanning-processes-part-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Collagen Hydrolysate: ‘Soluble Skin’ Applied In Post-Tanning Processes Part 2: Interaction With Acrylic Retanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/collagen-hydrolysate-soluble-skin-applied-in-post-tanning-processes-part-2-interaction-with-acrylic-retanning-agents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Chrome Free Tannages : Part I Preliminary Studies](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-free-tannages-part-i-preliminary-studies/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Changes To Surface Flaws On Deer Hides During Processing To Garment Leather](https://sltc.org/product/changes-to-surface-flaws-on-deer-hides-during-processing-to-garment-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [A Survey Of Current Bookbinding Leathers: Part 1 Chemical And Physical Properties](https://sltc.org/product/a-survey-of-current-bookbinding-leathers-part-1-chemical-and-physical-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Deer Leather As A Material For Outerwear](https://sltc.org/product/deer-leather-as-a-material-for-outerwear/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Characterisation Of Peroxide Value In Natural Oils And Fats By Fourier Transform Spectroscopy](https://sltc.org/product/characterisation-of-peroxide-value-in-natural-oils-and-fats-by-fourier-transform-spectroscopy/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Alternative Treatments For Footwear Industry Liquid Effluents Part 3 - Pressure Wet Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation](https://sltc.org/product/alternative-treatments-for-footwear-industry-liquid-effluents-part-3-pressure-wet-hydrogen-peroxide-oxidation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Investigation Of The Influence Of Tanningfatliquoring Preparations On Collagen By Infrared Spectroscopy](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-the-influence-of-tanningfatliquoring-preparations-on-collagen-by-infrared-spectroscopy/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Auxiliary Agents With Non-Swelling Capacity Used In Pickling/Tanning Processes. Part I.](https://sltc.org/product/auxiliary-agents-with-non-swelling-capacity-used-in-pickling-tanning-processes-part-i/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Influence Of Dietary Protein Content On Physical Properties Of Blue-Fox Skins](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-dietary-protein-content-on-physical-properties-of-blue-fox-skins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [The Need For Improved Fungicides For Wet-Blue](https://sltc.org/product/the-need-for-improved-fungicides-for-wet-blue/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Examination Of Salt Quality Of Sereflíkoçhísar Lake Used In The Turkish Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/examination-of-salt-quality-of-sereflikochisar-lake-used-in-the-turkish-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Development Of Natural Colours In Cr-Fe Tanned Garment Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-natural-colours-in-cr-fe-tanned-garment-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Alternative Treatments For Footwear Industry Liquid Effluents Part 2 - Pressure Wet Oxygen Oxidation](https://sltc.org/product/alternative-treatments-for-footwear-industry-liquid-effluents-part-2-pressure-wet-oxygen-oxidation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Alternative Treatments For Footwear Industry Liquid Effluents Part 1 - Classical Approach](https://sltc.org/product/alternative-treatments-for-footwear-industry-liquid-effluents-part-1-classical-approach/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Modification Of Starch And Its Application In Leather Making](https://sltc.org/product/modification-of-starch-and-its-application-in-leather-making/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Engendering Technological Innovation In The Nigerian Traditional Tanning Sector](https://sltc.org/product/engendering-technological-innovation-in-the-nigerian-traditional-tanning-sector/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Lime-Free Unhairing: Part 4 - Influence Of Unhairing Method On Dermatan Sulphate And Microscopical Investigation Of Pelt And Leather](https://sltc.org/product/lime-free-unhairing-part-4-influence-of-unhairing-method-on-dermatan-sulphate-and-microscopical-investigation-of-pelt-and-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Castor Oil/Rubberseed Oil Blend As A Leather Lubricant](https://sltc.org/product/castor-oil-rubberseed-oil-blend-as-a-leather-lubricant/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [The Correlation Between The Comonomer Ratios Of Vinyl Polymer Tannages And Their Application Properties](https://sltc.org/product/the-correlation-between-the-comonomer-ratios-of-vinyl-polymer-tannages-and-their-application-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Combination Tannage with Vegetable and Aluminium Salts: Glace Kid for Ladies Shoe Uppers](https://sltc.org/product/combination-tannage-with-vegetable-and-aluminium-salts-glace-kid-for-ladies-shoe-uppers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                            
- [Chitosan in Leather Production Part 5: The Enhancement of Uptake of Direct Dyes and Sulphur Dyes on Heavily Retanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/chitosan-in-leather-production-part-5-the-enhancement-of-uptake-of-direct-dyes-and-sulphur-dyes-on-heavily-retanned-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                          
- [Affinity of Chromium Complexes Separated from Masked Chrome Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/affinity-of-chromium-complexes-separated-from-masked-chrome-solutions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                        
- [Application of Cr(III) Hydrolytic Oligomers in Leather Tanning Part 1. Effect of Sulphate on the Tanning Properties of Dimer and Trimer](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-criii-hydrolytic-oligomers-in-leather-tanning-part-1-effect-of-sulphate-on-the-tanning-properties-of-dimer-and-trimer/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                      
- [Tanning Analysis - A 130 Year Old Problem](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-analysis-a-130-year-old-problem/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                    
- [Chitosan in Leather Production Part 1: Interaction of Chitosan with Hide Powder and Lightly Retanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/chitosan-in-leather-production-part-1-interaction-of-chitosan-with-hide-powder-and-lightly-retanned-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                  
- [A Study of the Aqueous Degreasing of Australian Woolly Sheepskins Using Nonionic Surfactants. Part 1: Effect of Surfactant Type and Treatment Conditions](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-of-the-aqueous-degreasing-of-australian-woolly-sheepskins-using-nonionic-surfactants-part-1-effect-of-surfactant-type-and-treatment-conditions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                
- [Changes in the Chromium Complex Composition of Masked Chrome Solutions During Tannage and Affinity of Various Chromium Complexes for Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/changes-in-the-chromium-complex-composition-of-masked-chrome-solutions-during-tannage-and-affinity-of-various-chromium-complexes-for-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                              
- [The Impact of Air Pollution Controls on Tannery Operations](https://sltc.org/product/the-impact-of-air-pollution-controls-on-tannery-operations/): &nbsp;                                                                                                            
- [Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Determining Water Resistance](https://sltc.org/product/attenuated-total-reflectance-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-for-determining-water-resistance/): &nbsp;                                                                                                          
- [Grain Strain in Sheepskins Produced During Flaying: Part I](https://sltc.org/product/grain-strain-in-sheepskins-produced-during-flaying-part-i/): &nbsp;                                                                                                        
- [Chrome Free Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-free-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                      
- [The Future for Leather Chemists' Societies](https://sltc.org/product/the-future-for-leather-chemists-societies/): &nbsp;                                                                                                    
- [Mathematical Model of the Soaking Process Part II](https://sltc.org/product/mathematical-model-of-the-soaking-process-part-ii/): &nbsp;                                                                                                  
- [Improved Uptake of Basic Chromium Salts in Tanning Operations Using Keratin Hydrolysate](https://sltc.org/product/improved-uptake-of-basic-chromium-salts-in-tanning-operations-using-keratin-hydrolysate/): &nbsp;                                                                                                
- [An Investigation into Differences in Properties of Leathers Produced from Chrome Recycling and Conventional Chrome Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/an-investigation-into-differences-in-properties-of-leathers-produced-from-chrome-recycling-and-conventional-chrome-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                              
- [Early Leather Trades’ Engineers of Leeds, Part IV. Farrar, Whitley & Co. and Farrar & Young](https://sltc.org/product/early-leather-trades-engineers-of-leeds-part-iv-farrar-whitley-co-and-farrar-young/): &nbsp;                                                                                            
- [Can E-Commerce Replace Conventional Trading](https://sltc.org/product/can-e-commerce-replace-conventional-trading/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Determination Of The Effect Of Treatment Against Sarcoptic Mange On Goat Skin, Body Weight Gain And Mortality](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-the-effect-of-treatment-against-sarcoptic-mange-on-goat-skin-body-weight-gain-and-mortality/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Oxidising Unhairing Process With Hair Recovery](https://sltc.org/product/oxidising-unhairing-process-with-hair-recovery/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Chromium Sulphate Recovery In A Triple-Effect Evaporator](https://sltc.org/product/chromium-sulphate-recovery-in-a-triple-effect-evaporator/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Systematic Analysis Of Material Fluxes At Tanneries](https://sltc.org/product/systematic-analysis-of-material-fluxes-at-tanneries/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Enter The Root-Zone: Green Technology For The Leather Manufacturer](https://sltc.org/product/enter-the-root-zone-green-technology-for-the-leather-manufacturer/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [The Effect On Bending Stiffness Of Drying Leather Under Strain](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-on-bending-stiffness-of-drying-leather-under-strain/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Automatic On-Line Determination Of Trace Chromium(VI) In Chromium(III)-Bearing Samples By Reverse Adsorption Process](https://sltc.org/product/automatic-on-line-determination-of-trace-chromiumvi-in-chromiumiii-bearing-samples-by-reverse-adsorption-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Cross-Linking Phosphoric Acid Hydrolysates Of Collagen With Cyanuric Chloride](https://sltc.org/product/cross-linking-phosphoric-acid-hydrolysates-of-collagen-with-cyanuric-chloride/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Reaction Mechanism Of Gelatin And Tannic Acid: Investigation By Spectrofluorimetry](https://sltc.org/product/reaction-mechanism-of-gelatin-and-tannic-acid-investigation-by-spectrofluorimetry/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [The Influence Of Salicylic-Metal Compounds On The Hydrothermal Stability Of Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-salicylic-metal-compounds-on-the-hydrothermal-stability-of-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Tanning With Natural Polymeric Materials. Part II: Efficiency Of Dialdehyde Sodium Alginate As A Bi-Functional Cross-Linking Agent](https://sltc.org/product/tanning-with-natural-polymeric-materials-part-ii-efficiency-of-dialdehyde-sodium-alginate-as-a-bi-functional-cross-linking-agent/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Evaluation Of Environmental Impact Of Typical Leather Chemicals. Part II: Biodegradability Of Organic Tanning Agents By Activated Sludge](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-environmental-impact-of-typical-leather-chemicals-part-ii-biodegradability-of-organic-tanning-agents-by-activated-sludge/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Extracellular Protease Activities Of Extremely Halophilic Archaea And Their Control Via Direct Electric Current](https://sltc.org/product/extracellular-protease-activities-of-extremely-halophilic-archaea-and-their-control-via-direct-electric-current/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [The Challenges Of The Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/the-challenges-of-the-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Aliphatic Anionic Polyurethane Microemulsion Leather Filling-Retanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/aliphatic-anionic-polyurethane-microemulsion-leather-filling-retanning-agent/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Inhibiting Lipolytic Haloarchaeal Damage On Brine Cured Hides With Halocin Producer Strains](https://sltc.org/product/inhibiting-lipolytic-haloarchaeal-damage-on-brine-cured-hides-with-halocin-producer-strains/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Evaluating Combinations Of Leather Fungicides By Inhibition Zone](https://sltc.org/product/evaluating-combinations-of-leather-fungicides-by-inhibition-zone/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Gaseous Efficiency Of Methane Fermentation Of Chromium-Free Tannery Wastes](https://sltc.org/product/gaseous-efficiency-of-methane-fermentation-of-chromium-free-tannery-wastes/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Removal Of Cr(VI) By Emulsion Liquid Membrane Technology](https://sltc.org/product/removal-of-crvi-by-emulsion-liquid-membrane-technology/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Analytical Control Of Leather Fat By Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy](https://sltc.org/product/analytical-control-of-leather-fat-by-near-infrared-reflectance-spectroscopy/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Augmentation Of Garment Sheepskin Type Properties In Goatskins: Role Of Chromium-Silica Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/augmentation-of-garment-sheepskin-type-properties-in-goatskins-role-of-chromium-silica-tanning-agent/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Leather Powder As An Agent For Removing Environmentally Hazardous Organic Compounds](https://sltc.org/product/leather-powder-as-an-agent-for-removing-environmentally-hazardous-organic-compounds/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Removal Of Vegetable Extracts By The Use Of Activated Clays](https://sltc.org/product/removal-of-vegetable-extracts-by-the-use-of-activated-clays/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Effect Of Different Tanning Agents On The Degree Of Grafting Onto Hide](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-different-tanning-agents-on-the-degree-of-grafting-onto-hide/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [An Optimization Study Of The Graft Polymerization Of HEMA Onto Leather](https://sltc.org/product/an-optimization-study-of-the-graft-polymerization-of-hema-onto-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [An Integrated Eco-Friendly Tanning Method For The Manufacture Of Upper Leathers From Goatskins](https://sltc.org/product/an-integrated-eco-friendly-tanning-method-for-the-manufacture-of-upper-leathers-from-goatskins/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Influence Of Various Waterproofing Agents On Water And Water Vapour Absorption And Permeability](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-various-waterproofing-agents-on-water-and-water-vapour-absorption-and-permeability/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Investigation Of Tartaric Acid/Copper Sulphate Mixture As A Light Stabilizer In Leather Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-tartaric-acid-copper-sulphate-mixture-as-a-light-stabilizer-in-leather-dyeing/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Application Of An Enzymatic Bate From Local Materials](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-an-enzymatic-bate-from-local-materials/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [The Preparation And Application Of A Montmorillonite-Based Nanocomposite In Leather Making](https://sltc.org/product/the-preparation-and-application-of-a-montmorillonite-based-nanocomposite-in-leather-making/): &nbsp;                                                                                          
