Abstract

The leather industry is experiencing a transformative shift driven by technological advancements that enhance efficiency, sustainability, and innovation. This review explores key developments such as automation and robotics, which streamline manufacturing processes and improve precision, scalability and cost-effectiveness. Digital design and 3D modelling tools revolutionise product development by enabling virtual prototyping and reducing material waste. Sustainable leather production methods, including waterless tanning and bio-based tanning agents, minimise environmental impact while maintaining quality. The emergence of bio-based leather alternatives, derived from renewable resources like mycelium and plant fibres, offers eco-friendly solutions that align with ethical consumer demands. Circular economic practices, such as recycling leather scrap and upcycling materials, promote resource efficiency and waste reduction. Smart manufacturing powered by IoT integration ensures optimal production conditions and quality control, while blockchain technology enhances transparency and traceability across the supply chain. Nanotechnology improves leather durability and functionality, while 3D printing enables intricate designs with reduced waste. These advancements collectively position the leather industry for a sustainable and innovative future while addressing challenges in scalability and cost-effectiveness.