Abstract

The footwear industry faces significant challenges due to microbial contamination, which causes odour, material degradation, and hygiene concerns. To address this issue, silver–titanium dioxide (Ag–TiO₂) nanoparticles have emerged as a promising antimicrobial solution for leather modification. This review explores the development and application of Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites in leather processing, highlighting their synergistic antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. Various synthesis methods, including chemical reduction, sol-gel, and green synthesis, are discussed, along with their effects on nanoparticle stability and dispersion within the leather matrix. The antimicrobial mechanisms of Ag–TiO₂, such as metal ion release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and photocatalytic disinfection under light exposure, are examined. Additionally, the review evaluates the influence of these nanoparticles on leather’s mechanical properties, durability, and aesthetic qualities. Challenges related to nanoparticle leaching, long-term efficacy, and environmental impact are critically assessed. Finally, future perspectives on scalable and eco-friendly Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposite treatments for sustainable antimicrobial leather production are presented.