- [Application Of Ft-Infrared Spectroscopy To The Study Of Structural Changes Of Leather During Tannery Processing](https://sltc.org/product/application-of-ft-infrared-spectroscopy-to-the-study-of-structural-changes-of-leather-during-tannery-processing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Synthesis And Antifungal Activity Of Cypermethric Acid Derivatives](https://sltc.org/product/synthesis-and-antifungal-activity-of-cypermethric-acid-derivatives/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Syntheses And Fungicidal Evaluation Of Compounds Analogous To 1,3-Oxazine](https://sltc.org/product/syntheses-and-fungicidal-evaluation-of-compounds-analogous-to-13-oxazine/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Investigation Of Model Tanning/Fatliquoring Preparations](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-model-tanning-fatliquoring-preparations/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Spectrophotometric Determination Of Chromium In Leather Using Diphenyl Carbazide And Malachite Green](https://sltc.org/product/spectrophotometric-determination-of-chromium-in-leather-using-diphenyl-carbazide-and-malachite-green/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Hydrolysis Of Chrome Shavings: Application Of Collagen Hydrolysate And “Acrylic-Protein” In Post Tanning Operations](https://sltc.org/product/hydrolysis-of-chrome-shavings-application-of-collagen-hydrolysate-and-acrylic-protein-in-post-tanning-operations/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Study On Compatibility Of Acid Dyes: Assessment Using A Computer Colour Matching System](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-compatibility-of-acid-dyes-assessment-using-a-computer-colour-matching-system/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Resolution Of Scatter Cockle On Pickled Pelts And Crust Leather After Treatment Of Lambs To Remove Lice](https://sltc.org/product/resolution-of-scatter-cockle-on-pickled-pelts-and-crust-leather-after-treatment-of-lambs-to-remove-lice/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Development And Application Of Speciality Wattle Extracts](https://sltc.org/product/the-development-and-application-of-speciality-wattle-extracts/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Liming Process Using Hydrogen Peroxide](https://sltc.org/product/liming-process-using-hydrogen-peroxide/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Use Of NaOH For Unhairing Hides And The Influence Of The Addition Of Salts On The Process And On The Hide Properties](https://sltc.org/product/use-of-naoh-for-unhairing-hides-and-the-influence-of-the-addition-of-salts-on-the-process-and-on-the-hide-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [1897 And All That* The Conference Which Started It All](https://sltc.org/product/1897-and-all-that-the-conference-which-started-it-all/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Investigation Of The Reductive Metabolism Of The Azo Dye ‘Coriacide Black SB’ In Rats](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-the-reductive-metabolism-of-the-azo-dye-coriacide-black-sb-in-rats/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Vegetable Tannage: Where Do The Tannins Go?](https://sltc.org/product/vegetable-tannage-where-do-the-tannins-go/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Shape Stabilization In Footwear. Part 2: Behaviour Of Different Upper Materials And Industrial Application](https://sltc.org/product/shape-stabilization-in-footwear-part-2-behaviour-of-different-upper-materials-and-industrial-application/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Dehairing Enzyme By Solid State Fermentation](https://sltc.org/product/dehairing-enzyme-by-solid-state-fermentation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Importance Of Skin In The Preservation Of The Jewish And Christian Scriptures](https://sltc.org/product/the-importance-of-skin-in-the-preservation-of-the-jewish-and-christian-scriptures/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Strategies For The Footwear Industry In Spain](https://sltc.org/product/strategies-for-the-footwear-industry-in-spain/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [How To Improve Hide And Pelt Quality](https://sltc.org/product/how-to-improve-hide-and-pelt-quality/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Beamhouse And Tanning Operations: Process Chemistry Revisited](https://sltc.org/product/beamhouse-and-tanning-operations-process-chemistry-revisited/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Influence Of The Fat Composition Of Greasy Leathers On Their Bonding Capacity](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-the-fat-composition-of-greasy-leathers-on-their-bonding-capacity/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Study Of The Modification Of Emblic Extract By Aminomethylation](https://sltc.org/product/study-of-the-modification-of-emblic-extract-by-aminomethylation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Isolation Of Protein Products From Chromium-Containing Leather Waste Using Two Consecutive Enzymes And Purification Of Final Chromium Product: Pilot Plant Studies](https://sltc.org/product/isolation-of-protein-products-from-chromium-containing-leather-waste-using-two-consecutive-enzymes-and-purification-of-final-chromium-product-pilot-plant-studies/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [High Stability Organic Tanning Using Plant Polyphenols. Part 2. The Mechanism Of The Vegetable Tannin-Oxazolidine Tannage.](https://sltc.org/product/high-stability-organic-tanning-using-plant-polyphenols-part-2-the-mechanism-of-the-vegetable-tannin-oxazolidine-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Determining Suitability Of Leather For Garments](https://sltc.org/product/determining-suitability-of-leather-for-garments/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Minimising The Environmental Impact Of Chrome Tanning: The “Thrublu” Process](https://sltc.org/product/minimising-the-environmental-impact-of-chrome-tanning-the-thrublu-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Scanning Probe Microscopy A Useful Tool In Leather Research](https://sltc.org/product/scanning-probe-microscopy-a-useful-tool-in-leather-research/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Molecular Modelling Of Tanning Processes](https://sltc.org/product/molecular-modelling-of-tanning-processes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Risk Assessment Of Leather Dyestuffs](https://sltc.org/product/risk-assessment-of-leather-dyestuffs/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Chemical And Physical Interactions Involved In Leather Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/chemical-and-physical-interactions-involved-in-leather-dyeing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Extraction Of Value Added Byproducts From The Treatment Of Chromium Containing Collagenous Leather Industry Waste](https://sltc.org/product/extraction-of-value-added-byproducts-from-the-treatment-of-chromium-containing-collagenous-leather-industry-waste/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Foam Systems—A Novel Type Of Finishing Technology](https://sltc.org/product/foam-systems-a-novel-type-of-finishing-technology/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Studies Of Vegetable Tannins. Characterisation Of Commercial Chestnut Tannin Extract](https://sltc.org/product/studies-of-vegetable-tannins-characterisation-of-commercial-chestnut-tannin-extract/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Odour Control In Leather Production](https://sltc.org/product/odour-control-in-leather-production/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [A New Process Of Leather Dyeing In Solvent Medium](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-process-of-leather-dyeing-in-solvent-medium/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Side Reactions From The Reduction Of Azo Dyes With Dithionite](https://sltc.org/product/side-reactions-from-the-reduction-of-azo-dyes-with-dithionite/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Environmental Impact Of Waste Chromium Of Tannery Agglomerates In The East Calcutta Wetland Ecosystem](https://sltc.org/product/the-environmental-impact-of-waste-chromium-of-tannery-agglomerates-in-the-east-calcutta-wetland-ecosystem/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Chrome-Free Tannage By Sequential Treatment With Synthetic Resins And Aluminium Or Titanium](https://sltc.org/product/chrome-free-tannage-by-sequential-treatment-with-synthetic-resins-and-aluminium-or-titanium/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [A Novel Chromium-Iron Tanning Agent: Cross-Fertilization In Solo Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-chromium-iron-tanning-agent-cross-fertilization-in-solo-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [A New Methodology For The Rapid Determination Of Chromium In Tanning Floats](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-methodology-for-the-rapid-determination-of-chromium-in-tanning-floats/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Potential Chemical Mechanisms Causing False Positive Results In Hexavalent Chromium Determination](https://sltc.org/product/potential-chemical-mechanisms-causing-false-positive-results-in-hexavalent-chromium-determination/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Development Of A Leather Processing Method In Narrow pH Profile: Part 1. Standardisation Of Dehairing Process](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-a-leather-processing-method-in-narrow-ph-profile-part-1-standardisation-of-dehairing-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Using Ashes From Incineration Of Chromium Sulphate Tanned Leather Scrap Part 1: Characterization Of Ashes And Chromium Extraction](https://sltc.org/product/using-ashes-from-incineration-of-chromium-sulphate-tanned-leather-scrap-part-1-characterization-of-ashes-and-chromium-extraction/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Removal By An Adsorbent Resin Of Non-Ionic Surfactants Used In Tannery Processes](https://sltc.org/product/removal-by-an-adsorbent-resin-of-non-ionic-surfactants-used-in-tannery-processes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Thermal Properties Of Leather And Their Relation To Structural, Mechanical And Handle Characteristics](https://sltc.org/product/thermal-properties-of-leather-and-their-relation-to-structural-mechanical-and-handle-characteristics/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Oxidising Degradation Of Valonia Extract And Utilisation Of The Products. Part 1. Oxidising Degradation Of Valonia Extract And Characterisation Of The Products](https://sltc.org/product/oxidising-degradation-of-valonia-extract-and-utilisation-of-the-products-part-1-oxidising-degradation-of-valonia-extract-and-characterisation-of-the-products/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Determination Of Trace Chromium (VI) Ion In Chrome Tanning Agents By Flow Injection Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-trace-chromium-vi-ion-in-chrome-tanning-agents-by-flow-injection-analysis/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Measurement Of Elastin Content In Skin Tissue And Process Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/measurement-of-elastin-content-in-skin-tissue-and-process-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Input/Output Analysis At A Chilean Tannery](https://sltc.org/product/input-output-analysis-at-a-chilean-tannery/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Effect Of Artificial Heat Ageing On The Humidity Sorption Of Parchment And Leathers Compared With Archaeological Samples](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-artificial-heat-ageing-on-the-humidity-sorption-of-parchment-and-leathers-compared-with-archaeological-samples/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Investigation Of A Test For Leather Bagginess (Retained Set)](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-a-test-for-leather-bagginess-retained-set/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Determination Of The Tanning Capacity Of A Rhus Coriaria L. Extract And Its Antioxidant Activity](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-the-tanning-capacity-of-a-rhus-coriaria-l-extract-and-its-antioxidant-activity/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Enzymatic Membrane Reactor For Eco-Friendly Goat Skin Unhairing](https://sltc.org/product/enzymatic-membrane-reactor-for-eco-friendly-goat-skin-unhairing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Controlling The Growth Of Extremely Halophilic Bacteria On Brine Cured Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/controlling-the-growth-of-extremely-halophilic-bacteria-on-brine-cured-cattle-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Investigation Of The Feasibility Of Using Powder Coating For Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-the-feasibility-of-using-powder-coating-for-leather-finishing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Sulphur Distribution In Parchment And Leather Exposed To Sulphur Dioxide](https://sltc.org/product/sulphur-distribution-in-parchment-and-leather-exposed-to-sulphur-dioxide/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Optimization Of The Aqueous Degreasing Process With Enzymes And Its Influence On Reducing The Contaminant Load](https://sltc.org/product/optimization-of-the-aqueous-degreasing-process-with-enzymes-and-its-influence-on-reducing-the-contaminant-load/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Lime-Free Unhairing: Part 3 Influence Of Unhairing Method On Chemical, Physical And Mechanical Properties Of Pelt And Leather](https://sltc.org/product/lime-free-unhairing-part-3-influence-of-unhairing-method-on-chemical-physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-pelt-and-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Biting Fly Damage On Bovine Leather—An Alternative Source Of ‘Light Spot’ Damage](https://sltc.org/product/biting-fly-damage-on-bovine-leather-an-alternative-source-of-light-spot-damage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Analytical Data For The Presence Of 4-Aminodiphenyl In Several Azo Dyes After Dithionite Reduction](https://sltc.org/product/analytical-data-for-the-presence-of-4-aminodiphenyl-in-several-azo-dyes-after-dithionite-reduction/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis Of Mono Alkyl Phosphate-Oriented States In Leather Surfaces](https://sltc.org/product/x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy-analysis-of-mono-alkyl-phosphate-oriented-states-in-leather-surfaces/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Proposals For Changes In Estimating The Processing Properties Of Anisotropic Materials In Shoemaking](https://sltc.org/product/proposals-for-changes-in-estimating-the-processing-properties-of-anisotropic-materials-in-shoemaking/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Specimen Site And Number Of Skins Required To Represent Selected Physical Properties Of Ovine Garment Leather](https://sltc.org/product/specimen-site-and-number-of-skins-required-to-represent-selected-physical-properties-of-ovine-garment-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [A New Model For Leather Quality Testing](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-model-for-leather-quality-testing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Measurement And Analysis Of Leather Frictional Forces](https://sltc.org/product/measurement-and-analysis-of-leather-frictional-forces/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Determination Of Parameters Which Influence The Measurement Of Leather’s Surface Friction](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-parameters-which-influence-the-measurement-of-leathers-surface-friction/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Investigation Of Parameters Which Influence The Measurement Of Leather Compressibility](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-parameters-which-influence-the-measurement-of-leather-compressibility/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Determination Of Hexavalent Chromium In Leather Extracts By The Diphenylcarbazide (IUC-18) Procedure: Pitfalls And Refinements](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-hexavalent-chromium-in-leather-extracts-by-the-diphenylcarbazide-iuc-18-procedure-pitfalls-and-refinements/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Effects Of Hair Shaving On Unhairing Reactions Part 2: A New Mechanism Of Unhairing](https://sltc.org/product/the-effects-of-hair-shaving-on-unhairing-reactions-part-2-a-new-mechanism-of-unhairing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Epoxysilane: A New Crosslinker For Water-Borne Polyurethane Finishes](https://sltc.org/product/epoxysilane-a-new-crosslinker-for-water-borne-polyurethane-finishes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Kinetics Of Combined Microwave And Hot Air Drying Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/kinetics-of-combined-microwave-and-hot-air-drying-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Collagen Hydrolysate: ‘Soluble Skin’ Applied In Post-Tanning Processes Part 1: Characterisation](https://sltc.org/product/collagen-hydrolysate-soluble-skin-applied-in-post-tanning-processes-part-1-characterisation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Choices In The Treatment Of Gilt Leather Wallhangings](https://sltc.org/product/choices-in-the-treatment-of-gilt-leather-wallhangings/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Lime Splitting—A Case Study](https://sltc.org/product/lime-splitting-a-case-study/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Suitability Of Leather For Garments— Differences In Selected Properties Attributable To Processing And Sampling Location](https://sltc.org/product/suitability-of-leather-for-garments-differences-in-selected-properties-attributable-to-processing-and-sampling-location/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Cr(VI) Formation In Leather During Post-Tanning Processes](https://sltc.org/product/crvi-formation-in-leather-during-post-tanning-processes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Structure Of Skin-Collagenous Fibres: Crossbreeds From Black-And-White-Cows X Bulls Of Beef Breeds](https://sltc.org/product/structure-of-skin-collagenous-fibres-crossbreeds-from-black-and-white-cows-x-bulls-of-beef-breeds/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Stability Of A Rhus Coriaria L. Tannin Extract Under Different Storage Conditions](https://sltc.org/product/stability-of-a-rhus-coriaria-l-tannin-extract-under-different-storage-conditions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Is The Uk Leather Trade “ Finished”?](https://sltc.org/product/is-the-uk-leather-trade-finished/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Using Ashes From Incineration Of Chromium Sulphate Tanned Leather Scrap Part 2: Tanning Liquors, Additives In Footwear Adhesives And Fillers In Mortars](https://sltc.org/product/using-ashes-from-incineration-of-chromium-sulphate-tanned-leather-scrap-part-2-tanning-liquors-additives-in-footwear-adhesives-and-fillers-in-mortars/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Current Status Of The Nigerian Leather Industry Part 2: Potential Hide And Skin Production](https://sltc.org/product/current-status-of-the-nigerian-leather-industry-part-2-potential-hide-and-skin-production/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Preparation And Characterisation Of Synthetic Tannins Based On Phenol-Dimethylolurea Resin](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-characterisation-of-synthetic-tannins-based-on-phenol-dimethylolurea-resin/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Oxidizing Degradation Of Valonia Extract And Utilization Of The Products. Part 3 Auxiliary Tanning Effects Of Degraded Products Using 20% And 30% H2O2](https://sltc.org/product/oxidizing-degradation-of-valonia-extract-and-utilization-of-the-products-part-3-auxiliary-tanning-effects-of-degraded-products-using-20-and-30-h2o2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Recycling Of Unhairing Liquors From A Sheepskin Tannery By Ultrafiltration System](https://sltc.org/product/recycling-of-unhairing-liquors-from-a-sheepskin-tannery-by-ultrafiltration-system/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Linear Relationship Between Collagen Degradation And Degree Of Swelling In The Beamhouse](https://sltc.org/product/linear-relationship-between-collagen-degradation-and-degree-of-swelling-in-the-beamhouse/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Use Of Acoustic Emission As An Aid To Evaluating The Handle Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-acoustic-emission-as-an-aid-to-evaluating-the-handle-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Current Status Of The Nigerian Leather Industry Part 1: Livestock Breeds And Diseases](https://sltc.org/product/current-status-of-the-nigerian-leather-industry-part-1-livestock-breeds-and-diseases/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Correlation Between Composition Of Vinyl Polymer Tannages And Their Properties](https://sltc.org/product/the-correlation-between-composition-of-vinyl-polymer-tannages-and-their-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Assessment Of Properties And Effect Of Heterogeneous Cultures Of Aerobic Micro Organisms In The Biotechnology Of Tannery Wastewater Treatment With Activated Sludge](https://sltc.org/product/assessment-of-properties-and-effect-of-heterogeneous-cultures-of-aerobic-micro-organisms-in-the-biotechnology-of-tannery-wastewater-treatment-with-activated-sludge/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Measurement Of Creep, Relaxation And Bagginess Indexes Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/measurement-of-creep-relaxation-and-bagginess-indexes-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Hair Saving Unhairing Process Part 4. Remarks On The Evolution Of The Investigations On Enzyme Unhairing](https://sltc.org/product/hair-saving-unhairing-process-part-4-remarks-on-the-evolution-of-the-investigations-on-enzyme-unhairing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Development Of Leather Processing Method In Narrow pH Profile: Part 2. Standardisation Of Tanning Process](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-leather-processing-method-in-narrow-ph-profile-part-2-standardisation-of-tanning-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Gel-Sol Transitions Of Chrome Tanned Leather Waste Hydrolysate](https://sltc.org/product/gel-sol-transitions-of-chrome-tanned-leather-waste-hydrolysate/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Hair-Saving Unhairing Process Part 3. “Cementing Substances” And The Basement Membrane](https://sltc.org/product/hair-saving-unhairing-process-part-3-cementing-substances-and-the-basement-membrane/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Evaluating the Efficacy of a Mixture of Sesame Oil and Polyvinylpyrrolidone for Protecting Dry and Fragile Vegetable-Tanned Leather Artifacts](https://sltc.org/product/evaluating-the-efficacy-of-a-mixture-of-sesame-oil-and-polyvinylpyrrolidone-for-protecting-dry-and-fragile-vegetable-tanned-leather-artifacts/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Under the Guidance of Circular Economy: Economic Operation Analysis and Future Prospects of the Global Traditional Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/under-the-guidance-of-circular-economy-economic-operation-analysis-and-future-prospects-of-the-global-traditional-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                            
- [Development of Antimicrobial Leather Modified with Ag-TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Footwear Industry](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-antimicrobial-leather-modified-with-ag-tio2-nanoparticles-for-the-footwear-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                          
- [A Review on Possible Value-Added Products from Tannery Waste](https://sltc.org/product/a-review-on-possible-value-added-products-from-tannery-waste/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                        
- [Bibliometric Analysis Reveals the Research Status and Trends of Chromium-Free Tanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/bibliometric-analysis-reveals-the-research-status-and-trends-of-chromium-free-tanning-agents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                      
- [Effect of Masked Chromium Complexes on Thermal Stability of Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-masked-chromium-complexes-on-thermal-stability-of-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Existence Of “Ion Pair” Associations In Basic Chromium Complex Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/the-existence-of-ion-pair-associations-in-basic-chromium-complex-solutions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Penetration Of Bacteria Into Hides And Skins](https://sltc.org/product/the-penetration-of-bacteria-into-hides-and-skins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Effects Of Heat When Tanning With Basic Chromium Sulphate Powders](https://sltc.org/product/some-effects-of-heat-when-tanning-with-basic-chromium-sulphate-powders/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Comparison Of Abrasion Testing Machines For Sole Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-comparison-of-abrasion-testing-machines-for-sole-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Protein Chemistry And Leather Science](https://sltc.org/product/protein-chemistry-and-leather-science/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Consideration of the Vegetable Tannin/Chromium-Collagen System](https://sltc.org/product/consideration-of-the-vegetable-tannin-chromium-collagen-system/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect of Retannage and Nature of the Finish on Water Vapour Permeability and Other Characteristics of the Finished Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-retannage-and-nature-of-the-finish-on-water-vapour-permeability-and-other-characteristics-of-the-finished-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                
- [Spectroscopic Characterisation And Molecular Weight Of Vegetable Tannins](https://sltc.org/product/spectroscopic-characterisation-and-molecular-weight-of-vegetable-tannins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Thermal Response Of Parchment To Hygrometric Changes](https://sltc.org/product/the-thermal-response-of-parchment-to-hygrometric-changes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Optimisation Of A Retanning Mixture For Ovine Full Chrome Leather](https://sltc.org/product/optimisation-of-a-retanning-mixture-for-ovine-full-chrome-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Influence Of Different Retanning Agents On The Physical And Structural Properties Of Chrome Leather](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-different-retanning-agents-on-the-physical-and-structural-properties-of-chrome-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Study On The Compression Properties Of Leather And Fitting With A Three-Parameter Model](https://sltc.org/product/study-on-the-compression-properties-of-leather-and-fitting-with-a-three-parameter-model/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Fundamental Study Of Cross-Linking Of Collagen With Chrome Tanning Agents In Traditional And Cr.A.B. Processes](https://sltc.org/product/fundamental-study-of-cross-linking-of-collagen-with-chrome-tanning-agents-in-traditional-and-cr-a-b-processes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Enzymatic Removal Of Dung From Hides](https://sltc.org/product/enzymatic-removal-of-dung-from-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Cr.A.B. Process: A New Ecological Process For The Transformation Of Pickled Hides Into Leather Part 3: Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/the-cr-a-b-process-a-new-ecological-process-for-the-transformation-of-pickled-hides-into-leather-part-3-fatliquoring/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Towards Solvent-Free Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/towards-solvent-free-finishing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Direct Determination Of Leather Fat By Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy](https://sltc.org/product/direct-determination-of-leather-fat-by-near-infrared-reflectance-spectroscopy/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Effects Of Hair Shaving On Unhairing Reactions: Part I The Environmental Impact](https://sltc.org/product/the-effects-of-hair-shaving-on-unhairing-reactions-part-i-the-environmental-impact/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Simultaneous Determination Of Chromium And Basicity In Tanning Liquors Using Spectrophotometry And Multivariate Calibration](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-determination-of-chromium-and-basicity-in-tanning-liquors-using-spectrophotometry-and-multivariate-calibration/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Products Of Enzymatic Decomposition Of Chrome-Tanned Leather Waste](https://sltc.org/product/products-of-enzymatic-decomposition-of-chrome-tanned-leather-waste/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Factors In Gravitational Settling Of Chromic Hydroxide In Aqueous Media](https://sltc.org/product/factors-in-gravitational-settling-of-chromic-hydroxide-in-aqueous-media/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Proteolytic Activity Assessment: Use Of The Chromogenic Substrate Hide Powder Azure](https://sltc.org/product/proteolytic-activity-assessment-use-of-the-chromogenic-substrate-hide-powder-azure/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Simultaneous Determination Of Fats Used By The Leather Tanning Industry: Monitoring Of Fatliquoring Baths](https://sltc.org/product/simultaneous-determination-of-fats-used-by-the-leather-tanning-industry-monitoring-of-fatliquoring-baths/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Presence Of Chromium (VI) In Sheepskins: Influence Of Tannery Processes](https://sltc.org/product/presence-of-chromium-vi-in-sheepskins-influence-of-tannery-processes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Cr.A.B. Process: A New Ecological Process For The Transformation Of Pickled Hides Into Leather: Part 1: Chrome Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/the-cr-a-b-process-a-new-ecological-process-for-the-transformation-of-pickled-hides-into-leather-part-1-chrome-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Waste In The Shoe Industry—Consequences For The Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/waste-in-the-shoe-industry-consequences-for-the-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Fat Oxidation In Drying Wet-Blue Cattle Hide](https://sltc.org/product/fat-oxidation-in-drying-wet-blue-cattle-hide/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Structural Changes Of Collagen During The Leather Making Processes 1998 Atkin Memorial Lecture](https://sltc.org/product/the-structural-changes-of-collagen-during-the-leather-making-processes-1998-atkin-memorial-lecture/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Influence Of Enzyme Concentration On Leather Waste Hydrolysis Kinetics](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-enzyme-concentration-on-leather-waste-hydrolysis-kinetics/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Increasing Leather Strength Through Modification Of The Leather Fibre And Polyurethane Interactive Forces](https://sltc.org/product/increasing-leather-strength-through-modification-of-the-leather-fibre-and-polyurethane-interactive-forces/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Surface Efficiency Of Hides Of Angus, Limousine, Charolaise And Simmental Bulls](https://sltc.org/product/surface-efficiency-of-hides-of-angus-limousine-charolaise-and-simmental-bulls/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Effect Of Selected Retanning, Dyeing And Finishing Variables On Coverage Of Grain Defects](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-selected-retanning-dyeing-and-finishing-variables-on-coverage-of-grain-defects/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Cr.A.B. Process: A New Ecological Process For The Transformation Of Pickled Hides Into Leather: Part 2: Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/the-cr-a-b-process-a-new-ecological-process-for-the-transformation-of-pickled-hides-into-leather-part-2-dyeing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Factors Determining The Occurrence Of Fogging Behaviour Of Automotive Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/factors-determining-the-occurrence-of-fogging-behaviour-of-automotive-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Control Of Ekek Skin Defects In Sheep By Using Insecticides And Shearing](https://sltc.org/product/control-of-ekek-skin-defects-in-sheep-by-using-insecticides-and-shearing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Water Services Companies: Service Or Burden To The Tanning Industry?](https://sltc.org/product/a-practical-decision-making-tool-for-hide-purchases/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Influence Of Temperature And Holding Time On Hexavalent Chromium Formation During Leather Combustion](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-temperature-and-holding-time-on-hexavalent-chromium-formation-during-leather-combustion/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Determination Of Carcinogenic Amines In Dyed Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-carcinogenic-amines-in-dyed-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Optimizing Methods Applied To Sheepskin Degreasing With Non-Ionic Surfactants](https://sltc.org/product/optimizing-methods-applied-to-sheepskin-degreasing-with-non-ionic-surfactants/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Oxidizing Unhairing Process With Hair Recovery. Part I. Experiments On The Prior Hair Immunization](https://sltc.org/product/oxidizing-unhairing-process-with-hair-recovery-part-i-experiments-on-the-prior-hair-immunization/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Syntheses And Fungicidal Activity Of 2-Aminoquinoline Derivatives](https://sltc.org/product/syntheses-and-fungicidal-activity-of-2-aminoquinoline-derivatives/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Influence Of Various Factors On Chromium (Vi) Formation By Photo-Ageing](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-various-factors-on-chromium-vi-formation-by-photo-ageing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Thermal Properties Of Ovine Clothing Leathers As A Function Of The Retanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/thermal-properties-of-ovine-clothing-leathers-as-a-function-of-the-retanning-agents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Wolstenholme Memorial Lecture Technical Management—Then And Now](https://sltc.org/product/wolstenholme-memorial-lecture-technical-management-then-and-now/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Genotoxicity Study Of A Leather Tannery’s Waste Waters](https://sltc.org/product/genotoxicity-study-of-a-leather-tannerys-waste-waters/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Theoretical Considerations On Properties/Structure Relationship Of A New Range Of High Fastness Leather Dyestuffs](https://sltc.org/product/theoretical-considerations-on-properties-structure-relationship-of-a-new-range-of-high-fastness-leather-dyestuffs/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [In Vitro Assessment Of Antifungical Agents Used In The Tanning Industry](https://sltc.org/product/in-vitro-assessment-of-antifungical-agents-used-in-the-tanning-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Improved Process Control And Product Performance](https://sltc.org/product/improved-process-control-and-product-performance/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Investigation Into Iron Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-into-iron-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Membrane Technologies For The Treatment Of Tannery Residual Floats](https://sltc.org/product/membrane-technologies-for-the-treatment-of-tannery-residual-floats/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Colour Constancy: Criteria For Shade Selection And Spectrophotometric Analysis Of Affinity Towards Dyebath Exhaustion Measurement](https://sltc.org/product/colour-constancy-criteria-for-shade-selection-and-spectrophotometric-analysis-of-affinity-towards-dyebath-exhaustion-measurement/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Integration Of Ultrafiltration Into Unhairing And Degreasing Operations](https://sltc.org/product/integration-of-ultrafiltration-into-unhairing-and-degreasing-operations/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Cr203 And Basicity Determinations In Solid Tanning Chromium Salts Part 1: Iodometric Method For Determination Of The Cr203 Content](https://sltc.org/product/cr203-and-basicity-determinations-in-solid-tanning-chromium-salts-part-1-iodometric-method-for-determination-of-the-cr203-content/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Siroskin Process](https://sltc.org/product/the-siroskin-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Cr2O3 And Basicity Determinations In Solid Tanning Chromium Salts Part 2: Titrimetric Method For Basicity Determination Of Highly Basic Organomasked Chromium Salts](https://sltc.org/product/cr2o3-and-basicity-determinations-in-solid-tanning-chromium-salts-part-2-titrimetric-method-for-basicity-determination-of-highly-basic-organomasked-chromium-salts/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Chemical And Physical Properties Of Protein Products Isolated From Chromium-Containing Leather Waste Using Two Consecutive Enzymes](https://sltc.org/product/chemical-and-physical-properties-of-protein-products-isolated-from-chromium-containing-leather-waste-using-two-consecutive-enzymes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Studies On The Application Of Recovered Chromium In Chrome Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-the-application-of-recovered-chromium-in-chrome-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Clean Technologies, Targets Already Achieved And Trends For The Coming Years](https://sltc.org/product/clean-technologies-targets-already-achieved-and-trends-for-the-coming-years/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Collagen: A Not So Simple Protein](https://sltc.org/product/collagen-a-not-so-simple-protein/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Seymour-Jones Lecture* IULTCS Congress 1997—How, Why And Who](https://sltc.org/product/the-seymour-jones-lecture-iultcs-congress-1997-how-why-and-who/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Lime-Free Unhairing: Part 2 Influence Of Added Salts On NaOH Unhairing And On Hide Properties](https://sltc.org/product/lime-free-unhairing-part-2-influence-of-added-salts-on-naoh-unhairing-and-on-hide-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Is Spectrophotometry A Reliable Technique For Determination Of Cr(VI) In Leather Samples?](https://sltc.org/product/is-spectrophotometry-a-reliable-technique-for-determination-of-crvi-in-leather-samples/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [An Investigation Of Titanium (III) As A Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/an-investigation-of-titanium-iii-as-a-tanning-agent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Challenge Of Manufacturing Leather Dyes Today](https://sltc.org/product/the-challenge-of-manufacturing-leather-dyes-today/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Niche Products, Training, Rapid Response, Sorting Techniques, Plant Layout And Efficiencies](https://sltc.org/product/niche-products-training-rapid-response-sorting-techniques-plant-layout-and-efficiencies/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [High Stability Organic Tanning Using Plant Polyphenols. Part I The Interactions Between Vegetable Tannins And Aldehydic Crosslinkers](https://sltc.org/product/high-stability-organic-tanning-using-plant-polyphenols-part-i-the-interactions-between-vegetable-tannins-and-aldehydic-crosslinkers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Influence Of Finishing Formulations On Static Charge Dissipation Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/influence-of-finishing-formulations-on-static-charge-dissipation-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Enzyme Hydrolysis Of Solid Tannery Wastes: Solid State Enzyme Production](https://sltc.org/product/enzyme-hydrolysis-of-solid-tannery-wastes-solid-state-enzyme-production/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Ion-Exchange Properties Of Leather In Wet Processing](https://sltc.org/product/ion-exchange-properties-of-leather-in-wet-processing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Detection Of Carcinogenic Amines In Azo Dyes](https://sltc.org/product/detection-of-carcinogenic-amines-in-azo-dyes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Lime Handling System For A Modern Tannery](https://sltc.org/product/lime-handling-system-for-a-modern-tannery/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Vegetable-Zinc Combination Tannage On Lambskin](https://sltc.org/product/vegetable-zinc-combination-tannage-on-lambskin/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Histological Structure Of Hides And Crossbreeds By Italian Beef Breed Bulls And The Physical Properties Of The Leather](https://sltc.org/product/histological-structure-of-hides-and-crossbreeds-by-italian-beef-breed-bulls-and-the-physical-properties-of-the-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Antifungal Activities Against Mould And Yeast Strains](https://sltc.org/product/antifungal-activities-against-mould-and-yeast-strains/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Control Analyses Of Industrial Leather Dyestuffs Using A Rigid Multicomponent Calibration Method](https://sltc.org/product/control-analyses-of-industrial-leather-dyestuffs-using-a-rigid-multicomponent-calibration-method/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Objective Evaluation Of Leather Handle With Artificial Neural Networks](https://sltc.org/product/objective-evaluation-of-leather-handle-with-artificial-neural-networks/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Analysis Of Parachlorometacresol (PCMC) And Orthophenylphenol (OPP) In Leather Preservative Formulations Using Derivative Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-parachlorometacresol-pcmc-and-orthophenylphenol-opp-in-leather-preservative-formulations-using-derivative-ultraviolet-spectrophotometry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Pollution Abatement And Waste Management In The Croatian Tanning Industry](https://sltc.org/product/pollution-abatement-and-waste-management-in-the-croatian-tanning-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria Adversely Affecting Hide And Leather Quality](https://sltc.org/product/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-adversely-affecting-hide-and-leather-quality/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Status Of The Leather Industry In Eight African Countries Part 1: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi And The Sudan](https://sltc.org/product/status-of-the-leather-industry-in-eight-african-countries-part-1-ethiopia-kenya-malawi-and-the-sudan/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Changes In The Molecular Composition Of Gelatine Due To The Manufacturing Process And Animal Age, As Shown By Electrophoresis](https://sltc.org/product/changes-in-the-molecular-composition-of-gelatine-due-to-the-manufacturing-process-and-animal-age-as-shown-by-electrophoresis/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Reactive Chelators: Improving The Performance Of Tanning Metals](https://sltc.org/product/reactive-chelators-improving-the-performance-of-tanning-metals/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Status Of The Leather Industry In Eight African Countries Part 2: Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia And Zimbabwe](https://sltc.org/product/status-of-the-leather-industry-in-eight-african-countries-part-2-tanzania-uganda-zambia-and-zimbabwe/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Procter Memorial Lecture Unhairing And Dewooling—Requirements For Quality And The Environment](https://sltc.org/product/procter-memorial-lecture-unhairing-and-dewooling-requirements-for-quality-and-the-environment/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Distribution Of The Leather Industry In The Mid-Nineteenth Century](https://sltc.org/product/the-distribution-of-the-leather-industry-in-the-mid-nineteenth-century/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Unhairing Of Goat Skins By An Alternative Non-Enzymatic And Sulphide Free Process](https://sltc.org/product/unhairing-of-goat-skins-by-an-alternative-non-enzymatic-and-sulphide-free-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Halophilic Bacteria Isolated From Brine Cured Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/halophilic-bacteria-isolated-from-brine-cured-cattle-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Hair-Saving Enzyme-Assisted Unhairing. Influence Of Enzymatic Products Upon Final Leather Quality](https://sltc.org/product/hair-saving-enzyme-assisted-unhairing-influence-of-enzymatic-products-upon-final-leather-quality/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Indian Raw Hide And Skin Trade: A Personal History](https://sltc.org/product/the-indian-raw-hide-and-skin-trade-a-personal-history/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Oil Tannage For Improved Utilization Of Internal Bovine Stomach Membranes](https://sltc.org/product/oil-tannage-for-improved-utilization-of-internal-bovine-stomach-membranes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Dyeing Of Compact Tanned Skins](https://sltc.org/product/dyeing-of-compact-tanned-skins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [A New Approach To The Synthesis And Formulation Of 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)-Benzothiazole](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-approach-to-the-synthesis-and-formulation-of-2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Drying Of Raw Goat And Sheepskins By Heat Pump: An Alternative To Salting](https://sltc.org/product/drying-of-raw-goat-and-sheepskins-by-heat-pump-an-alternative-to-salting/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Studies Of The Bending Behaviour Of Chrome Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/studies-of-the-bending-behaviour-of-chrome-tanned-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Adsorption Of Chromium (III) From A Tanning Wastewater On Kaolinite](https://sltc.org/product/adsorption-of-chromium-iii-from-a-tanning-wastewater-on-kaolinite/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Liricure—Powder Biocide Composition For Hide And Skin Preservation](https://sltc.org/product/liricure-powder-biocide-composition-for-hide-and-skin-preservation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Isolation And Characterisation Of A Low Affinity Chromium(III) Complex In Chrome Tanning Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/isolation-and-characterisation-of-a-low-affinity-chromiumiii-complex-in-chrome-tanning-solutions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Spectrophotometric Analysis Of Catechins And Condensed Tannins Using Ehrlich’s Reagent](https://sltc.org/product/spectrophotometric-analysis-of-catechins-and-condensed-tannins-using-ehrlichs-reagent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Influence Of Fatliquor Concentration On Microwave Drying Kinetics](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-fatliquor-concentration-on-microwave-drying-kinetics/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [Technological Value Of Hides Of Crossbreeds From Black-And-White Cows With Beef Bulls Of Piemontese, Chianina And Marchigiana Breeds](https://sltc.org/product/technological-value-of-hides-of-crossbreeds-from-black-and-white-cows-with-beef-bulls-of-piemontese-chianina-and-marchigiana-breeds/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Swelling of Hide-Powder in Hydrochloric Acid](https://sltc.org/product/the-swelling-of-hide-powder-in-hydrochloric-acid/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Mechanical Properties Of Combination Tanned Collagen Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/the-mechanical-properties-of-combination-tanned-collagen-fibres/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Fixation Of Protein Finishes](https://sltc.org/product/the-fixation-of-protein-finishes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Modern Analytical Techniques And Their Relevance To Leather Science—Part 1](https://sltc.org/product/modern-analytical-techniques-and-their-relevance-to-leather-science-part-1/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Effect Of Variations Of The Leather Surface On Polymer Dispersion Finishes](https://sltc.org/product/effect-of-variations-of-the-leather-surface-on-polymer-dispersion-finishes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Finishing Of Leathers Of Different Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/finishing-of-leathers-of-different-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [A Simple Two Pit Sole Leather Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-two-pit-sole-leather-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Dependence Of Tearing Loads On Thickness](https://sltc.org/product/the-dependence-of-tearing-loads-on-thickness/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Suggestions For The Use Of Mimosa Extract For Retanning](https://sltc.org/product/suggestions-for-the-use-of-mimosa-extract-for-retanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [A Simple Turbidometric Method Of Estimating Proteolytic Activity In Unhairing Solutions](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-turbidometric-method-of-estimating-proteolytic-activity-in-unhairing-solutions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Components Of Gelatins Derived From Soluble Collagens](https://sltc.org/product/the-components-of-gelatins-derived-from-soluble-collagens/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Accelerated Conditioning And Shape Stabilisation Of Leather In Footwear](https://sltc.org/product/accelerated-conditioning-and-shape-stabilisation-of-leather-in-footwear/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Polyurethanes For Upgrading Light Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/polyurethanes-for-upgrading-light-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Some Investigations In The Development Of Methods For The Estimation Of Silicones In Leather And In Proprietary Products](https://sltc.org/product/some-investigations-in-the-development-of-methods-for-the-estimation-of-silicones-in-leather-and-in-proprietary-products/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Metallic Tannages And The Heavy Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/metallic-tannages-and-the-heavy-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Synthetic Fatliquoring Agents](https://sltc.org/product/synthetic-fatliquoring-agents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Role of Acrylics in Pigskin Processing](https://sltc.org/product/the-role-of-acrylics-in-pigskin-processing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Relationship of Leather Break to Grain and Flesh Layers Stress-Strain Properties](https://sltc.org/product/relationship-of-leather-break-to-grain-and-flesh-layers-stress-strain-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [Fur Tanning in Australia and New Zealand](https://sltc.org/product/fur-tanning-in-australia-and-new-zealand/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Leather Defects Originating at the Farm and at the Abattoir](https://sltc.org/product/leather-defects-originating-at-the-farm-and-at-the-abattoir/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Water Sorption Capacity of Tanned Collagen Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/water-sorption-capacity-of-tanned-collagen-fibres/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Some Properties of Wet-Blue Leathers Produced from Recycled Chrome Tanning Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/some-properties-of-wet-blue-leathers-produced-from-recycled-chrome-tanning-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [Some Thoughts on the Possible Mechanism of Sodium Sulphate Conditioning for the Mimosa Cure Process](https://sltc.org/product/some-thoughts-on-the-possible-mechanism-of-sodium-sulphate-conditioning-for-the-mimosa-cure-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [From Theory, to Practice, to Mixers](https://sltc.org/product/from-theory-to-practice-to-mixers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Swelling of Pelt at Neutral pH as a Result of the Conditions of the Previous Pickle](https://sltc.org/product/the-swelling-of-pelt-at-neutral-ph-as-a-result-of-the-conditions-of-the-previous-pickle/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Molecular Sieve Chromatography](https://sltc.org/product/molecular-sieve-chromatography/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [Sources of Raw Material Supply](https://sltc.org/product/sources-of-raw-material-supply/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Storage Qualities of Wet-Blue Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/storage-qualities-of-wet-blue-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [A Comparison of Two Tear Tests for Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-comparison-of-two-tear-tests-for-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Drum Geometry and Design](https://sltc.org/product/drum-geometry-and-design/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [Recycling of Lime-Sulphide Unhairing Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/recycling-of-lime-sulphide-unhairing-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [Studies on the Source of Contamination of Hides by Collagenolytic Bacteria](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-the-source-of-contamination-of-hides-by-collagenolytic-bacteria/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Determination of Bacterial Growth Rates and Their Practical Significance](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-bacterial-growth-rates-and-their-practical-significance/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Technical Note on the Practical Application of Novo Dewooling Enzyme No. 1](https://sltc.org/product/technical-note-on-the-practical-application-of-novo-dewooling-enzyme-no-1/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [The Influence of Some Enzyme Preparations on Components of Skin Part 2](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-some-enzyme-preparations-on-components-of-skin-part-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Investigation of Commercial Chrome-Tanning Systems Part 2](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-commercial-chrome-tanning-systems-part-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [The Modification and Colouration of Leather by Graft Polymerisation](https://sltc.org/product/the-modification-and-colouration-of-leather-by-graft-polymerisation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [The Impact of Syntans on Leather-Making Processes over the Past 25 Years](https://sltc.org/product/the-impact-of-syntans-on-leather-making-processes-over-the-past-25-years/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [The Dyeing of Grain Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-dyeing-of-grain-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [The Deterioration of Pickled Lambskins](https://sltc.org/product/the-deterioration-of-pickled-lambskins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Low Strain Characteristics of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/low-strain-characteristics-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence of Metal Complex Dye Stability and Dye Interaction in Aqueous Solution on Within-Skin, Within-Pack and Pack to Pack Colour Variation](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-metal-complex-dye-stability-and-dye-interaction-in-aqueous-solution-on-within-skin-within-pack-and-pack-to-pack-colour-variation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [Leather Industry and Research in Australia and in New Zealand](https://sltc.org/product/leather-industry-and-research-in-australia-and-in-new-zealand/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [UV Curing Polymers in Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/uv-curing-polymers-in-leather-finishing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Collagen, 1891-1977: Retrospect and Prospect](https://sltc.org/product/collagen-1891-1977-retrospect-and-prospect/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Practical Salt-Free Curing](https://sltc.org/product/practical-salt-free-curing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [Ultrastructural Observations of Skin Samples Obtained from Various Parts of Animal and Human Body](https://sltc.org/product/ultrastructural-observations-of-skin-samples-obtained-from-various-parts-of-animal-and-human-body/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [Hide and Leather Characteristics of Afrikaner and Friesland Bulls and Steers Slaughtered at Various Ages Between Birth and 24 Months](https://sltc.org/product/hide-and-leather-characteristics-of-afrikaner-and-friesland-bulls-and-steers-slaughtered-at-various-ages-between-birth-and-24-months/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Lasting Behaviour of Shoe Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-lasting-behaviour-of-shoe-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Introduction of Intra- and Inter-Molecular Cross-Bonds by Mono and Bifunctional Sulphonyl Chlorides in Soluble Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/introduction-of-intra-and-inter-molecular-cross-bonds-by-mono-and-bifunctional-sulphonyl-chlorides-in-soluble-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [A Simple Approach to Leather Process Investigation Part 2](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-approach-to-leather-process-investigation-part-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Development, Use and Relevance of Concrete Mixers or Hide Processors in the Modern Tannery](https://sltc.org/product/the-development-use-and-relevance-of-concrete-mixers-or-hide-processors-in-the-modern-tannery/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Salt pH Effects on Collagen Thermal Stability in Pickling and Curing](https://sltc.org/product/salt-ph-effects-on-collagen-thermal-stability-in-pickling-and-curing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Technological Forecasting - The Delphi Technique](https://sltc.org/product/technological-forecasting-the-delphi-technique/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [Lime Speck](https://sltc.org/product/lime-speck/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [The Influence of Unhairing Methods Upon the Amount and Degree of Water Pollution from a Tannery: A Survey of the Literature 1967-1973](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-unhairing-methods-upon-the-amount-and-degree-of-water-pollution-from-a-tannery-a-survey-of-the-literature-1967-1973/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [A New Look at Curing](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-look-at-curing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Investigation of Commercial Chrome-Tanning Systems](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-commercial-chrome-tanning-systems/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                
- [The Effect of Legislation on the Future Use of Water in the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-legislation-on-the-future-use-of-water-in-the-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Future Developments in Leather Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/future-developments-in-leather-manufacture/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Unhairing without Swelling](https://sltc.org/product/unhairing-without-swelling/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Some Alternatives to Natural Oils for Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/some-alternatives-to-natural-oils-for-fatliquoring/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                        
- [An Electron Microscope Study of Acrylic Emulsions as Used in Leather Finishing](https://sltc.org/product/an-electron-microscope-study-of-acrylic-emulsions-as-used-in-leather-finishing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                      
- [Sweat Retention and Distribution in Men's Shoes and Hose](https://sltc.org/product/sweat-retention-and-distribution-in-mens-shoes-and-hose/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Coefficients Of Friction Of Leathers II. Sliding On Other Materials](https://sltc.org/product/the-coefficients-of-friction-of-leathers-ii-sliding-on-other-materials/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Coefficients Of Friction Of Leathers I. Sliding On Aluminium And Glass](https://sltc.org/product/the-coefficients-of-friction-of-leathers-i-sliding-on-aluminium-and-glass/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Theoretical Aspects Of The Retannage Of Chrome Leather With Vegetable Tannins](https://sltc.org/product/theoretical-aspects-of-the-retannage-of-chrome-leather-with-vegetable-tannins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Vacuum Drying Machine And Its Application In The Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/the-vacuum-drying-machine-and-its-application-in-the-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Use Of Combination Tannages In The Production Of Sole Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-combination-tannages-in-the-production-of-sole-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Method For The Determination Of The Neutral Unsulphated Oil Content Of Commercial Sulphated Oils](https://sltc.org/product/a-method-for-the-determination-of-the-neutral-unsulphated-oil-content-of-commercial-sulphated-oils/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Provisional Official Method For The Determination Of Mineral Oils In Oils Intended For Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/provisional-official-method-for-the-determination-of-mineral-oils-in-oils-intended-for-fatliquoring/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence Of The Resin/Casein Ratio On Finish Performance](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-the-resin-casein-ratio-on-finish-performance/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence Of Retannage, Drying And Method Of Finish Application On The Characteristics Of The Finished Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-retannage-drying-and-method-of-finish-application-on-the-characteristics-of-the-finished-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Measurement Of The Abrasive Resistance Of Sole Leather](https://sltc.org/product/measurement-of-the-abrasive-resistance-of-sole-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Reaction Of Vegetable Tanning Extracts With Chromium Tanned Modified Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/the-reaction-of-vegetable-tanning-extracts-with-chromium-tanned-modified-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A New Technique For Chrome Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-technique-for-chrome-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [An Examination Of Hide Powders And Their Suitability For Use, Particularly In Tannin Analysis And The Thermodynamic Study Of Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/an-examination-of-hide-powders-and-their-suitability-for-use-particularly-in-tannin-analysis-and-the-thermodynamic-study-of-dyeing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Low Strain Characteristics Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-low-strain-characteristics-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Evaluation Of Some Thermal Properties Of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-some-thermal-properties-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Rapid Simple Chamois Tannages](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-simple-chamois-tannages/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Long-Term Durability Test For Bookbinding Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/long-term-durability-test-for-bookbinding-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Further Observations On The Use Of Long Chain Di-Carboxylic Acid In Chrome Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/further-observations-on-the-use-of-long-chain-di-carboxylic-acid-in-chrome-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Properties Of Footwear Upper Materials](https://sltc.org/product/properties-of-footwear-upper-materials/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Synthetic Leather Fatliquoring Agents](https://sltc.org/product/synthetic-leather-fatliquoring-agents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Demands Made On Leather By New Processes For The Manufacture Of Footwear And Other Goods](https://sltc.org/product/the-demands-made-on-leather-by-new-processes-for-the-manufacture-of-footwear-and-other-goods/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Review Of The Legislation Affecting The Discharge Of Trade Effluents](https://sltc.org/product/a-review-of-the-legislation-affecting-the-discharge-of-trade-effluents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Warble Fly Eradication In Ireland](https://sltc.org/product/warble-fly-eradication-in-ireland/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Simultaneous Diffusion Of Heat And Moisture In Leather: Part III](https://sltc.org/product/the-simultaneous-diffusion-of-heat-and-moisture-in-leather-part-iii/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Wet Flex Test For Patent Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/a-wet-flex-test-for-patent-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Reaction Of A Selection Of Vegetable Tanning Extracts With Chromium Tanned Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/the-reaction-of-a-selection-of-vegetable-tanning-extracts-with-chromium-tanned-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Physical Testing In Relation To Consumer Requirements](https://sltc.org/product/physical-testing-in-relation-to-consumer-requirements/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Simultaneous Diffusion Of Heat And Moisture In Leather: Part II](https://sltc.org/product/the-simultaneous-diffusion-of-heat-and-moisture-in-leather-part-ii/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Provisional Method For Tile Determination Of Total Free Fatty Acids In Sulphated Oils](https://sltc.org/product/provisional-method-for-tile-determination-of-total-free-fatty-acids-in-sulphated-oils/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Measurement of the Resistance to Bending of Heavy Leather](https://sltc.org/product/measurement-of-the-resistance-to-bending-of-heavy-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Assessment Of The Resistance Of Air Dry Lining Leathers To Heat With Special Reference To The Direct Moulded And The Injection Moulded Process Of Footwear Construction](https://sltc.org/product/assessment-of-the-resistance-of-air-dry-lining-leathers-to-heat-with-special-reference-to-the-direct-moulded-and-the-injection-moulded-process-of-footwear-construction/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Moisture Distribution Through Full Chrome Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/moisture-distribution-through-full-chrome-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Simultaneous Diffusion Of Heat And Moisture In Leather: Part I](https://sltc.org/product/the-simultaneous-diffusion-of-heat-and-moisture-in-leather-part-i/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Leather Analysis Committee](https://sltc.org/product/leather-analysis-committee/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Factors Affecting Finish Fastness](https://sltc.org/product/factors-affecting-finish-fastness/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect Of Chromium Pretreatment On The Fixation Of Zirconium By Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-chromium-pretreatment-on-the-fixation-of-zirconium-by-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Oxazolidines - A New Class of Tanning Agent](https://sltc.org/product/oxazolidines-a-new-class-of-tanning-agent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [New Trends in Leather Dyestuff Development and Classification](https://sltc.org/product/new-trends-in-leather-dyestuff-development-and-classification/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Successful Practice of Leather Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/the-successful-practice-of-leather-dyeing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Studies on Further Structural Stabilisation of the Chrome-Collagen Compound](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-further-structural-stabilisation-of-the-chrome-collagen-compound/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [An Experimental Study of the Removal of Sulphide in the Aeration of Fellmongery Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/an-experimental-study-of-the-removal-of-sulphide-in-the-aeration-of-fellmongery-effluent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Enumeration of Bacterial Populations in Fellmongery and Tannery Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/enumeration-of-bacterial-populations-in-fellmongery-and-tannery-effluent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effects of Manganese and Neutralisation on the Removal of Sulphide and Oxygen Demand in Fellmongery Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/the-effects-of-manganese-and-neutralisation-on-the-removal-of-sulphide-and-oxygen-demand-in-fellmongery-effluent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Short-Term Preservation of Hides and Skins. Storage for Three Weeks](https://sltc.org/product/short-term-preservation-of-hides-and-skins-storage-for-three-weeks/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect of Dye Constitution on the Wettability of Chrome Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-dye-constitution-on-the-wettability-of-chrome-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Quality and Yield of Leather from Machine Fleshed Hides](https://sltc.org/product/the-quality-and-yield-of-leather-from-machine-fleshed-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Physical Testing of Karakul Pelts](https://sltc.org/product/physical-testing-of-karakul-pelts/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Electron Microscope Studies of Leather-Polymer Systems](https://sltc.org/product/electron-microscope-studies-of-leather-polymer-systems/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Positive Approach to the New Pressure Groups - The Consumerists and the Environmentalists](https://sltc.org/product/a-positive-approach-to-the-new-pressure-groups-the-consumerists-and-the-environmentalists/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Analysis of Leather Oils Part II Characterisation and Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Oils](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-leather-oils-part-ii-characterisation-and-analysis-of-natural-and-synthetic-oils/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Studies in Depilation Part X The Mechanism of the Enzyme Depilation Process](https://sltc.org/product/studies-in-depilation-part-x-the-mechanism-of-the-enzyme-depilation-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Thermodynamics of Leather Dyeing IV](https://sltc.org/product/thermodynamics-of-leather-dyeing-iv/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Waterproofing of Sole Leather](https://sltc.org/product/waterproofing-of-sole-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Non-Collagenous Proteins of Skin - Their Characterisation and Significance in Leather Processing](https://sltc.org/product/the-non-collagenous-proteins-of-skin-their-characterisation-and-significance-in-leather-processing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Rapid Production Of Belting Leathers By A Simple Two-Pit Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-rapid-production-of-belting-leathers-by-a-simple-two-pit-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Routine Preparation And Staining Of Sheepskin Sections For Histological Examination](https://sltc.org/product/routine-preparation-and-staining-of-sheepskin-sections-for-histological-examination/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage Part IV.—General Discussion and Conclusions](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-part-iv-general-discussion-and-conclusions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage Part III. The Effect of Olation on the Co-ordination of Trivalent Chromium Ions to Acetate Ions, Hide Powder and Pelt Pieces](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-part-iii-the-effect-of-olation-on-the-co-ordination-of-trivalent-chromium-ions-to-acetate-ions-hide-powder-and-pelt-pieces/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Time Factor In Leather Processing: Chrome Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-time-factor-in-leather-processing-chrome-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage Part II: Comparison of the Kinetics of Co-ordination of Trivalent Chromium Ions to Acetate Ions, Hide Powder and Pelt Pieces](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-part-ii-comparison-of-the-kinetics-of-co-ordination-of-trivalent-chromium-ions-to-acetate-ions-hide-powder-and-pelt-pieces/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Decomposition Of Tannins In Solution And Its Prevention](https://sltc.org/product/the-decomposition-of-tannins-in-solution-and-its-prevention/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Action Of Perspiration On Leather Part III: A Laboratory Test For The Assessment Of The Relative Stability Of Leathers To Perspiration](https://sltc.org/product/action-of-perspiration-on-leather-part-iii-a-laboratory-test-for-the-assessment-of-the-relative-stability-of-leathers-to-perspiration/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Curing And Quality Of Sheepskins: The Effect Of Delayed Curing On The Quality Of Grain And Chamois Leather](https://sltc.org/product/curing-and-quality-of-sheepskins-the-effect-of-delayed-curing-on-the-quality-of-grain-and-chamois-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Note On Temperature Effects In Vegetable Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/note-on-temperature-effects-in-vegetable-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage Part I.—Solvent Extraction, Electrophoretic And Spectrophotometric Studies Of The Co-Ordination Of Acetate Ions To Trivalent Chromium Ions](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-part-i-solvent-extraction-electrophoretic-and-spectrophotometric-studies-of-the-co-ordination-of-acetate-ions-to-trivalent-chromium-ions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Reaction Of Mimosa Extract With Chrome Tanned Collagen. Part II. Reaction On Ageing](https://sltc.org/product/the-reaction-of-mimgsa-extract-with-chrome-tanned-collagen-part-ii-reaction-on-ageing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Reaction Of Mimosa Extract With Chrome Tanned Collagen Part I. Reaction During Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/the-reaction-of-mimosa-extract-with-chrome-tanned-collagen-part-i-reaction-during-manufacture/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Temperature Effects In Leather Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/temperature-effects-in-leather-dyeing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Heat Setting Of Chrome Tanned Collagen Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/heat-setting-of-chrome-tanned-collagen-fibres/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Eleventh Procter Memorial Lecture The Part Played By Oxidation In The Synthesis And Breakdown Of Connective Tissue](https://sltc.org/product/eleventh-procter-memorial-lecture-the-part-played-by-oxidation-in-the-synthesis-and-breakdown-of-connective-tissue/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Rapid Sole Leather Tannage Using Quebracho Extract](https://sltc.org/product/rapid-sole-leather-tannage-using-quebracho-extract/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Observing Transparent Impregnants in Leather by a Direct Method](https://sltc.org/product/observing-transparent-impregnants-in-leather-by-a-direct-method/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [A Novel Way to Improve the Hydrothermal Stability of Chrome Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-way-to-improve-the-hydrothermal-stability-of-chrome-tanned-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Evolution of Tannery Effluent Treatment - Guidelines for Further Investigations](https://sltc.org/product/the-evolution-of-tannery-effluent-treatment-guidelines-for-further-investigations/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [The Effect of Particle Size on the Characteristics and Performance of Emulsion Binders and Topcoats](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-particle-size-on-the-characteristics-and-performance-of-emulsion-binders-and-topcoats/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Aspects of Tannery Wastes in Relation to the Functions of a Water Authority](https://sltc.org/product/aspects-of-tannery-wastes-in-relation-to-the-functions-of-a-water-authority/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [More Security in Leather Dyeing by Observing Build-Up and Affinity Numbers](https://sltc.org/product/more-security-in-leather-dyeing-by-observing-build-up-and-affinity-numbers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [Antiseptic Preservation Studies](https://sltc.org/product/antiseptic-preservation-studies/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Treatment of Lime-Sulphide Effluent](https://sltc.org/product/the-completely-mixed-activated-sludge-treatment-of-lime-sulphide-effluent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [On the Shrinkage Kinetic of Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/on-the-shrinkage-kinetic-of-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [Investigation of Commercial Chrome-Tanning Systems Part VI Full-Scale Trials of Chrome Liquor Recycling and the Importance of Salt Concentration](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-commercial-chrome-tanning-systems-part-vi-full-scale-trials-of-chrome-liquor-recycling-and-the-importance-of-salt-concentration/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Short-Term Preservation](https://sltc.org/product/short-term-preservation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Some Notes on the Analysis of Pickled Skins](https://sltc.org/product/some-notes-on-the-analysis-of-pickled-skins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Temporary Preservation of Hides Using Boric Acid](https://sltc.org/product/temporary-preservation-of-hides-using-boric-acid/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [A Simple Approach to Leather Process Investigation Part 1](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-approach-to-leather-process-investigation-part-1/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [Research in the Industry with Special Reference to Leather Research, Management and International Collaboration](https://sltc.org/product/research-in-the-industry-with-special-reference-to-leather-research-management-and-international-collaboration/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Drying Characteristics of Chrome-Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-drying-characteristics-of-chrome-tanned-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Topographic Differences in Physical Properties](https://sltc.org/product/topographic-differences-in-physical-properties/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [The Temporary Preservation of Sheepskins: Trials with Vantocil lB](https://sltc.org/product/the-temporary-preservation-of-sheepskins-trials-with-vantocil-lb/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Investigation of Commercial Chrome-Tanning Systems Part IV](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-commercial-chrome-tanning-systems-part-iv/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Calculating Tannery Drum Loads](https://sltc.org/product/calculating-tannery-drum-loads/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [A Statistical Comparison Between Three Methods of Sulfide Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/a-statistical-comparison-between-three-methods-of-sulfide-analysis/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [A New Look at Delayed Curing Based on the Rate of Salt Penetration and Bacterial Activity](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-look-at-delayed-curing-based-on-the-rate-of-salt-penetration-and-bacterial-activity/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [A Titrimetric Method for Sulphide Analysis with a Specific-Ion Electrode](https://sltc.org/product/a-titrimetric-method-for-sulphide-analysis-with-a-specific-ion-electrode/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Some Observations on Ageing Effects in Bovine Skin](https://sltc.org/product/some-observations-on-ageing-effects-in-bovine-skin/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Area Weight Yields in Dressing E.I. Crust Stock](https://sltc.org/product/area-weight-yields-in-dressing-e-i-crust-stock/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [Automation in the Tannery](https://sltc.org/product/automation-in-the-tannery/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [The Influence of Surface Active Agents on the Activity of Proteolytic Enzymes in the Tannery](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-surface-active-agents-on-the-activity-of-proteolytic-enzymes-in-the-tannery/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Microbiology in Leather Manufacture - A Review](https://sltc.org/product/microbiology-in-leather-manufacture-a-review/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Amino Resins for Leather](https://sltc.org/product/amino-resins-for-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [Within and Between Skin Variation of Physical Properties in Bovine Leather](https://sltc.org/product/within-and-between-skin-variation-of-physical-properties-in-bovine-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [The Biodegradability of Tannery Chemicals](https://sltc.org/product/the-biodegradability-of-tannery-chemicals/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Redevelopment of Medieval Leathers for the Curragh "Brendan's" Transatlantic Voyage 1976](https://sltc.org/product/redevelopment-of-medieval-leathers-for-the-curragh-brendans-transatlantic-voyage-1976/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Recycling of Tannery Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/recycling-of-tannery-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [A Syringe Filtration Method for Tannin Analysis Using Glass Fibre Filter Pads](https://sltc.org/product/a-syringe-filtration-method-for-tannin-analysis-using-glass-fibre-filter-pads/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Criteria for the Estimation of Yield of Leather from Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/criteria-for-the-estimation-of-yield-of-leather-from-cattle-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Locational Differences in the Physical Properties of Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/locational-differences-in-the-physical-properties-of-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Locational Differences in the Physical Properties of Sole Leather](https://sltc.org/product/locational-differences-in-the-physical-properties-of-sole-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [Mould Growth on Pickled Pelt](https://sltc.org/product/mould-growth-on-pickled-pelt/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [Henry Richardson Procter - His Life and Contributions to Science](https://sltc.org/product/henry-richardson-procter-his-life-and-contributions-to-science/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Fungicides for Treating Wet Blue Hides](https://sltc.org/product/fungicides-for-treating-wet-blue-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Novel Approach to the Assessment of the Level Dyeing Characteristics of Acid Dyes](https://sltc.org/product/a-novel-approach-to-the-assessment-of-the-level-dyeing-characteristics-of-acid-dyes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [Fact or Fiction? How Much Do We Really Know About the Chemistry of Chromium Today?](https://sltc.org/product/fact-or-fiction-how-much-do-we-really-know-about-the-chemistry-of-chromium-today/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Polyurethanes in Leather Finishing and Coating](https://sltc.org/product/polyurethanes-in-leather-finishing-and-coating/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [Investigation of Commercial Chrome-Tanning Systems Part Ill Re-cycling of Used Chrome Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-commercial-chrome-tanning-systems-part-ill-re-cycling-of-used-chrome-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Size and the Shoe Industry](https://sltc.org/product/size-and-the-shoe-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [Size and Market Research](https://sltc.org/product/size-and-market-research/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [The Chemical Engineer in the Tannery](https://sltc.org/product/the-chemical-engineer-in-the-tannery/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Single Unit](https://sltc.org/product/the-single-unit/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Large Organisation](https://sltc.org/product/the-large-organisation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
- [Northern Group Symposium December 1971 "On Being the Right Size"](https://sltc.org/product/northern-group-symposium-december-1971-on-being-the-right-size/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
- [Thermodynamics of Leather Dyeing III The Preparation of Chrome-Tanned Hide Powders and Their Interaction with C.I. Acid Orange 7](https://sltc.org/product/thermodynamics-of-leather-dyeing-iii-the-preparation-of-chrome-tanned-hide-powders-and-their-interaction-with-c-i-acid-orange-7/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
- [The Role of the Finish in Affecting Leather Comfort](https://sltc.org/product/the-role-of-the-finish-in-affecting-leather-comfort/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
- [Mycotic Dermatitis and Cockle](https://sltc.org/product/mycotic-dermatitis-and-cockle/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
- [The Influence of Trivalent Chromium on the Biological Treatment of Domestic Sewage](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-trivalent-chromium-on-the-biological-treatment-of-domestic-sewage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
- [Note On The Rapid Determination Of Magnesium In Leather](https://sltc.org/product/note-on-the-rapid-determination-of-magnesium-in-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Observations On The Use Of Infra-Red Spectrometry In Leather Analysis](https://sltc.org/product/observations-on-the-use-of-infra-red-spectrometry-in-leather-analysis/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Modern Analytical Techniques And Their Relevance To Leather Science—Part II](https://sltc.org/product/modern-analytical-techniques-and-their-relevance-to-leather-science-part-ii/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Correlation Of Colour Tolerance Determinations With Average Observer Assessments II](https://sltc.org/product/correlation-of-colour-tolerance-determinations-with-average-observer-assessments-ii/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Leather Finishing With The Curtain Coating Machine](https://sltc.org/product/leather-finishing-with-the-curtain-coating-machine/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Incorporation Of Antiseptics In Curing Salt For Domestic Sheep Skins](https://sltc.org/product/the-incorporation-of-antiseptics-in-curing-salt-for-domestic-sheep-skins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Objective Tests Of Rounding For Outsole Leather](https://sltc.org/product/objective-tests-of-rounding-for-outsole-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Water Vapour Absorption Of Shoe And Clothing Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/the-water-vapour-absorption-of-shoe-and-clothing-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Studies On Solubilisation Of Collagen And Renaturation Of Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-solubilisation-of-collagen-and-renaturation-of-fibres/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [Temperature Effects In Liming](https://sltc.org/product/temperature-effects-in-liming/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [The Water Resistance Of Sole Leather: A Comparison Of The Results Given By Two Test Machines With Those Obtained In Actual Wear](https://sltc.org/product/the-water-resistance-of-sole-leather-a-comparison-of-the-results-given-by-two-test-machines-with-those-obtained-in-actual-wear/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
- [A New Waterproofing Retannage](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-waterproofing-retannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Role of High Rate Bio-Filters in the Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/the-role-of-high-rate-bio-filters-in-the-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Liritan Semi-Rapid Sole Leather Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-liritan-semi-rapid-sole-leather-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Adaptation of the Liritan No-Effluent Sole Leather Tanning Process to the Production of Strap, Harness and Belting Leather](https://sltc.org/product/adaptation-of-the-liritan-no-effluent-sole-leather-tanning-process-to-the-production-of-strap-harness-and-belting-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Study of Some Properties of Standard Chrome Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-study-of-some-properties-of-standard-chrome-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Studies on Shoe Climate Contributing to Comfort](https://sltc.org/product/studies-on-shoe-climate-contributing-to-comfort/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Electron Microscopy in Leather Research](https://sltc.org/product/electron-microscopy-in-leather-research/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Sampling of Sides at Edge Locations](https://sltc.org/product/the-sampling-of-sides-at-edge-locations/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence of Grain Structure on Grain Crack Properties of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-grain-structure-on-grain-crack-properties-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Development of the Leather Industry Throughout the World with Particular Reference to Africa, The Middle East and Oceania](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-the-leather-industry-throughout-the-world-with-particular-reference-to-africa-the-middle-east-and-oceania/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Rapid Determination of Iron, Chromium, Zirconium and Aluminium in Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-rapid-determination-of-iron-chromium-zirconium-and-aluminium-in-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Simple Lastometer](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-lastometer/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Rapid Fellmongering of New Zealand Skins](https://sltc.org/product/the-rapid-fellmongering-of-new-zealand-skins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Probable Cause of the Multiple Linear Scratch Defect of Cattle Hides in Ireland](https://sltc.org/product/the-probable-cause-of-the-multiple-linear-scratch-defect-of-cattle-hides-in-ireland-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Production Of Leather Combining Good Heat And Perspiration Resistance](https://sltc.org/product/the-production-of-leather-combining-good-heat-and-perspiration-resistance/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Amino Acid Analysis And The Amino Acid Composition Of Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/amino-acid-analysis-and-the-amino-acid-composition-of-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Incorporation Of Flocked Fibres Into Leather](https://sltc.org/product/incorporation-of-flocked-fibres-into-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Comparisons Between Conventional Chrome Tannage And Heated Low Float Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/comparisons-between-conventional-chrome-tannage-and-heated-low-float-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Penetration Of Casein Into Chrome And Semi-Chrome Leather And The Influence Of Buffing And Fatliquor](https://sltc.org/product/the-penetration-of-casein-into-chrome-and-semi-chrome-leather-and-the-influence-of-buffing-and-fatliquor/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Further Studies In Vegetable Tannage Part III. Solvent Reversibility of Wattle Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/further-studies-in-vegetable-tannage-part-iii-solvent-reversibility-of-wattle-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Resin Finishes For Corrected Grain Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/resin-finishes-for-corrected-grain-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Kinetics Of Leather Dyeing. Part I. Some Preliminary Experiments With C.I. Acid Orange 7](https://sltc.org/product/kinetics-of-leather-dyeing-part-i-some-preliminary-experiments-with-c-i-acid-orange-7/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Veininess](https://sltc.org/product/veininess/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Experiments In Curing Sheepskins](https://sltc.org/product/some-experiments-in-curing-sheepskins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Investigations Into Methods Of Unhairing II.—Experiments On Enzyme Unhairing](https://sltc.org/product/some-investigations-into-methods-of-unhairing-ii-experiments-on-enzyme-unhairing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Rapid Test For The Resistance Of Leather To Mild Alkaline Treatments And Its Implications](https://sltc.org/product/a-rapid-test-for-the-resistance-of-leather-to-mild-alkaline-treatments-and-its-implications/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Further Studies On The Mechanism Of Vegetable Tannage: Part II Effect of Urea Extraction on Hydrothermal Stability of Leathers Tanned with a Range of Organic Tanning Agents](https://sltc.org/product/further-studies-on-the-mechanism-of-vegetable-tannage-part-ii-effect-of-urea-extraction-on-hydrothermal-stability-of-leathers-tanned-with-a-range-of-organic-tanning-agents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Relationship Of Mechanical Properties To Structural Variation Through The Thickness Of Skin And Leather Part III](https://sltc.org/product/relationship-of-mechanical-properties-to-structural-variation-through-the-thickness-of-skin-and-leather-part-iii/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Relationship Of Mechanical Properties To Structural Variation Through The Thickness Of Skin And Leather Part II](https://sltc.org/product/relationship-of-mechanical-properties-to-structural-variation-through-the-thickness-of-skin-and-leather-part-ii/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Development Of A Test For The Heat Resistance Of Shoe Upper Leather In The Direct Moulded Sole Process](https://sltc.org/product/development-of-a-test-for-the-heat-resistance-of-shoe-upper-leather-in-the-direct-moulded-sole-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Linear Set And Area Set Of Chrome Side Leather](https://sltc.org/product/linear-set-and-area-set-of-chrome-side-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Removal Of Sulphlde From Limeyard Wastes By Aeration](https://sltc.org/product/the-removal-of-sulphlde-from-limeyard-wastes-by-aeration/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Specific Heats Of Pelt And Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-specific-heats-of-pelt-and-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Determination Of Aluminium In Chrome Tanned Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-determination-of-aluminium-in-chrome-tanned-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Tests For Organic Constituents In Leather](https://sltc.org/product/tests-for-organic-constituents-in-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [On The Curing Of NCO-Terminated Polyurethane In Impregnated Leather As Observed On Stained Microsections](https://sltc.org/product/on-the-curing-of-nco-terminated-polyurethane-in-impregnated-leather-as-observed-on-stained-microsections/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Correlation Between Wear Trials And Abrasion Tests Of Sole Leather: A Report On The Second Series Of Experiments Organised By The Physical Testing Com Mission Of The International Union Of Leather Chemists’ Societies](https://sltc.org/product/the-correlation-between-wear-trial3-and-abrasion-tests-of-sole-leather-a-report-on-the-second-series-of-experiments-organised-by-the-physical-testing-com-mission-of-the-international-union-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Comparison Of Polyurethane And Acrylic Leather Impregnation Systems From The Theoretical And Practical Viewpoints](https://sltc.org/product/a-comparison-of-polyurethane-and-acrylic-leather-impregnation-systems-from-the-theoretical-and-practical-viewpoints/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effects Of Wetting Agents On The Waterproofness Of Upper Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/the-effects-of-wetting-agents-on-the-waterproofness-of-upper-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Heat Setting Of Chrome Tanned Collagen Fibres—Il](https://sltc.org/product/the-analysis-of-oils-fats-and-related-substances/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Differences In The Reaction Of Condensed And Hydrolysable Tannins With Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/differences-in-the-reaction-of-condensed-and-hydrolysable-tannins-with-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Twelfth Procter Memorial Lecture New Thoughts On The Theory Of Dye Absorption By Proteins](https://sltc.org/product/the-twelfth-procter-memorial-lecture-new-thoughts-on-the-theory-of-dye-absorption-by-proteins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Determination Of 2, 4, 6 Trichlorophenol In Pickled Pelts](https://sltc.org/product/the-determination-of-2-4-6-trichlorophenol-in-pickled-pelts/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Nomogram For Leather Analysis Conversions](https://sltc.org/product/nomogram-for-leather-analysis-conversions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Causes Of Perspiration Damage To Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-causes-of-perspiration-damage-to-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Concerning The Possibilities Of Employing Enzymes In The Beamhouse A Review](https://sltc.org/product/concerning-the-possibilities-of-employing-enzymes-in-the-beamhouse-a-review/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Assessment Of The Resistance Of Air Dry Insole Leathers To Heat With Special Reference To The Direct Moulded Sole Process Of Footwear Construction](https://sltc.org/product/assessment-of-the-resistance-of-air-dry-insole-leathers-to-heat-with-special-reference-to-the-direct-moulded-sole-process-of-footwear-construction/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Investigation Into Bonding Mechanical Leathers With Nitrocellulose Adhesive](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-into-bonding-mechanical-leathers-with-nitrocellulose-adhesive/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Study Of Some Leathers, Leather Finishes, And Leather Substitutes By Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy In The Infrared](https://sltc.org/product/the-study-of-some-leathers-leather-finishes-and-leather-substitutes-by-attenuated-total-reflectance-spectroscopy-in-the-infrared/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect Of Unhairing Processes On Effluent Problems: Dimethylamine Unhairing](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-unhairing-processes-on-effluent-problems-dimethylamine-unhairing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Role Of The Basic Groups Of Collagen In Vegetable Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/the-role-of-the-basic-groups-of-collagen-in-vegetable-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Investigations Into Methods Of Unhairing I. Lime-Sulphide Processing](https://sltc.org/product/some-investigations-into-methods-of-unhairing-i-lime-sulphide-processing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Changes In Fibre Structure Of Ox Hide On Enzyme Unhairing And Tanning As Sole Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-changes-in-fibre-structure-of-ox-hide-on-enzyme-unhairing-and-tanning-as-sole-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Waterproofing And Reduction Of Water Solubles Of Sole Leather](https://sltc.org/product/waterproofing-and-reduction-of-water-solubles-of-sole-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Recent Developments In Livestock Production And Their Influence On Hides, Skins And Leather](https://sltc.org/product/recent-developments-in-livestock-production-and-their-influence-on-hides-skins-and-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Function Of The Basic Groups Of Collagen In Its Reaction With Vegetable Tannins](https://sltc.org/product/the-function-of-the-basic-groups-of-collagen-in-its-reaction-with-vegetable-tannins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage—V. A Possible Explanation Of The Mode Of Action Of Glucose Reduced Chrome Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-v-a-possible-explanation-of-the-mode-of-action-of-glucose-reduced-chrome-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Mechanical Properties Of Chrome Tanned Sheepskin. Variation Of Properties With Position](https://sltc.org/product/the-mechanical-properties-of-chrome-tanned-sheepskin-variation-of-properties-with-position/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Production Of Differential Dyeing Effects On Furskins](https://sltc.org/product/the-production-of-differential-dyeing-effects-on-furskins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Steam Setting Of Clothing Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/the-steam-setting-of-clothing-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Structure And Properties Of Natural And Synthetic High Polymers](https://sltc.org/product/the-structure-and-properties-of-natural-and-synthetic-high-polymers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Critical Review Of Some Physical Test Methods For Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-critical-review-of-some-physical-test-methods-for-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Chamois Tannage: Processes Of Manufacture And Microscopical Observations](https://sltc.org/product/chamois-tannage-processes-of-manufacture-and-microscopical-observations/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Control Of The Chamoising Process](https://sltc.org/product/control-of-the-chamoising-process/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Variation In The Mechanical Properties Of “Corfam”](https://sltc.org/product/the-variation-in-the-mechanical-properties-of-corfam/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Developments In The Colouring Of Leather In The Last Decade](https://sltc.org/product/developments-in-the-colouring-of-leather-in-the-last-decade-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Challenge Of Corfam](https://sltc.org/product/the-challenge-of-corfam/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Developments In The Colouring Of Leather In The Last Decade](https://sltc.org/product/developments-in-the-colouring-of-leather-in-the-last-decade/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Investigations Into The Efficiency Of Dialdehydes And Other Compounds As Cross-Linking Agents For Collagen Part II](https://sltc.org/product/investigations-into-the-efficiency-of-dialdehydes-and-other-compounds-as-cross-linking-agents-for-collagen-part-ii/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence Of Speed Of Traverse Of The Jaws Of The Tensile Machine On The Results Of Tensile Tests And Tear Tests](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-speed-of-traverse-of-the-jaws-of-the-tensile-machine-on-the-results-of-tensile-tests-and-tear-tests/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Experiments On The Tear Test](https://sltc.org/product/some-experiments-on-the-tear-test/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Note On The Nitrogen Content Of Wattle (Mimosa) Extract](https://sltc.org/product/note-on-the-nitrogen-content-of-wattle-mimosa-extract/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Simple Interrelationships Within The Complexity Of Wattle (Mimosa) Extract Composition](https://sltc.org/product/simple-interrelationships-within-the-complexity-of-wattle-mimosa-extract-composition/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect Of The Accumulation Of Perspiration Residues In Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-the-accumulation-of-perspiration-residues-in-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Gamma Irradiation: The Preservation Of Hides And Skins, And The Sterilisation Of Imported Dry And Drysalted Goatskins](https://sltc.org/product/gamma-irradiation-the-preservation-of-hides-and-skins-and-the-sterilisation-of-imported-dry-and-drysalted-goatskins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Loss Of Waterproofness Of Upper Leathers During Wear](https://sltc.org/product/the-loss-of-waterproofness-of-upper-leathers-during-wear/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Interaction Of Hide - Powder And Hydrochloric Acid Solution](https://sltc.org/product/the-interaction-of-hide-powder-and-hydrochloric-acid-solution/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Thermodynamics Of The Interaction Between Pure Components Of Syntans And Hide Powder](https://sltc.org/product/thermodynamics-of-the-interaction-between-pure-components-of-syntans-and-hide-powder/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Relationship Of Mechanical Properties To Structural Variation Through The Thickness Of Skin And Leather](https://sltc.org/product/relationship-of-mechanical-properties-to-structural-variation-through-the-thickness-of-skin-and-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Rapid Production Of Belting Leathers By A Simple Two-Pit Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-rapid-production-of-belting-leathers-by-a-simple-two-pit-tannage-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Routine Preparation And Staining Of Sheepskin Sections For Histological Examination](https://sltc.org/product/routine-preparation-and-staining-of-sheepskin-sections-for-histological-examination-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage Part IV.—General Discussion and Conclusions](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-part-iv-general-discussion-and-conclusions-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage Part III. The Effect of Olation on the Co-ordination of Trivalent Chromium Ions to Acetate Ions, Hide Powder and Pelt Pieces](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-part-iii-the-effect-of-olation-on-the-co-ordination-of-trivalent-chromium-ions-to-acetate-ions-hide-powder-and-pelt-pieces-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Time Factor In Leather Processing: Chrome Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-time-factor-in-leather-processing-chrome-tannage-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage Part II: Comparison of the Kinetics of Co-ordination of Trivalent Chromium Ions to Acetate Ions, Hide Powder and Pelt Pieces](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-part-ii-comparison-of-the-kinetics-of-co-ordination-of-trivalent-chromium-ions-to-acetate-ions-hide-powder-and-pelt-pieces-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Decomposition Of Tannins In Solution And Its Prevention](https://sltc.org/product/the-decomposition-of-tannins-in-solution-and-its-prevention-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Action Of Perspiration On Leather Part III: A Laboratory Test For The Assessment Of The Relative Stability Of Leathers To Perspiration](https://sltc.org/product/action-of-perspiration-on-leather-part-iii-a-laboratory-test-for-the-assessment-of-the-relative-stability-of-leathers-to-perspiration-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Suggested Provisional Method For The Determination Of Chromium In Used Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/suggested-provisional-method-for-the-determination-of-chromium-in-used-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Report Of The Mineral Tanning Materials Analysis Committee](https://sltc.org/product/report-of-the-mineral-tanning-materials-analysis-committee/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Curing And Quality Of Sheepskins: The Effect Of Delayed Curing On The Quality Of Grain And Chamois Leather](https://sltc.org/product/curing-and-quality-of-sheepskins-the-effect-of-delayed-curing-on-the-quality-of-grain-and-chamois-leather-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Note On Temperature Effects In Vegetable Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/note-on-temperature-effects-in-vegetable-tanning-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Kinetics Of Chrome Tannage Part I.—Solvent Extraction, Electrophoretic and Spectrophotometric Studies of the Co-ordination of Acetate Ions to Trivalent Chromium Ions](https://sltc.org/product/the-kinetics-of-chrome-tannage-part-i-solvent-extraction-electrophoretic-and-spectrophotometric-studies-of-the-co-ordination-of-acetate-ions-to-trivalent-chromium-ions-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Reaction Of Mimosa Extract With Chrome Tanned Collagen Part II. Reaction During Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/the-reaction-of-mimosa-extract-with-chrome-tanned-collagen-part-ii-reaction-during-manufacture/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Reaction Of Mimosa Extract With Chrome Tanned Collagen Part I. Reaction During Manufacture](https://sltc.org/product/the-reaction-of-mimosa-extract-with-chrome-tanned-collagen-part-i-reaction-during-manufacture-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Temperature Effects In Leather Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/temperature-effects-in-leather-dyeing-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Heat Setting Of Chrome Tanned Collagen Fibres](https://sltc.org/product/heat-setting-of-chrome-tanned-collagen-fibres-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Eleventh Procter Memorial Lecture The Part Played By Oxidation In The Synthesis And Breakdown Of Connective Tissue](https://sltc.org/product/eleventh-procter-memorial-lecture-the-part-played-by-oxidation-in-the-synthesis-and-breakdown-of-connective-tissue-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Probable Cause of the Multiple Linear Scratch Defect of Cattle Hides in Ireland](https://sltc.org/product/the-probable-cause-of-the-multiple-linear-scratch-defect-of-cattle-hides-in-ireland/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Simple Apparatus for Measuring the Tensile and Tear Strength Properties of Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/a-simple-apparatus-for-measuring-the-tensile-and-tear-strength-properties-of-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Topographic Distribution of Properties in Softy Shoe Upper Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/topographic-distribution-of-properties-in-softy-shoe-upper-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Essential Oils in Leather Production: Antimicrobial Properties and Sustainable Biocide Potential – A Review](https://sltc.org/product/essential-oils-in-leather-production-antimicrobial-properties-and-sustainable-biocide-potential-a-review/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A review on possible value-added products from tannery waste](https://sltc.org/product/a-review-on-possible-value-added-products-from-tannery-waste-2/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Visual Analysis of Current Status and Trends in Artificial Leather Research Based on Bibliometrics (2010–2025)](https://sltc.org/product/visual-analysis-of-current-status-and-trends-in-artificial-leather-research-based-on-bibliometrics-2010-2025/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists’ Memorials – Who And What Are They?](https://sltc.org/product/society-of-leather-technologists-and-chemists-memorials-who-and-what-are-they/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Construction and Evolutionary Study of Knowledge Graphs in Tannery Pollution Control Technologies (2004-2024) – A Comparative Analysis Based on CNKI and WOS](https://sltc.org/product/construction-and-evolutionary-study-of-knowledge-graphs-in-tannery-pollution-control-technologies-2004-2024-a-comparative-analysis-based-on-cnki-and-wos/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Expert Judgement Variability in Ethiopian Leather Quality Inspection: Implications for Automation and Standardisation](https://sltc.org/product/expert-judgement-variability-in-ethiopian-leather-quality-inspection-implications-for-automation-and-standardisation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Evaluating the Efficacy of Peppermint Oil for Lubricating Dry Vegetable-Tanned Leather Artifacts](https://sltc.org/product/evaluating-the-efficacy-of-peppermint-oil-for-lubricating-dry-vegetable-tanned-leather-artifacts/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Review of Technological Advancements in Leather Industry](https://sltc.org/product/review-of-technological-advancements-in-leather-industry/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Design and Development of a Manually Operated Leather Processing Vessel for Traditional Artisans](https://sltc.org/product/design-and-development-of-a-manually-operated-leather-processing-vessel-for-traditional-artisans/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Grey Relation Analysis Between Pore Distribution and Waterproof and Oilproof Properties in Different Parts of Cowhide](https://sltc.org/product/grey-relation-analysis-between-pore-distribution-and-waterproof-and-oilproof-properties-in-different-parts-of-cowhide/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Establishment of an Evaluation Model for the Moisture Permeability of Suede](https://sltc.org/product/establishment-of-an-evaluation-model-for-the-moisture-permeability-of-suede/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Optimisation of Removal Conditions for Total Nitrogen in Tannery Wastewater and Breeding Wastewater using Bioflocculant Modified by Amphoteric Starch](https://sltc.org/product/optimisation-of-removal-conditions-for-total-nitrogen-in-tannery-wastewater-and-breeding-wastewater-using-bioflocculant-modified-by-amphoteric-starch/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Robustness Analysis and Validation of the Suede Moisture Permeability Model](https://sltc.org/product/robustness-analysis-and-validation-of-the-suede-moisture-permeability-model/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Research on Industry Development Trends Based on the Economic Performance Evaluation of Listed Leather Companies in China from 2022 to 2024](https://sltc.org/product/research-on-industry-development-trends-based-on-the-economic-performance-evaluation-of-listed-leather-companies-in-china-from-2022-to-2024/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Preparation of Vanillin-Modified Gelatin and its Application in Leather](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-of-vanillin-modified-gelatin-and-its-application-in-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Preparation and Properties of Multifunctional Leather Coating Constructed by Chitosan / Silicon-Containing Waterborne Polyurethane](https://sltc.org/product/preparation-and-properties-of-multifunctional-leather-coating-constructed-by-chitosan-silicon-containing-waterborne-polyurethane/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [New Approach for the Cleaning of Blood Stains From Historical Leather Artifacts](https://sltc.org/product/new-approach-for-the-cleaning-of-blood-stains-from-historical-leather-artifacts/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Investigation of the Usage Potential of Enzyme-Linked Polymers in Different Morphological Structures for the Removal of Micropollutants from Leather Wastewater](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-the-usage-potential-of-enzyme-linked-polymers-in-different-morphological-structures-for-the-removal-of-micropollutants-from-leather-wastewater/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence Of Speed Of Traverse Of The Jaws Of A Tensile Machine On Tile Results Of Tear Tests](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-speed-of-traverse-of-the-jaws-of-a-tensile-machine-on-tile-results-of-tear-tests/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Temperature Measurements On Single Station Injection Moulding Machines](https://sltc.org/product/some-temperature-measurements-on-single-station-injection-moulding-machines/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Experiments On Draft Method I.U.P./18. Assessment Of The Resistance Of Air Dry Lining Leathers To Heat, With Special Reference To The Direct Moulded And The Injec Tion Moulded Process Of Footwear Construction](https://sltc.org/product/experiments-on-draft-method-i-u-p-18-assessment-of-the-resistance-of-air-dry-lining-leathers-to-heat-with-special-reference-to-the-direct-moulded-and-the-injec-tion-moulded-process-of-footwear-cons/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Experiments On Draft Method I.U.P./19. Assessment Of The Resistance Of Air Dry Upper Leathers To Heat, With Special Reference To The Direct Moulded And The Injection Moulded Process Of Footwear Construction](https://sltc.org/product/experiments-on-draft-method-i-u-p-19-assessment-of-the-resistance-of-air-dry-upper-leathers-to-heat-with-special-reference-to-the-direct-moulded-and-the-injection-moulded-process-of-footwear-constr/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Assessment of the Resistance of Air Dry Upper Leathers to Heat With Special Reference to the Direct Moulded and the Injection Moulded Process of Footwear Construction](https://sltc.org/product/assessment-of-the-resistance-of-air-dry-upper-leathers-to-heat-with-special-reference-to-the-direct-moulded-and-the-injection-moulded-process-of-footwear-construction/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Experimental Technique for Laboratory Studies of Fatliquoring](https://sltc.org/product/experimental-technique-for-laboratory-studies-of-fatliquoring/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Occurrence of Draw in Brined and Wet Salted Hides and Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-occurrence-of-draw-in-brined-and-wet-salted-hides-and-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Modulus Properties of Upper Materials Part II Extension Cycling Tests on Poromerics at 5% Extension](https://sltc.org/product/modulus-properties-of-upper-materials-part-ii-extension-cycling-tests-on-poromerics-at-5-extension/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Physicist Looks at Polymers](https://sltc.org/product/a-physicist-looks-at-polymers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Dyeing of Wash and Dry Cleaning Fast Chamois Leather with Vinyl Sulphone Dyestuffs](https://sltc.org/product/the-dyeing-of-wash-and-dry-cleaning-fast-chamois-leather-with-vinyl-sulphone-dyestuffs/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Determination of Some Physical Properties of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-determination-of-some-physical-properties-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Towards a Waterproof Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/towards-a-waterproof-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Determination of the Fat Content of Leather Using Different Solvents](https://sltc.org/product/the-determination-of-the-fat-content-of-leather-using-different-solvents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Modulus Properties of Shoe Upper Materials Part 1 Results Obtained on Leather Samples](https://sltc.org/product/modulus-properties-of-shoe-upper-materials-part-1-results-obtained-on-leather-samples/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Lysosomal Hair-Loosening of Hides](https://sltc.org/product/lysosomal-hair-loosening-of-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence of Enzyme Preparations Recommended for the Tanning Industry on Some Components of Hides and the Possibility of Modification to the Enzyme Processes](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-enzyme-preparations-recommended-for-the-tanning-industry-on-some-components-of-hides-and-the-possibility-of-modification-to-the-enzyme-processes/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Compleximetric Determination of Zirconium in Solids, Solutions and Tanned Leathers Both in the Presence and Absence of Chromium](https://sltc.org/product/the-compleximetric-determination-of-zirconium-in-solids-solutions-and-tanned-leathers-both-in-the-presence-and-absence-of-chromium/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Closed Circulator Sole Leather Tannages at Ambient Temperatures](https://sltc.org/product/closed-circulator-sole-leather-tannages-at-ambient-temperatures/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect of Different Acids in the Warm Circulator System Sole Leather Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-different-acids-in-the-warm-circulator-system-sole-leather-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Surface Impregnation of Leather Part II Behaviour of Some Acrylic Impregnants](https://sltc.org/product/surface-impregnation-of-leather-part-ii-behaviour-of-some-acrylic-impregnants/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Factors Affecting the Regularity of Leather Made from Cattle Hides](https://sltc.org/product/factors-affecting-the-regularity-of-leather-made-from-cattle-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A New Test Method for Patent Leather](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-test-method-for-patent-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Analysis of Leather Oils Part 1 Separation Procedures Used in the Study of Sulphated Oils](https://sltc.org/product/analysis-of-leather-oils-part-1-separation-procedures-used-in-the-study-of-sulphated-oils/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence of Quantity of Fatliquor Offered and Type of Finish on the Flex Resistance of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-quantity-of-fatliquor-offered-and-type-of-finish-on-the-flex-resistance-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Surface Impregnation of Leather Part I Variations in the Formulation of the Impregnant](https://sltc.org/product/surface-impregnation-of-leather-part-i-variations-in-the-formulation-of-the-impregnant/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect of Easy-Care Finishes on the Properties of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-easy-care-finishes-on-the-properties-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Heat Setting of Leather Under Two Dimensional Stress](https://sltc.org/product/heat-setting-of-leather-under-two-dimensional-stress/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Combination Tannages](https://sltc.org/product/combination-tannages/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Determination of the Behaviour of Various Dyestuff Classes in Cold Dyeing Without Float](https://sltc.org/product/determination-of-the-behaviour-of-various-dyestuff-classes-in-cold-dyeing-without-float/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect of Heat Setting on the Low Stress/Strain Characteristics of a Full Chrome Side Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-heat-setting-on-the-low-stress-strain-characteristics-of-a-full-chrome-side-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Isolation of Some Chromium-Containing Peptides from Tanned Rat Tail Tendon Soluble Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/isolation-of-some-chromium-containing-peptides-from-tanned-rat-tail-tendon-soluble-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Two-Dimensional Deformation of Shoe Upper Materials](https://sltc.org/product/the-two-dimensional-deformation-of-shoe-upper-materials/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Industrial Chemist](https://sltc.org/product/the-industrial-chemist/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Production and Properties of Plastic Collagen Leather](https://sltc.org/product/production-and-properties-of-plastic-collagen-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Water Vapour Absorption by Full Chrome Leather](https://sltc.org/product/water-vapour-absorption-by-full-chrome-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Further Studies On The Mechanism Of Vegetable Tannage: Part VI General Conclusions](https://sltc.org/product/further-studies-on-the-mechanism-of-vegetable-tannage-part-vi-general-conclusions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Further Studies On The Mechanism Of Vegetable Tannage Part V: Chromatography Of Vegetable Tannins On Collagen And Cellulose](https://sltc.org/product/further-studies-on-the-mechanism-of-vegetable-tannage-part-v-chromatography-of-vegetable-tannins-on-collagen-and-cellulose/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Recent Trends In Tile Manufacture Of Upper Leather In Europe](https://sltc.org/product/recent-trends-in-tile-manufacture-of-upper-leather-in-europe/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A Comparison Of The Efficiency Of Various Extractants For The Solubilisation Of Collagen From Sheepskin Waste](https://sltc.org/product/a-comparison-of-the-efficiency-of-various-extractants-for-the-solubilisation-of-collagen-from-sheepskin-waste/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Determination Of Grease In Leather With A New Solvent](https://sltc.org/product/the-determination-of-grease-in-leather-with-a-new-solvent/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Physical Properties Of Leather Fibres Part 2: Bending Modulus](https://sltc.org/product/some-physical-properties-of-leather-fibres-part-2-bending-modulus/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Thermal Conductivity Of Full Chrome Leathers Containing Moisture](https://sltc.org/product/the-thermal-conductivity-of-full-chrome-leathers-containing-moisture/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Theoretical Basis Of Treatment Of Leather With Aqueous Polymer Dispersions](https://sltc.org/product/the-theoretical-basis-of-treatment-of-leather-with-aqueous-polymer-dispersions/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Application Of Long Chain Di-Carboxylic Acid Salts In Chrome Tanning](https://sltc.org/product/the-application-of-long-chain-di-carboxylic-acid-salts-in-chrome-tanning/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Evaluation Of Reactions With Soluble Collagen For Studying Tannery Processes Part I: The Action Of Depilatory Agents On Soluble Collagen](https://sltc.org/product/evaluation-of-reactions-with-soluble-collagen-for-studying-tannery-processes-part-i-the-action-of-depilatory-agents-on-soluble-collagen/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Freeze-Etching Of Skin For Electron Microscope Examination](https://sltc.org/product/the-freeze-etching-of-skin-for-electron-microscope-examination/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Glutaraldehyde Tannages](https://sltc.org/product/glutaraldehyde-tannages/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Further Studies On The Mechanism Of Vegetable Tannage Part IV. Residual Affinity Phenomena On Solvent Extraction Of Collagen Tanned With Vegetable Extracts And Syntans](https://sltc.org/product/further-studies-on-the-mechanism-of-vegetable-tannage-part-iv-residual-affinity-phenomena-on-solvent-extraction-of-collagen-tanned-with-vegetable-extracts-and-syntans/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Thin Layer Chromatography Of Aldehydes In Leather](https://sltc.org/product/thin-layer-chromatography-of-aldehydes-in-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Abrasion Testing Of Sole Leather: An Examination Of Factors Which Influence Measured Rates Of Abrasion](https://sltc.org/product/the-abrasion-testing-of-sole-leather-an-examination-of-factors-which-influence-measured-rates-of-abrasion/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Physical Properties Of Leather Fibres Part I: Fibre Friction](https://sltc.org/product/some-physical-properties-of-leather-fibres-part-i-fibre-friction/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Waterproofing Of Leathers For Motor Cyclists’ Gloves](https://sltc.org/product/the-waterproofing-of-leathers-for-motor-cyclists-gloves/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence Of Location In The Side On Some Physical Properties Of Full Chrome Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-location-in-the-side-on-some-physical-properties-of-full-chrome-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Influence Of Heat Treatments On The Stiffness Of Chrome Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-influence-of-heat-treatments-on-the-stiffness-of-chrome-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Leather Analysis Committee Report Of Ninth Meeting](https://sltc.org/product/leather-analysis-committee-report-of-ninth-meeting/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Effect Of Heat And Moisture On The Plastic And Elastic Properties Of Chrome Tanned Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/the-effect-of-heat-and-moisture-on-the-plastic-and-elastic-properties-of-chrome-tanned-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Automated Analysis Part II: Determination Of Chromium Using The Technicon Autoanalyser](https://sltc.org/product/automated-analysis-part-ii-determination-of-chromium-using-the-technicon-autoanalyser/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [A New Machine For Testing The Waterproofness Of Boot And Shoe Upper Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/a-new-machine-for-testing-the-waterproofness-of-boot-and-shoe-upper-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Wear Trials For The Comparison Of Leather And Synthetic Shoe Upper Materials](https://sltc.org/product/wear-trials-for-the-comparison-of-leather-and-synthetic-shoe-upper-materials/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Diffusion Of Moisture In Full Chrome Upper Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-diffusion-of-moisture-in-full-chrome-upper-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Report Of The Committee For The Analysis Of Alkaline Liquors Determination Of Sodium Hydrosulphide Or Sodium Hydroxide In Sodium Sulphide](https://sltc.org/product/report-of-the-committee-for-the-analysis-of-alkaline-liquors-determination-of-sodium-hydrosulphide-or-sodium-hydroxide-in-sodium-sulphide/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Comparison of Dry Cleaning Test Methods](https://sltc.org/product/comparison-of-dry-cleaning-test-methods/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Distribution of Mechanical Properties in Wool-On Sheepskins](https://sltc.org/product/distribution-of-mechanical-properties-in-wool-on-sheepskins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Trends in Raw Material Supply](https://sltc.org/product/trends-in-raw-material-supply/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Formaldehyde Preservation of Raw Hides and Skins](https://sltc.org/product/formaldehyde-preservation-of-raw-hides-and-skins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Determination of Water Content in Leather by Dielectric Measurements](https://sltc.org/product/the-determination-of-water-content-in-leather-by-dielectric-measurements/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Relationship Between Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Vegetable Tanned Sole Leathers of Indian Origin](https://sltc.org/product/relationship-between-physical-and-chemical-characteristics-of-vegetable-tanned-sole-leathers-of-indian-origin/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Use of Poly-Electrolytes in a Closed System of Tannery Effluents](https://sltc.org/product/the-use-of-poly-electrolytes-in-a-closed-system-of-tannery-effluents/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Tannage/Retannage Methods for Reduction of Between-Skin Colour Variation](https://sltc.org/product/tannage-retannage-methods-for-reduction-of-between-skin-colour-variation/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Modern Researches in Leather Dyeing](https://sltc.org/product/modern-researches-in-leather-dyeing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Colour Changes in Wet Blue Leathers](https://sltc.org/product/colour-changes-in-wet-blue-leathers/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Drum Salting Hides and Skins](https://sltc.org/product/drum-salting-hides-and-skins/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Chemistry of Zirconium Tannage](https://sltc.org/product/the-chemistry-of-zirconium-tannage/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Viscoelastic Properties of Leather and Poromerics](https://sltc.org/product/the-viscoelastic-properties-of-leather-and-poromerics/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Comparison of Leather Produced from Fresh and Salted Hides](https://sltc.org/product/comparison-of-leather-produced-from-fresh-and-salted-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Pilot Plant Aeration of Tannery Beamhouse Liquors](https://sltc.org/product/pilot-plant-aeration-of-tannery-beamhouse-liquors/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Choice of Experimental Error in the Determination of Some Tensile Parameters of Leather](https://sltc.org/product/the-choice-of-experimental-error-in-the-determination-of-some-tensile-parameters-of-leather/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [The Measurement of Elongation at Break in Leather Testing](https://sltc.org/product/the-measurement-of-elongation-at-break-in-leather-testing/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Colour Control of Dyestuffs, Part 1](https://sltc.org/product/colour-control-of-dyestuffs-part-1/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Investigation of Commercial Chrome-Tanning Systems Part V](https://sltc.org/product/investigation-of-commercial-chrome-tanning-systems-part-v/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Polyphenols of Acacia Arabica Pods](https://sltc.org/product/polyphenols-of-acacia-arabica-pods/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- [Some Properties of Pickled Hides](https://sltc.org/product/some-properties-of-pickled-hides/): &nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

## Optional

- [Agent (MCP protocol)](websites-agents.hostinger.com/sltc.org/mcp)

[comment]: # (Generated by Hostinger Tools Plugin)